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Developing an understanding of communication
Alia Martin Harvard University
CBMM Summer School August 25, 2015
1
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What is communication?
transfer or exchange of information
2
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3
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4
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Human communication requires:
reasoning about cognitive states
reasoning about social interaction
(often) reasoning about language
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Core Knowledge NumberGeometry/Space
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Objects
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Addressee Communicator
7
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1. Language is an action 8
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Is there any salt?
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“Is there any salt?”
Locationary act: interrogative about presence of salt
Illocutionary act: requesting salt
Perlocationary act: causing Austin, 1955 addressee to provide salt
10
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“Is there any salt?”
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11
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1. Developing an ability to identify a communication action or situation
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• 6-month-olds recognize speech is human-
produced and human-directed (Vouloumanos et
al., 2009; Legerstee et al., 2000)
• 10-month-olds expect mutual gaze
between speakers (Beier & Spelke, 2011)
Identifying communicative contexts
• Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010)
13
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© Wiley. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commonslicense. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.Source: Vouloumanos, Athena, and Janet F. Werker. "Listening to language atbirth: Evidence for a bias for speech in neonates." Developmental science 10, no.
2 (2007): 159-164.
Vouloumanos & Werker, 2007 1 to 4 days old 14
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© Wiley. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commonslicense. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.Source: Vouloumanos, Athena, and Janet F. Werker. "Listening to language atbirth: Evidence for a bias for speech in neonates." Developmental science 10, no.
2 (2007): 159-164.
© Wiley Press. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commonslicense. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.Source: Vouloumanos, Athena, and Janet F. Werker. "Listening to language atbirth: Evidence for a bias for speech in neonates." Developmental science 10, no.
2 (2007): 159-164.15
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• 10-month-olds expect mutual gaze
between speakers (Beier & Spelke, 2011)
Identifying communicative contexts
• Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010)
• 6-month-olds recognize speech is human- produced (Vouloumanos et al., 2009) and human-
directed (Legerstee et al., 2000; Molina et al., 2004)
16
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5-month-olds Vouloumanos et al., 2009 17
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18
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Habituation
ActingTalking Test
Courtesy of American Psychological Association. Used with permission.Source: Legerstee, Maria, Joanne Barna, and Carolyn DiAdamo. "Precursorsto the development of intention at 6 months: Understanding people andtheir actions." Developmental Psychology 36, no. 5 (2000): 627.
6-month-olds Occluder reveals person Legerstee et al., 2000 19
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Habituation
Talking ActingTest
Courtesy of American Psychological Association. Used with permission.Source: Legerstee, Maria, Joanne Barna, and Carolyn DiAdamo. "Precursorsto the development of intention at 6 months: Understanding people andtheir actions." Developmental Psychology 36, no. 5 (2000): 627.
Occluder reveals object 20
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Courtesy of American Psychological Association. Used with permission.Source: Legerstee, Maria, Joanne Barna, and Carolyn DiAdamo. "Precursorsto the development of intention at 6 months: Understanding people andtheir actions." Developmental Psychology 36, no. 5 (2000): 627.
21
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Identifying communicative contexts
• Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010)
• 6-month-olds recognize speech is human- produced (Vouloumanos et al., 2009) and human-
directed (Legerstee et al., 2000; Molina et al., 2004)
• 10-month-olds expect mutual gaze
between speakers (Beier & Spelke, 2011)
22
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Hey there! Oh hi!
Hey there! Oh hi!
© Wiley Press. All rights reserved. This content is excluded fromour Creative Commons
license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.Source: Beier, Jonathan S., and Elizabeth S. Spelke. "Infants’ developing understanding
of social gaze." Child development 83, no. 2 (2012): 486-496.
9- and 10-month-olds Beier & Spelke, 2011 23
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Hey there! Oh hi!
Hey there! Oh hi!
© Wiley Press. All rights reserved. This content is excluded fromour Creative Commons
license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.Source: Beier, Jonathan S., and Elizabeth S. Spelke. "Infants’ developing understanding
of social gaze." Child development 83, no. 2 (2012): 486-496.
