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O
LevelExamtopics
SectionA(45minutes)
Topics:NaturalVegetation,Rivers&Coasts
2questions,Choose1(25marks)
SectionB(45minutes)
Topics:Development,GeographyofFood
2questions,Choose1(25marks)
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N
LevelExamTopics
SectionA: Topics:RiversandCoasts 2questions,Choose1(25markseach)
SectionB: Topics:(1)GeographyofFood,(2)Development 2questions,Choose1(1willbesetonaspecific
topic,1questionwillbesetonatopicora combinationoftopics) 25markseach
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Whatisdevelopment?
ReferstoimprovementsinStandardofLiving andQualityofLife
StandardofLiving(SOL)referstothe
living conditions
inwhichpeoplelivein.
Accesstoeducation,healthservicesandbasic amenities(i.e.cleanwatersupplyandsanitation
system) QualityofLife(QOL)
referstothedegreeof
satisfactionthatyouhavewithyourliving conditionsandlifestyle.
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MexicoCity
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MexicoCity
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Howdoyoufeeltowardsthephotographsyouhaveseenjustnow?
Pit StopPit Stop 2 mins2 mins
DevelopmentisUneven;Someplacesaremore developedthanothers.
1.Howcanwetell?
2.Whatcausedthesedifferences?
3.Whatcanbedone?
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EssentialQuestions:
1.
What
isDevelopment?2.
Howdowemeasurethelevelofdevelopmentin
acountry?3.
Where
aretheDCs(DevelopedCountries)and
LDCs(LessDevelopedCountries)located?4.
Why
isthereunevendevelopment?
5.
What
arethestrategiestoreduceuneven development?
6.
HowdoesNationalDevelopmentalleviate unevendevelopment?
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Unevendevelopment
between&within
countries
Development
Whatis
Development?
Standardof
Living
Qualityof
Life
HowtoMeasure
Development?
Indicators1.
Economic2.
Education3.
Health
Limitations
ofeach
indicator
Reasonsfor
Uneven
Development
S.H.E.E.PFactors:SocialHistoricalEconomicEnvironmentPolitical
Howtobring
about
development?
NationalLevel
InternationalLevel
CorePeriphery
Model
SpreadeffectBackwasheffectCumulativecausation
International
OrganisationsInternational
Agreements
Strategies:EconomicEducationSocial
EffectivenessGood/Bad?
EffectivenessGood/Bad?
Tool:HDI0
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1.What
isdevelopment?
ImprovementsinStandardofLivingandQuality ofLife
StandardofLiving(SOL)referstotheliving conditionsinwhichpeoplelivein.
Accesstoeducation,healthservicesandbasic amenities(i.e.cleanwatersupplyandsanitation
system) QualityofLife(QOL)
referstothedegreeof
satisfactionthatyouhavewithyourliving conditionsandlifestyle.
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2.Howdowemeasurethelevelofdevelopment inacountry?
Incomepercapita Employment
Structure Employment
Opportunities
Incomepercapita Employment
Structure Employment
Opportunities
LiteracyRate LiteracyRate
LifeExpectancy InfantMortalityRate Availabilityofhealth
services Accesstocleanwater
supply&sanitation
LifeExpectancy InfantMortalityRate Availabilityofhealth
servicesAccesstocleanwater
supply&sanitation
1.Economic 3.Education
2.Health
LevelofUrbanisationLevelofUrbanisation
4.
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1.Economicindicators
i. Income per capita
Income = Wealth of people in a country = Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or Gross National Product (GNP)
Per capita = Per person Income per capita
refers to the average income earned by each
worker in a country in a year.
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HowisGDPandGNPdifferent?
GDP
referstotheincomeearnedbyresidents workinginacountryinayear(includescitizens
andnoncitizensworkinginthecty).vs.
GNPreferstotheincomeearnedbycitizensina countryinayear(includescitizensworkinginthe countryaswellasoverseas).
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Mathematically,
GDPpercapita
GNPpercapitaTotalincomegeneratedbycitizensinacountryinayear
TotalPopulation(Citizens)
TotalincomegeneratedbyresidentsinacountryayearTotalPopulation(Residents)
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HigherGDPorGNPmeansthatacountryiswealthierand hasmoreresourcestodevelop.
ThesameholdsforcountrieswithhigherGDPpercapitaorGNP percapita.
CountrieswithlowGDP/GNPmeansthatcountryis undevelopedasthereislittleresourcesavailablefor development.
ThesameholdsforcountrieswithlowerGDPpercapitaorGNP percapita. E.g.AccordingtoUNDP2005,developedcountry,U.S.A,hasa
GDPpercapitaofUS$37562,ascomparedtodevelopingcountry, Ethiopia,whoonlyhasaGDPpercapitaofUS$711inthesame
year.
