![Page 1: Diversity and the God Image: Louis Hoffman, Ph.D., COSPP John L. Hoffman, Ph.D., CSULB Examining Ethnic Differences in the Experience of God for a College-Age](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b6b7f8b9ab0599b3172/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Diversity and the God Image:
Louis Hoffman, Ph.D., COSPPJohn L. Hoffman, Ph.D., CSULB
Examining Ethnic Differences in the
Experience of God for a College-Age Population
![Page 2: Diversity and the God Image: Louis Hoffman, Ph.D., COSPP John L. Hoffman, Ph.D., CSULB Examining Ethnic Differences in the Experience of God for a College-Age](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b6b7f8b9ab0599b3172/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Theoretical Foundation
Philibert (1985) on self-image: Belonging
Goodness
Control
Lawrence (1997) on God Image: Presence Challenge Acceptance Benevolence Influence Providence
![Page 3: Diversity and the God Image: Louis Hoffman, Ph.D., COSPP John L. Hoffman, Ph.D., CSULB Examining Ethnic Differences in the Experience of God for a College-Age](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b6b7f8b9ab0599b3172/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Phase One - CFA
Confirmatory Factor Analysis Results
Each of the six proposed factors had a strong factor structure
However, there was a discriminant validity problem (covariances > .90) for the presence, acceptance, and influence factors
![Page 4: Diversity and the God Image: Louis Hoffman, Ph.D., COSPP John L. Hoffman, Ph.D., CSULB Examining Ethnic Differences in the Experience of God for a College-Age](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b6b7f8b9ab0599b3172/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Phase Two - EFA
Exploratory Factor Analysis Results Egocentric = presence + acceptance + influence Growth = challenge + providence Benevolence = benevolence
What does it mean?
![Page 5: Diversity and the God Image: Louis Hoffman, Ph.D., COSPP John L. Hoffman, Ph.D., CSULB Examining Ethnic Differences in the Experience of God for a College-Age](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b6b7f8b9ab0599b3172/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Egocentric Factor
Fowler Stage 2 – literal relationship
drawn from a singular external source (e.g. parent)
Stage 3 – largely literal relationship drawn from a social group
Both emphasize God conceptStudent Development
TheoryEthnic Development Theory
![Page 6: Diversity and the God Image: Louis Hoffman, Ph.D., COSPP John L. Hoffman, Ph.D., CSULB Examining Ethnic Differences in the Experience of God for a College-Age](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b6b7f8b9ab0599b3172/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Growth Factor
Challenge – In response to God’s presence, should I stay with God, or does she/he call me to interact with the world?
Providence – God’s freedom to influence Those who
perceived God as wanting them to grow (challenge) also gave God credit for that growth (providence)
![Page 7: Diversity and the God Image: Louis Hoffman, Ph.D., COSPP John L. Hoffman, Ph.D., CSULB Examining Ethnic Differences in the Experience of God for a College-Age](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b6b7f8b9ab0599b3172/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Benevolence Factor
Lawrence cautioned that the object-focus of God’s goodness often led to dogmatic answers (God concept)
Instead, we emphasized God’s willingness to love others
![Page 8: Diversity and the God Image: Louis Hoffman, Ph.D., COSPP John L. Hoffman, Ph.D., CSULB Examining Ethnic Differences in the Experience of God for a College-Age](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b6b7f8b9ab0599b3172/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Phase Three - MIMIC
Religiosity and Spirituality
More integrated for people of color
Age/Class-Level Upper-level Whites
were more egocentric Lower-division
students of color were more egocentric
Racial identity?
![Page 9: Diversity and the God Image: Louis Hoffman, Ph.D., COSPP John L. Hoffman, Ph.D., CSULB Examining Ethnic Differences in the Experience of God for a College-Age](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b6b7f8b9ab0599b3172/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Phase Three - MIMIC
Psychotherapy White participants
who had received therapy were less egocentric and less benevolent
Non-White participants who had received therapy were more egocentric
![Page 10: Diversity and the God Image: Louis Hoffman, Ph.D., COSPP John L. Hoffman, Ph.D., CSULB Examining Ethnic Differences in the Experience of God for a College-Age](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062413/5a4d1b6b7f8b9ab0599b3172/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Discussion
What are your thoughts?
What does this mean for you personally?
What does all this mean for your work with clients?