24
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Identifying communicative contexts
• Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010)
• 6-month-olds recognize speech is human- produced (Vouloumanos et al., 2009) and human-
directed (Legerstee et al., 2000; Molina et al., 2004)
• 10-month-olds expect mutual gaze
between speakers (Beier & Spelke, 2011)
25
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Do infants understand that speech transfers information
between people?
26
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Addressee Communicator
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“The cup!”
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Commons license. For more information,
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![Page 28: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
“Oooh!”
Addressee Communicator
© Livescribe. All rights reserved. This
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content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information,see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.
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![Page 29: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Communicator Addressee
La taza!
Bēizi! katora! “The cup!”
Der becher! La tasse!
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content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information,
see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.
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from our Creative Commons license. For more
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Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
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Commons license. For more information,
see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.
© Source Unknown. All ri ghts reserved.
This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.
![Page 30: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
“The cup!”
La tasse! Der becher!
Bēizi!
La taza!
katora!
© Livescribe. All rights reserved. Thiscontent is excluded from our Creative
© Source Unknown. All rights reserved. This content is
Commons license. For more information,see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.
from our Creative Commons license. For more
information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.
excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.
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30
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Commons license. For more information,
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© Source Unknown. All ri ghts reserved.
This content is excluded from our Creative
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see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.
![Page 31: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Do infants recognize that speech is communicative?
12-month-olds 31
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Procedure
32
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Procedure
Communicator Addressee
Infant
33
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Communicator Familiarization
Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., https://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.
Source: Martin, Alia, Kristine H. Onishi, and Athena Vouloumanos. "Understanding the abstract role of speech
in communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003.
34
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Addressee Familiarization
Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., https://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.Source: Martin, Alia, Kristine H. Onishi, and Athena Vouloumanos. "Understanding the abstract role of speech
in communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003.
35
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Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., https://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.Source: Martin, Alia, Kristine H. Onishi, and Athena Vouloumanos. "Understanding the abstract role of speech
in communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003.
36
Test
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Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., https://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.
Source: Martin, Alia, Kristine H. Onishi, and Athena Vouloumanos. "Understanding the abstract role of speech
in communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003.
37
Test
“****”“****”
![Page 38: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., https://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.
Source: Martin, Alia, Kristine H. Onishi, and Athena Vouloumanos. "Understanding the abstract role of speech
in communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003.
38
Test - Speech
“Koba!”
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Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., https://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.Source: Martin, Alia, Kristine H. Onishi, and Athena Vouloumanos. "Understanding the abstract role of speech
in communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003.
39
Test - Cough
*cough*
![Page 40: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., https://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.Source: Martin, Alia, Kristine H. Onishi, and Athena Vouloumanos. "Understanding the abstract role of speech
in communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003.
40
Test – Emotional Vocalization
“Oooh!”
![Page 41: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Test “****”
Target Non-target Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., https://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.Source: Martin, Alia, Kristine H. Onishi, and Athena Vouloumanos. "Understanding the abstract role of speech
in communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003.
41
![Page 42: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Visual
Access +
Oooh
Addressee
Speech
Results Lo
ok
ing
Tim
e (
s)
* 40
35
30
25
20
*
*
*
Target 15
Non-target
10
5
0
Speech Cough Oooh
Martin, Onishi, & Vouloumanos, 2012 42
![Page 43: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Discussion
• 12-month-olds recognize that speech
can transfer information about an
object, but emotional expressions and
coughing cannot
• Reasoning about information access?
43
![Page 44: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Communicator Addressee
“Oooh!”
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information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/. 44
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
© Source Unknown. All ri ghts reserved.
This content is excluded from our Creative
Commons license. For more information,
see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.
© Source Unknown. All ri ghts reserved.
This content is excluded from our Creative
Commons license. For more information,
see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.
![Page 45: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Communicator Familiarization Addressee Visual Access
Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., https://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.Source: Martin, Alia, Kristine H. Onishi, and Athena Vouloumanos. "Understanding the abstract role of speechin communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003 45
![Page 46: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Addressee Familiarization
Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., https://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.Source: Martin, Alia, Kristine H. Onishi, and Athena Vouloumanos. "Understanding the abstract role of speech
in communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003.