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Limitations1.
GDP/GNPisagrossfigure,itdoesnottakeinto
accountthepopulationsizeofacountry.2.
GDPpercapita/GNPpercapitaisanaveragefigure,it
doesnotaccountforindividualorregionaldifferences inincome.
3.
Doesnotreflectthelocalcostofliving.I.e.apenmay cost$0.50inCtyAbut$2inCtyB.
4.
Doesnotaccountforinformalactivitiessuchas hawking,tuition.
Asaresult,income/incomepercapitamaynotbean accuratemeasureofthelevelofdevelopmentina
country.
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ii. Employment Structure
Employment Structure
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
e.g.logging,
farming,mining
e.g.garment
manufacturing
e.g.services:banking,tourism
industry
1.Economicindicators
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Whichindustry,doyouthink,bringsinthemost income?
Most
$$$
Least
$$$
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
ACTIVITY TIME
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Drageachlabeltothepiegraph thatrepresentitseconomy.
Developed Country(DC)
LessDeveloped Country(LDC)
Newly Industrialising
Country
ACTIVITY TIME
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Primaryindustriescontributelittlewealthto thecountry
Jobsinprimaryindustriesarelowpaying Jobsinsecondary&tertiaryindustriesare
higherpaying Hence,generally,mostDCs
havelargest
proportionofworkforceintertiary,followed bysecondary,lastly,primary.
Ontheotherhand,LDCs
have
largest proportionofworkforceinprimary,followed
bysecondary,thentertiary.
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Limitations Somecountriesmayhaveasizeable
proportionofworkforceintheprimary industryandyetstillbeaDC.
E.g.USAhasarelativelybalancedprimary, secondaryandtertiaryindustrybecauseofits
largedomesticeconomy.
Asaresult,employmentstructuremaynotbean accuratemeasureofthelevelofdevelopmentina
country.
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Triangulargraphshowing employmentstructure
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HOWTOREADATRIANGULAR PYRAMID?
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iii. Employment Opportunities CycleofDevelopment
Manyemployment Opportunities
Incomeper capita
Improved SOL&QOL
Developed Countries
1.Economicindicators
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Less Developed Countries (LDCs)
Few
Employment Opportunities
LowIncomeper capita
LowSOL& QOL
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GreateremploymentopportunitiesinDCs allowitspeopletoearnmoreincomeand havehigherSOLandQOL.
FewemploymentopportunitiesinLDCs
cause itspeopletobepoorandhavehigherSOLand QOL.
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2.Healthindicators
Healthconditionsrefertothegeneralwell being
ofapersonwithregardtohis/her
mentalandphysicalconditions. ItdiffersbetweenDCs
andLDCs.
Determinedbywhetherthereis: Medical&healthcareisavailableandaccessible Facilitiessuchashospitalsandclinics Safedrinkingwater&propersanitation Balanceddiet
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Definitionsofterms:
i. Lifeexpectancyreferstotheaverage
numberofyearsapersonisexpectedtolive.ii.
InfantMortalityRatereferstotherateat
whichthenumberofbabieslessthanone yearofagedies,forevery1,000livebirths, inayear.
iii.
Accesstowatersupply&sanitation facilities
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Life Expectancy
Infant Mortality
Rate
Clean Water Supply
Proper Sanitation
FacilitiesDC High/Low High/Low Yes/No Yes/No
LDC High/Low High/Low Yes/No Yes/No
Why?
ACTIVITY TIME
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Peoplein
DCshavehigherlifeexpectanciesthan LDCsbecause:
Balanceddiet Cleanenvironment Accesstoleadingmedicalservices Affordmedicaltreatment
E.g.UNDP2005:JapanhasahighLEof82yearsas comparedtoEthiopiawith47.6years.
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PeopleinDCs
havelowerinfantmortality ratesthanLDCs
becausethereisaccessto:
Properhealthcareamenitiessuchasclinics, hospitalsandmedicalresearchfacilities
E.g.DCssuchasNorwayandUSAhavelowerIMR (3and7per1000livebirthsrespectively)than
LDCssuchasCambodiaandSierraLeone(97and 166per1000livebirthsrespectively).
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PeopleinDCs
haveaccesstocleanwater supplysuppliedbypipestohome
PeopleinLDCs
donothaveaccesstoclean water
Uncleanwaterisunsafefordrinkingandwill causewaterbornediseasessuchcholera&
polio. E.g.UNDP2005:Accesstocleanwater;
Norway(100%),Ethiopia(22%)
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DCs
havepropersanitationfacilities(i.e. toiletswithflushandwastedisposalsystem)
LDCs
haspoor/nosanitationfacilities
(i.e. humanwasteleftinopenground) seep
intogroundandcontaminategroundwaterrivers contaminatewatersourcesleadtowidespreadofdiseasessuchasdysentery.
