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Opportunities and challenges
Development and deployment of industrial effluent treatment systems in sub-Saharan Africa
Karoli Njau, University of Dar es Salaam/ Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science & Technology
Bio-innovate Regional Experts Workshop on Industrial Effluents Management in East Africa
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 19-20 May 2014
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IntroductionOne of the most critical
problems of developing countries is improper management of vast amount of wastes generated by various anthropogenic activities
More challenging is the unsafe disposal of these wastes into the ambient environment.
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IntroductionIndustrial effluents are characterized by
their abnormal turbidity, conductivity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and total hardness.
These industrial discharge may also contain toxic substances such as heavy metals, pesticides, PCBs, dioxins, poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), petrochemicals, phenolic compounds and microorganisms etc.
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IntroductionRiver systems are the primary means
for disposal of industrial waste. Industrial effluent greatly influences
the physical, chemical and biological nature of the receiving water body
High levels of pollutants in river water systems causes an increase in BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, toxic metals such as Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb and fecal coliform and hence make such water unsuitable for drinking, irrigation and aquatic life
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TECHNOLOGIES FOR TREATING INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERS Various technologies are available for
the treatment of industrial wastewaters based on Physical, Chemical and Biological Treatment methods
For the biological methodsAerated systems: Activated Sludge,
SBR, Trickling Filter, Three phase fluidized bed bio-reactor, aerated lagoons, Moving bed biofilm reactor, etc.
Anaerobic systems: UASB, Stirred Tank Bio-rector, etc.
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Trickling Filter Trickling Filter Activated Sludge
UASB CSTR Bioreactor
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Technologies continuesDespite availability of various WWT
technologies, adoption by Industries in SSA is low. So few industries have proper wastewater treatment system in place
A study done in Nigeria gives some insights into the perception of industries regarding adoption of technology either for pollution abatement or pollution preventionJOHN OLATUNJI ADEOTI(2001). Technology Investment In Pollution
Control in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Nigerian Manufacturing The Developing Economies, XXXIX-4 (December 2001): 395–431
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TPA Adoption Reason % Respondent Firms
Important
Most Import.
Prevent Environmental Accidents
91.31 34.82
Environmental Policy 78.32 41.31
International Norm of Parent Company
51.6 6.54
Improve Environmental Image
71.73 13.03
Product Acceptance in Int. Markets
6.5 0
Pacify Local Community 54.34 4.3Pacify NGOs 13.0 0Other Reasons 7.0 0
Adoption of Technologies for Pollution Abatement (TPA)
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Technology Adoption for Pollution Prevention
Type of Technology for Pollution Prevention
% of TPP Adoption due to
Cost Reduction
Environmental Regulation
Water and Wastewater Recycling
852 701
Raw materials reuse/recycling
921 303
Changes in raw material inputs
38 29
Integrated physical devices 713 332
Average 72 41
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Obstacles to Adoption No. of Respondent
Firms in SectorsFood & Beverages
Textiles
Lack of information about EBTs 7 3
High cost of installing and operating TPA
44 19
Lack of technical capability to use TPA
1 0
High cost of TPP 1 0
Lack of capability to implement TPP
0 0
Low technical feasibility of TPP 0 0
Uncertain impact of ETs on competitiveness
3 0
Lack of credit to invest in EBTs 3 5
Other obstacles 36 0
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THE INTEGRATED PROCESS FOR WASTEWATER
TREATMENT DEVELOPED UNDER BIOINNOVATE
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General Layout of the Integrated Agro Wastewater Treatment Scheme
Advantages : •Recovery of energy and nutrients, incentive to treat•Better quality of final effluent
SLUDGE PROCESSIN
G
BIO- REACTOR
CONSTRUCTED WETLAND
Pre-treatmen
t
Re-Use of Water
and Nutrients
Modification of characteristics
Final Polishing
Bio gas
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BIOGAS PROJECT @ BIL
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Constructed Wetland @BIL
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OPPORTUNITIESMost industries in the SSA are NOT treating
their wastewater adequately. The numbers that need sustainable WWT technologies is HIGH
Many are agro-based with wastewaters containing high levels of BOD/COD. This is excellent potential for energy recovery option
Energy costs are high in SSA. Replacement of fossil fuels by biogas is a great incentive for industries to adopt
In many SSA countries Policy and accompanying Law exists
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CHALLENGESEnforcement of existing laws is
weak in many countries in the SSA region◦“ One of the greatest challenges of an
enforcement department in a developing country comes in form of threats from powerful individuals and groups. When such individuals and/or groups own industries which in turn form themselves into associations, they become extremely formidable”
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CHALLENGESLack of serious incentive
schemes to encourage industries to comply-carrot and stick approach
Perception of Industries that taking care of environment is costly
Investment Cost for establishing proper ETP vs sizes of the companies in the region (small and medium scale)
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CHALLENGES Lack of financing mechanism to
finance waste treatment systemsLow knowledge among industries
on the technological possibilities available
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“The costs of compliance with environmental regulations are determined, in part, by the cost and availability of alternative production and abatement technologies, and regulations themselves can affect the nature and rate of technological change”.
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THE COST BURDEN
The cost burden can be in the form of Capital InvestmentRunning costs
Capital costs depend on technologies of choice – cheap is not always the best option
Running Costs depend on the complexity of the process and the inputs needed
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WAYS TO REDUCE THE COST BURDEN
Availability of low interest funding mechanisms for environmental technologies
Tax relief on such investmentsMonetary Incentives for compliance
and disincentives for non compliancePlanning industrial system as an
ecological system where waste from one industry can be a raw material for another –(reduces the waste to be treated)
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WAYS TO REDUCE THE COST BURDEN cont..The waste management “value chain”, which
includes the collection, treatment, reuse, disposal and recycling of various waste streams, provides economic incentives that allow for the private sector to be an effective partner in environmental management.
Create a new venture within the waste treatment where the resource recovery step can be handled by a separate investor (e.g. energy production). This will divide the costs between two investors with very different ultimate aim.
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WAYS TO INCREASE ADOPTION
Improve enforcement of existing lawsIntroduce financial or non-financial
incentives for compliance to environmental law
Introduce disincentives for non- compliance
Provide enabling environment for private sector investment in the waste management value chain
Awareness building among industries on available possibilities
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CONCLUSIONSMechanism to ease the investment cost for
environmental technologies is key to adoption. Unless this is resolved local companies in the SSA countries will continue to find it difficult to implement sound technologies for wastewater treatment
Industries in SSA are likely to adopt if value is created along the chain. Designers of ET systems need to innovate systems which create a value along the treatment chain. If this created value can directly influence general costs of the firm the adoption is more likely
Policy and policy environment influences the rate of adoption
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END
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Industries are the major sources of pollution in all environments. Based on the type of industry, various levels of pollutants can be discharged into the environment directly or indirectly
through public sewer lines. Wastewater from industries includes employees’ sanitary waste, process wastes from manufacturing, wash waters and relatively uncontaminated water from heating and cooling operations [7]. High levels of pollutants in river water systems causes an increase in biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), toxic metals such as Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb and fecal
coliform and hence make such water unsuitable for drinking, irrigation and aquatic life. Industrial
wastewaters range from high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from biodegradable wastes
such as those from human sewage, pulp and paper industries, slaughter houses, tanneries and
chemical industry.
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Technology Response for Pollution Abatement (TPA)
JOHN OLATUNJI ADEOTI(2001). Technology Investment In Pollution Control in Sub-saharan Africa: Evidence from Nigerian Manufacturing The Developing Economies, XXXIX-4 (December 2001): 395–431
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