46
![Page 47: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Test *Oooh!*
Target Non-target Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., https://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.Source: Martin, Alia, Kristine H. Onishi, and Athena Vouloumanos. "Understanding the abstract role of speech
in communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003.47
![Page 48: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Addressee
Speech
Results Lo
ok
ing
Tim
e (
s)
* 40
35
30
25
20
*
*
*
*
* Target 15
Non-target
10
5
0
Speech Cough Oooh Visual Access +
Oooh
Martin, Onishi, & Vouloumanos, 2012 48
![Page 49: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Discussion
• 12-month-olds recognize that speech
can transfer information about an
object, but emotional expressions and
coughing cannot
• Reasoning about information access? Yes!
• Reasoning about information sources?
49
![Page 50: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Communicator Familiarization
Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., https://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.Source: Martin, Alia, Kristine H. Onishi, and Athena Vouloumanos. "Understanding the abstract role of speech
in communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003 50
![Page 51: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Addressee Familiarization
Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., https://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.Source: Martin, Alia, Kristine H. Onishi, and Athena Vouloumanos. "Understanding the abstract role of speech
in communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003. 51
![Page 52: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., https://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.Source: Martin, Alia, Kristine H. Onishi, and Athena Vouloumanos. "Understanding the abstract role of speech
in communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003.
52
Test – Addressee Speech“Koba!
”
![Page 53: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Test “Koba!
”
Target Non-target Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., https://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.Source: Martin, Alia, Kristine H. Onishi, and Athena Vouloumanos. "Understanding the abstract role of speech
in communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003.53
![Page 54: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Results *
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Loo
kin
g T
ime
(s)
Target
Non-target **
*
*
* *
Speech Cough Oooh Visual Addressee
Access + Speech
Oooh
Martin, Onishi, & Vouloumanos, 2012 54
![Page 55: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Discussion
• 12-month-olds recognize that speech
can transfer information about an
object, but emotional expressions and
coughing cannot
• Reasoning about information access? Yes!
• Reasoning about information sources? Yes!
55
![Page 56: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Do infants recognize that speech is communicative?
12-month-olds
6-month-olds? 56
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6-month-olds…
• understand some common words used in their environment (Bergelson & Swingley, 2012; Tincoff
& Jusczyk, 1999; 2012)
• no evidence for learning a word in a
single trial
57
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“Koba!” *cough*
Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., https://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.Source: Martin, Alia, Kristine H. Onishi, and Athena Vouloumanos. "Understanding the abstract role of speech
in communication at 12months." Cognition 123, no. 1 (2012): 50-60. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.12.003. 58
![Page 59: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Vouloumanos, Martin, & Onishi, in press 59
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Speech Cough Co
*
*
ugh + Visual
Access
Loo
kin
g T
ime
(s)
Target
Non-Target
=
Results: 6-month-olds
![Page 60: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Speech is communicative for infants
• 6- and 12-month-old infants recognize
that speech is communicative
– transfers information from one person to
another
• May provide a mechanism for
language and knowledge acquisition
60
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1. Developing an ability to identify a communication action or situation
61
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© Harvard University Press. All rights reserved. This content
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2. Communication requires a focus on intentions
62
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Communicative Intentions Is there
any salt?
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63
![Page 64: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
“Is there any salt?”
Locationary act: interrogative about presence of salt
Illocutionary act: requesting salt
Perlocationary act: causing addressee
Austin, 1955
to provide salt
64
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
![Page 65: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Grice (1957): Speaker meaning
1) The communicator (C) intends the
addressee (A) to respond in a particular
way (R)
2) C intends A to recognize that C intends for
A to respond R
3) C intends A to fulfill (1) on the basis of (2)
65
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Infant attention to communicative intentions
66
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16 to 19 months Baldwin, 1991 67
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Southgate et al., 2010 17 months 68
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Southgate et al., 2010 17 months 69
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Actor does NOT see switch
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70
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71
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72
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73
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74
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75
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Grice (1957): Speaker meaning
1) The communicator (C) intends the
addressee (A) to respond in a particular
way (R)
2) C intends A to recognize that C intends for
A to respond R
3) C intends A to fulfill (1) on the basis of (2)
76
![Page 77: Developing an Understanding of Communication · • Newborns prefer speech to other sounds (Vouloumanos & Werker, 2004; 2007; Shultz & Vouloumanos, 2010) • 6-month-olds recognize](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062603/5f73e9442a072927cb64b91d/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Speaker meaning in children?