E.g.UNDP2005:100%Australianshasaccess tosanitationcomparedtoonly6%inEthiopia.
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Hence,
DCs:Accesstomedicalfacilities,cleanwaterand propersanitationreflectsHigh
Standardsof
Living&QualityofLifeMoredeveloped LDCs:Lackofaccesstomedicalfacilities,clean
waterandpropersanitationreflectsLow StandardsofLiving&QualityofLife Less
developed
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Literacyratereferstothepercentageofadults (age15andabove)inacountry,whocanread
andwrite. Moredevelopedacountryis,thehigherits
literacyrate Morefinancialresourcestobuildschools,train
teachersandsubsidiseeducation E.g.UNDP2005:Italyhasahighliteracyrateof
98.5%ascomparedtoSierraLeonewith29.6%.
3.Educationindicators
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Higherliteracyratesmeanspeoplehavemore skillstoworkinthetechnologydriventertiary industries higherpay higherSOLand
QOL
LowliteracyratesinLCDshindereconomic development
asindustrieswillbefocusedon
lowskilledprimaryandsecondarysectorslowlypaid lowSOL&QOL
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Limitations Somecountriescanhaveahighliteracyrate
andyetstillclassifiedasaLDC. E.g.Vietnamhasahighliteracyrateof94%in
2004despitebeingaLDC.
Asaresult,literacyratemaynotbeanaccuratemeasure ofthelevelofdevelopmentinacountry.
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Higherthepercentageofpeopleresidingin cities,themoredevelopedacountryis.
Morehigherpayingjobsareavailablein urbanareascomparedtoruralareas
Hence,thehigherthe%ofurbanpopulation, thehighertheSOL
4.Urbanpopulation
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Limitations1.Ruralurbanmigration:Movementoflabourfrom
ruraltourbanareasinsearchofbetterjobs Ruralfarmerslackskillsneededforwellpaidjobsin
urbanareas unemployed/lowlypaidjobsinurbanareas
2.Counterurbanisation
trendinDCs:Peoplemoveout ofcitiestothesuburbstoavoidproblemssuchas overcrowding,highpollutioninthecities.
Asaresult,%ofurbanpopulationmaynotbean accuratemeasureofthelevelofdevelopmentina
country.
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Think:Canwemeasuredevelopmentmoreaccuratelythen?How?
Pit StopPit Stop 3 mins3 mins
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HUMANDEVELOPMENTINDEX (HDI)
Solution
1.AnindexusedbyUnitedNationstomeasurethe levelofdevelopmentinacountry.
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HumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI)
2.Takes3keyindicators: Economicindicators(GrossDomesticProduct
percapita,GrossNationalProductpercapita, Employmentstructureandopportunities)
Healthindicators(i.e.Lifeexpectancy,Infant MortalityRate)
Educationindicators(i.e.Literacyrate)3.Valuebetween1and0.
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HumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI)
LowLow MediumMedium HighHigh
HDI 0.499andbelow 0.5000.799 0.8001.00
0
HDI
1
Limitations:
1.LackofcompletedataaseconomiesinLDCs
areininformal
trading2.Failuretotakeintoaccounthumanrightsandfreedom3.Timelagbetweenyearofpublishandtimeofdatacollection
(2years)
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WhatisStandardofLiving(SOL)?
WhatisQualityofLife(QOL)? Pit StopPit Stop
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1.
Economic
2.
Health
3.
Education
Whatarethe3categoriesofindicators
usedtomeasurethelevelof
development?
Pit Pit StopStop
O Level Exam topicsN Level Exam TopicsSlide Number 3What is development?Slide Number 5Slide Number 6Mexico CityMexico CitySlide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Pit Stop2 minsEssential Questions:Slide Number 161. What is development?2. How do we measure the level of development in a country?1. Economic indicatorsSlide Number 20Mathematically,Slide Number 22Limitationsii. Employment Structure Which industry, do you think, brings in the most income?Drag each label to the pie graph that represent its economy. Slide Number 27LimitationsSlide Number 29HOW TO READ A TRIANGULAR PYRAMID?iii. Employment OpportunitiesLess Developed Countries (LDCs)Slide Number 33Slide Number 34Definitions of terms:Slide Number 36Slide Number 37Slide Number 38Slide Number 39Slide Number 40Slide Number 41Slide Number 42Slide Number 43LimitationsSlide Number 45LimitationsPit Stop3 minsHUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)Human Development Index (HDI)Human Development Index (HDI)Pit StopSlide Number 52