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Diversity and Integration To Preserve Conservation Tillage
Stanley Culpepper, University of Georgia, Tifton
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Topics of Discussion
Changes in cotton production
Efforts to convert average cotton grower to heavy residue
Will the cotton farmer survive resistance
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Total grower (n = 65) acres = 129,615 (12.6% of GA cotton)
Total agent county (n = 10) acres = 246,034 (24% of GA cotton)
Palmer Changes Agriculture Forever
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Most troublesome weed
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Perc
ent (
%) o
f age
nts s
urve
yed
2000-2005
2006-2010
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Changes in Herbicide Management2002: $24/A 2010: $63/A
Roundup Burndown
Roundup POST 1
Roundup POST 2
Roundup + diuron PD
Roundup + Valor Burndown1
Gramoxone + Reflex + Direx PRE
Roundup + Staple POST 1
Roundup + Dual POST 2
Direx + MSMA PD
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Photo by A.C. York 2010
2000-2005: 17% of growers hand-weeded 5% cotton acres at $2.40/A
2006-2010: 92% of growers hand-weeded 52% cotton acres at $23.70/A
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0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
129,125
394,100
36,100
Not Chopped
Chopped at 6 inch
Chopped at 1 inch
Palmer Seed (#/plant) When Chopping Plants at Cotton Layby.
Chopped at soil
22,400
2010/2011: Sosnoskie/Grey/Webster/Culpepper
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Changes in tillage/planting practices from 2000-2005 to 2006-2010
28.0
21.4
36.3 35.2 36.1
43.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
2000-2005 2006-2010 2000-2005 2006-2010 2000-2005 2006-2010
Strip into weeds Strip into cover crops Conventional
Perc
ent (
%) o
f acr
es
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Tillage used by Georgia cotton growers
0
20
40
60
80
100
256,075 acres (25.9%)
264,266 acres (26.7%)
Deep turning (last 3
years)
Incorporation of herbicides with tillage
(2010)
%
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Most Palmer amaranth emerges from top inch
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Staple + Reflex + Direx PRE
Roundup WMax + Parrlay POST
Direx + MSMA Layby
Weeds Deep Tillage
Palmer amaranth response to deep tillage. Macon County, GA.
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Tillage in Cotton During 2010%PPI
tillage GA Counties#
0 0
1-9 Worth, Pulaski, Tift, Berrien, Echols, Turner, Brooks, Pierce,
Marion, Grady,
10
10-19 Emanual, Montgomery, Atkins, Coffee, Lowndes, Dooly, Wilcox,
Thomas, Crisp, Schley, Webster, Colquitt
11
20-29 Bullock, Jefferson, Treutlen, Wheeler, Daugherty 5
30-50 Effingham, Telfair, Tattnall, Dodge, Toombs, Jeff Davis, Bleckly,
Early, Lanier, Irwin, Lee, Macon
13
>50 Jenkins, Johnson, Washington, Screven, Wayne, Laurens, Randolf,
Decatur, Seminole, Miller, Taylor Ben Hill
12
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Palmer requires a significant amount of sunlight to emerge!!
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Potential Benefits for Georgia Growers
1. Improved Palmer control
2. Protect herbicide chemistry
3. Labor (compared to tillage)
4. Wind and water erosion
5. Prevents GR horseweed
6. Prevents/Lessons GR ryegrass
7. Moisture conservation
8. Reduce herbicide inputs
9. Higher yields on dryland
10. Protection from EPA
11. Reduces thrips damage
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Staple + Reflex + Direx PRE
Roundup WMax + Parrlay POST
Direx + MSMA Layby
Weeds Rye cover
Palmer amaranth response to cover crops. Macon County, GA. 2009.
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Staple + Reflex + Direx PRE
Roundup WMax + Parrlay POST
Direx + MSMA Layby
Weeds
Palmer amaranth response to deep tillage and cover crops. Macon County, GA. 2009.
Deep tillage
Rye cover crop
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GR Palmer amaranth influence on cotton lint yield (lb/A) in the Roundup system.*
0
200
400
600
800
592 c690 b
Weeds
*RR System: Diuron + Reflex + Staple fb Roundup + Parrlay fb Direx + MSMA
Inversion + rye
Deep inversion
790 a
Rye
480 d
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Potential Challenges for Georgia Growers
1. Blowout impacting stand
2. Incorporate herbicides with when strip tilling
3. Spray then roll, roll then spray?
4. Time to get established
5. Increased fertilizer
6. Rubber wheel system
7. Grower comfort
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Potential Challenges for Georgia Growers
1. Blowout impacting stand
2. Incorporate herbicides with when strip tilling
3. Spray then roll, roll then spray?
4. Time to get established
5. Increased fertilizer
6. Rubber wheel system
7. Grower comfort
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Potential Challenges for Georgia Growers
1. Blowout impacting stand
2. Incorporate herbicides with when strip tilling
3. Spray then roll, roll then spray?
4. Time to get established
5. Increased fertilizer
6. Rubber wheel system
7. Grower comfort
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Percent Palmer Amaranth Control with Reflex 1 pt/A PPI or PRE in 2010.
