![Page 1: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Digital Computersand Information
Chapter 1
Mano and Kime
![Page 2: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Digital Computersand Information
• Digital Computers
• Number Systems
• Arithmetic Operations
• Decimal Codes
• Alphanumeric Codes
![Page 3: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Block Diagram of Computer
![Page 4: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Memory
• ROMs and PROMs
• EPROMs, EEPROMs and Flash Memory
• Static RAMs and Dynamic RAMs
![Page 5: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
ROMs and PROMs
• ROM– Read-Only Memory
• PROM– Programmable Read-Only Memory
![Page 6: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
EPROMs, EEPROMs and Flash Memory
• EPROM– Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory– Erase with ultraviolet light
• EEPROM– Electrically-Erasable Programmable Read-Only
Memory
• Flash Memory– Electrically-Erasable in bulk
![Page 7: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
RAMs• RAM
– Random-Access Memory– Read-Write Memory
• Static RAM– Needs 4 transistors per bit to make a latch– Data lost when power is turned off
• Dynamic RAM– One transistor per bit– Data stored as charge on a capacitor– Data must be continually refreshed
![Page 8: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
W8XMicrocontroller
mux4g
F C R M
Reg_Array
(mux2g)
ALU
N1
(stack8x16)rpoprpushReturn Stack
(mux2g)
(mux2g)
P reg
I Reg
Controller(w8x_control)
ProgramROM
P mux
R muxT mux
(reg)
(incrg)
R
M
TN
T
p_in
t_in
alu_out mux_out
alu_sel mux_sel
I
T
P
P1
iload
ploadpinc
tsel
rsel
psel
r_in
M
cregCout
C
M
T
sel0sel1sel2sel3
load
clr
clk
clk
clr
clr
clk
clk
clr
plus1P1
clr clkcload
Control UnitDatapath
![Page 9: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The W8Z Microprocessor
reg_stack
Funit
TN2 N1N3
d0
y1cout
clr
clk
Rcode(3:0)
Fcode(4:0)
msel(5:0)
Wcontrol
Wrom
WPC
clk
clr
inc
M(15:8)M(7:0)
P
d1
ReturnStack
R
Pmux
Rmux
dual_mux8g
add2
sub1
ROM
RAM
T
T N1
y2
SW(1:8)
rsel(1:0)
psel
BTN(1:4)
rpush
rload
pselrsel
pload
DigReg
LDreg
dig3 dig1dig4 dig2
LD(1:8)
T
TN1
clrclk
rpush
rpop
pload
clrclk
rload
rdecclkclr
we
rpoprdec
ldloadclkclr
clk
clr digload
P1
R
R1
RM1
p_in
r_in
T
T
Mmuxcnt1
clk clr
tog
c1
instr
tog
inc
ldload we
![Page 10: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Digital Computerand Information
• Digital Computers
• Number Systems
• Arithmetic Operations
• Decimal Codes
• Alphanumeric Codes
![Page 11: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Powers of 2
![Page 12: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Numbers with Different Bases
![Page 13: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Number Systems
N = ...P3P2P1P0 . P-1P-2P-3...
= ... + P3b3 + P2b2 + P1b1 + P0b0
+ P-1b-1 + P-2b-2 + P-3b-3 + ...
375.1710 = 3 x 102 + 7 x 101 + 5 x 100
+ 1 x 10-1 + 7 x 10-2 = 300 + 70 + 5 + 0.1 + 0.07= 375.17
![Page 14: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Number Systems
N = ...P3P2P1P0 . P-1P-2P-3...
= ... + P3b3 + P2b2 + P1b1 + P0b0
+ P-1b-1 + P-2b-2 + P-3b-3 + ...
1101.112 = 1 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 + 1 x 2-1 + 1 x 2-2
= 8 + 2 + 0 + 1 + 1/2 + 1/4= 11.7510
Binary
![Page 15: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Number Systems
N = ...P3P2P1P0 . P-1P-2P-3...
= ... + P3b3 + P2b2 + P1b1 + P0b0
+ P-1b-1 + P-2b-2 + P-3b-3 + ...
1AB.616 = 1 x 162 + A x 161 + B x 160
+ 6 x 16-1 = 1 x 256 + 10 x 16 + 11 x 1 + 6/16 = 256 + 160 + 11 + 0.375 = 427.37510
Hex
![Page 16: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Number Systems
N = ...P3P2P1P0 . P-1P-2P-3...
= ... + P3b3 + P2b2 + P1b1 + P0b0
+ P-1b-1 + P-2b-2 + P-3b-3 + ...
