Download - Disorder Relate of Stress
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Disorder relate of
StressChanxin Liu
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Stressor
Hypothalamus
SympatheticNervousSystem
AdrenalMedulla AdrenalCortex PituitaryGland
Neural impulses
activate various glandsand smooth muscles
Stress hormones carried
via blood stream torelevant organs and muscles
Fight-or-flight
response
(1)
(3)
(2)
(5)
(4) (7)
(6)
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Fight-or-flight Response
A stressful situation activates the
hypothalamus, which, in turn, controls two
neuroendocrine systems: The sympathetic system The adrenal-cortical system
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Fight-or-flight Response
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS),
responding to neural impulses from the
hypothalamus (1),
activates various organs and smoothmuscles under its control (2).
SNS also signals the adrenal medulla (3) to
release epinephrines and norepinephrine intothe bloodstream (4)
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Fight-or-flight Response
ACTH also signals the other endocrine
glands to release some 30 hormones.
The combined effect of the various stress
hormones carried via the bloodstream plusthe neural activity of the sympathetic division
of the autonomic nervous system constitute
the fight-or-flight response
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Stress and Disease
Direct effects of stress on health Chronic overarousal (e.g. Coronary heart disease)
The immune system
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Diathesis-stress Paradigm
Diathesis refers most precisely to aconstitutional predisposition toward illness
But the term may be extended to any
characteristic or set of characteristics of aperson that increases his or her chance ofdeveloping a disorder.
Possessing the diathesis for a disorder
increases a persons risk of developing it butdoes not by any means guarantee that adisorder will develop
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Diathesis-stress Paradigm
Both diathesis and stress are necessary in
the development of disorders
The psychopathology is unlikely to result
from the impact of any single factor, e.g.childhood experiences, coping strategies,
culture influences, etc
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Low High
Level of stress
High
Low
Psyc
hopathology
High diathesis
(individual X)
Low diathesis
(individual Y)
(a) An individual with a large dose of the diathesis requires only a moderate amount
of stress to develop psychopathology, whereas an individual with a small dose of thediathesis requires a large amount of stress to precipitate a breakdown
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Low High
Level of stress
High
Low
Psyc
hopathology
Diathesis
Absent
Diathesis
present
(b) The diathesis is dichotomous; stress level has no effect on those without the
diathesis
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Low High
Level of stress
High
Low
Psyc
hopathology
Diathesis
Absent
High loading
(c) The diathesis is continuous; increasing stress increases psychopathology for all
people with at least a minimal amount of the diathesis
Minimal loading
Diathesis
present
(low to
high
loading)
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Somatic-weakness theory
Genetic factors, prior illnesses, diet, and the
like may disrupt a particular organ system,
which may then become weak and vulnerable
to stress E.g. a congenitally weak respiratory system
might predispose the individual to asthma
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Specific-reaction theory
Each person has his own patterns ofautomatic response to stress
The bodily system that is the most
responsive becomes a likely candidate forthe locus of a locus of a subsequent psycho-physiological disorder
E.g. someone reacting to stress with elevated
blood pressure may be more susceptible toessential hypertension