99 A
79 B
98 A
Irrigated Dryland
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Reflex: Soil moist at planting; rainfall 13 DAT.
PPIPRE
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0
20
40
60
80
100
72 b
60 c
91 a
PPI PRE Split
Percent Palmer Control with Reflex + Prowl PPI, PRE, Split 2011. 28 DAT.
Injury = 5% Injury = 5%Injury = 15%
Reflex 1 pt + Prowl H20 2 pt
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0
20
40
60
80
100
80 b92 a
3 c
Rototiller Field cultivator
Disk
Percent Palmer Control with Reflex + Prowl PPI, 2010. TyTy, GA. 38 DAT.
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Potential Challenges for Georgia Growers
1. Blowout impacting stand
2. Incorporate herbicides with when strip tilling
3. Spray then roll, roll then spray?
4. Time to get established
5. Increased fertilizer
6. Rubber wheel system
7. Grower comfort
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No herbicide Herbicide
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Potential Challenges for Georgia Growers
1. Blowout impacting stand
2. Incorporate herbicides with when strip tilling
3. Spray then roll, roll then spray?
4. Time to get established
5. Increased fertilizer
6. Rubber wheel system
7. Grower comfort
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0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
57245575
5664
60 lb rye
No N
Rye Biomass (lb/A) at time of cotton Planting on May 13, 2011.
60 lb rye
30 unit N
90 lb rye
No N
90 lb rye
30 unit N
5560
PLANTED Nov 3
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0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
3166
2162
3001
60 lb rye
No N
Rye Biomass (lb/A) at time of cotton Planting on May 13, 2011.
60 lb rye
30 unit N
90 lb rye
No N
90 lb rye
30 unit N
2519
PLANTED DEC 22
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Potential Challenges for Georgia Growers
1. Blowout impacting stand
2. Incorporate herbicides with when strip tilling
3. Spray then roll, roll then spray?
4. Time to get established
5. Increased fertilizer
6. Rubber wheel system
7. Grower comfort
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Developing An Herbicide-Resistant Weed Management Plan
Eric P. Prostko, Ph.D.
Professor and Extension Weed Specialist
Dept. Crop & Soil Sciences
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Herbicide-resistance is not a new phenomenon!Its been happening since 1968!
Source: International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds (http://www.weedscience.org/In.asp)
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Evolution of Herbicide Resistant Weeds
Repeated applications of herbicides with same site of action (i.e. selection pressure)
Annual weeds that…… occur in high populations are widely distributed are prolific seed producers have efficient gene (seed or pollen)
dissemination competitive growth
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PPO Herbicides
• Resistance has already been reported in other areas!!!
• Amaranthus quitensis– 2005 (Bolivia)
• Common waterhemp– 2001 (Kansas)– 2002 (Illinois)– 2005 (Missouri)– 2009 (Iowa)
• Common ragweed– 2005 (Delaware)– 2006 (Ohio)
• Wild poinsettia– 2004 (Brazil)
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Liberty
• Abuse of Liberty– LL cotton, corn, soybeans
– PHY WRF cotton
– may jeopardize future technologies (DHT, Dicamba)
• Current resistances– Italian ryegrass (Oregon)
– Goosegrass (Malaysia)
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0
20
40
2004 2009 2011
37
18
% a
cres
Liberty-based Programs
0
Impact of GR Palmer amaranth on GA.
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1.5 pt of 2,4-D Liberty + 1.5 pt of 2,4-D
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Clarity 8 oz Liberty + Clarity 8 oz
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HPPD Liberty + HPPD
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Herbicide Resistance: Will You Survive?
If resistance is one in a billion then you
only need 918 acres to find that plant.
(historically resistance is 1 plant in population of 1-10 million…9.18 acres)
25 plants per square foot emerge = 1,089,000 plants
per acre
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How do we save Liberty and the family farm????
• Significant pressure on Bayer…….prevent known repetitive abusers from being able to purchase Liberty??
• Bayer/Monsanto/Dow should unite!!!!
• Growers/Industry/Distributors/Dealers/Extension unite!!
• Regulate????
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NO DOUBT THE MOST SUSTAINABLE PROGRAM IN THERMS OF HERBICIDE RESISTANCE