173.258 = 1 x 82 + 7 x 81 + 3 x 80
+ 2 x 8-1 + 5 x 8-2
= 1 x 64 + 7 x 8 + 3 x 1+ 2/8 + 5/64
= 64 + 56 + 3 + 0.25 + 0.078125= 123.32812510
Octal
![Page 17: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Problem 1-4
Convert the following binary numbers to decimal:
1101001
10001011.011
10011010
![Page 18: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Digital Computerand Information
• Digital Computers
• Number Systems
• Arithmetic Operations
• Decimal Codes
• Alphanumeric Codes
![Page 19: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Recall Full Adder Truth Table
0 0 0 0 00 0 1 1 00 1 0 1 00 1 1 0 11 0 0 1 01 0 1 0 11 1 0 0 11 1 1 1 1
Ci Ai Bi Si Ci+1
00 1 0 10 1 1 1
A
B
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
C
Final carry = 0
![Page 20: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Binary Addition
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 10 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0111
0
0
1
0
53+25 78
35+19 4E
Dec Hex
Binary
1001
1
0
0
![Page 21: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Recall Full Subtractor Truth Table
0 0 0 0 00 0 1 1 10 1 0 1 00 1 1 0 01 0 0 1 11 0 1 0 11 1 0 0 01 1 1 1 1
Ci Ai Bi Di Ci+1
00 1 0 10 1 1 1
A
B
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
C
Final borrow = 1
5- 7 E
Hex
![Page 22: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Binary Subtraction
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 10 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0110
1
0
0
0
181- 111 70
B5 - 6F 46
Dec Hex
Binary
0110
1
1
0Final borrow = 0
![Page 23: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Number System Conversions
• Hex, Binary, and Octal to Decimal
• Binary Hex
• Binary Octal
• Hex Octal
• Decimal to Hex, Octal, and Binary
![Page 24: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Hex to Decimal8 7 C 9
x 16 128 + 7 135 x 16 2,160 + 12 2,172 x 1634,752 + 934,761
![Page 25: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Binary Hex
0110 1010 1000 . 1111 0101 1100
6 A 8 . F 5 C
![Page 26: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Binary Octal
011 010 101 000 . 111 101 011 100
3 2 5 0 . 7 5 3 4
![Page 27: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Hex OctalGo through Binary
0110 1010 1000 . 1111 0101 1100
6 A 8 . F 5 C
011 010 101 000 . 111 101 011 100
3 2 5 0 . 7 5 3 4
![Page 28: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Convert Decimal to any BaseInteger Part: Divide by the base,keep track of the remainder, and read up.
16 34,761 16 2,172 rem 9 16 135 rem 12 = C 16 8 rem 7 0 rem 8
Read up
34,76110 = 87C916
![Page 29: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Convert Decimal to any Base
Fractional Part: Multiply by the base, keep track of the integer part, and read down.
0.78125 x 16 = 12.5 int = 12 = C
0.5 x 16 = 8.0 int = 8
Readdown
0.7812510 = 0.C816
![Page 30: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Convert Decimal to any Base
Fractional Part: Multiply by the base, keep track of the integer part, and read down.0.1 x 2 = 0.2 int = 00.2 x 2 = 0.4 int = 00.4 x 2 = 0.8 int = 00.8 x 2 = 1.6 int = 10.6 x 2 = 1.2 int = 10.2 x 2 = 0.4 int = 00.4 x 2 = 0.8 int = 0
Readdown
0.110 = 0.000112
![Page 31: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Problem 1-7Convert the following numbers from the given base to the other three bases listed in the table:
Decimal Binary Octal Hex
369.3125 ? ? ?
? 10111101.101 ? ?
? ? 326.5 ?
? ? ? F3C7.A
![Page 32: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Digital Computerand Information
• Digital Computers
• Number Systems
• Arithmetic Operations
• Decimal Codes
• Alphanumeric Codes
![Page 33: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Binary Coded Decimal
Code decimal numbers using the binary digits, 0 - 9.That is, 0000 - 1001.Can NOT use the hex digits A - F.For example, the DECIMAL number 3582 wouldbe coded in BCD as
0011 0101 1000 0010While this looks like the HEX number 3582Hin BCD we interpret it as the DECIMAL number 3582.
![Page 34: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
BCD Addition
Binary
35H 00110101+47H 01000111 7CH 01111100
Decimal (BCD)
35H 00110101+47H 01000111 82H 10000010
0000 B0 35 MOV AL,35H ;AL = 35H0002 04 47 ADD AL,47H ;AL = AL+47H0004 27 DAA ;Decimal adjust
![Page 35: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Digital Computerand Information
• Digital Computers
• Number Systems
• Arithmetic Operations
• Decimal Codes
• Alphanumeric Codes
![Page 36: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
![Page 37: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
![Page 38: Digital Computers and Information Chapter 1 Mano and Kime](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649d795503460f94a5c97a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
First 256 Codes for Unicode (Unicode, Inc. The Unicode Standard:Worldwide Character Encoding, Version 1.0 © 1990, 1991 by Unicode, Inc. Reprinted with permission of Addison- Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.)