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Development of Visual System
• Infancy– eyes begin to develop 4th week of gestation– finished by 7 months gestation
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Visual Development - Infancy
– young infants - nearsighted (8-12 inches)– immature lens muscle - trouble accommodating– fewer cones on fovea - affects detail and color
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Visual Acuity - Infancy
• Newborns: 20/600
• 6 months: 20/100
• 12 months: 20/20
• Newborns see double
• 2 months: convergence - ability to focus both eyes on single object to form single image.
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Fantz – Visual Preferences
• Preferential-looking technique• Newborn preferences
– Moving stimuli– Outer contours/edges– Sharp color contrasts– Symmetrical patterns– Curved patterns– Human face
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Visual Preferences• Moderate complexity
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Development of Depth Perception
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Visual Cliff
• Gibson & Walk (1960)
• 6 months olds - distressed over deep end
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Habituation
• Used to assess cognitive competence– Declining interest indicates learning– Novelty responsiveness indicates
discrimination of new versus familiar
• Older infants habituate faster than younger infants
• Infants of same age require more time to encode complex stimuli than simple stimuli
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Habituation Example
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Habituation Graph
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Auditory Perception - Infancy
• Hearing peaks at 6 months of age
• Evidence that fetus’ can hear– DeKasper and colleagues– High Amplitude Sucking Paradigm
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Chemical Senses - Infancy
• Newborns: sweet, sour and bitter tastes
– reactions to vanilla/strawberry vs.. fish/rotten eggs– react to flavors added to amniotic fluid
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Chemical Senses - Infancy• 4 months: develop liking for salty taste
• Newborns: recognize mom’s smell– studies of breastmilk and underarm odor