77
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18- to 30-month-olds Shwe & Markman, 1997; Grosse et al., 2010 78
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You asked for the truck? I’m going to give you the truck.
79
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You asked for the truck? I’m going to give you the sock.
80
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You asked for the sock? I’m going to give you the truck.
81
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82
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Speaker meaning in children?
• By 18-24 months, children care about
the impact of their communicative
signals on the understanding (not just
the response!) of their addressee
83
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3-year-olds Martin & Olson, 2013 84
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“Can you give me that cup so I can pour a cup of water?”
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85
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Martin & Olson, 2013 86
Results
0
25
50
75
100
Functional Dysfunctional
Conventional
Dysfunctional
Unconventional
ted
Re
qu
es
ivin
g
% G
Object Requested
*
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Functional
Dysfunctional
Results
0
25
50
75
100
Functional Dysfunctional
% F
un
ctio
n C
om
me
nts
Object Requested
*
Martin & Olson, 2013 87
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Speaker meaning in children?
• By 18-24 months, children care about
the impact of their communicative
signals on the understanding (not just
the response!) of their addressee
• By 3 years, children acknowledge
what the speaker meant to ask for,
even if they give her something else
88
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3. Communication is a joint action, of accumulating common ground
89
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Isaacs & Clark, 1987 90
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~9months – joint attention
Tomasello, 1995; Tomasello & Carpenter, 2007
91
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Person 2
~12months – use shared experience to interpret communication
Communicator
1
Communicator
2
Infant
Addressee
e.g., Ganea & Saylor, 2007; Liebal et al., 2009; Moll et al., 2006; 2007; Saylor & Ganea, 2007 92
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Communicator
1
Infant
Addressee
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93
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Infant
Addressee
Communicator
2
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94
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Common ground
Communicator
1
Can you give
it to me?
Communicator
2
Infant
Addressee
95
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Communicator
1
Infant
Addressee
Can you give it to me?
Communicator
2
96
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Communicator
1
Can you give it to me?
Infant
Addressee
Communicator
2
97
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see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.
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Communicator
1
Can you give
it to me?
Infant
Addressee
Communicator
2
98
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99
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Remaining questions:
How rich are infants’
representations of common
ground?
community membership?
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100
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community membership?
Remaining questions:
How rich are infants’
representations of common
ground?
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Remaining questions:
How rich are infants’ representations of common ground?
How do children build an
understanding of common ground
based on non-episodic cues like
community membership?
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101
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Communicator Addressee
102
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Animal communication
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Animal communication
• Sensitivity to presence of audience – e.g., alarm-calling species rarely alarm call if
no members of their species are present
• Sensitivity to identity of audience – e.g., ground squirrels, vervet monkeys alarm
call much more in presence of kin
• Sensitivity to knowledge state of
audience – e.g., Wild chimpanzees alarm-call more when
unaware chimpanzees are around
104
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Animal communication • Eliciting stimuli for communicative signals, and
signals themselves, tend to be fixed/inflexible
• Receivers acquire information from vocal
signals, but no evidence of information about
mental states
• Communicators’ signals can cause a beneficialresponse in receivers, but no evidence for
intention of changing receiver’s mental state
105
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Grice: Speaker meaning
1) The communicator (C) intends the
addressee (A) to respond in a particular
way (R)
2) C intends A to recognize that C intends for
A to respond R
3) C intends A to fulfill (1) on the basis of (2)
106
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The inability of most animals to recognize
the mental states of others distinguishes
animal communication most clearly from
human language. Whereas signalers
may vocalize to change a listener’s behavior, they do not call to inform
others. Listeners acquire information from
signalers who do not, in the human
sense, intend to provide it.
Seyfarth & Cheney, 2003 107
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Core Knowledge NumberGeometry/Space
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Objects
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/help/faq-fair-use/.
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Social Beings
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from our Creative
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1lp/faq-fair-use/.
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Communication requires:
reasoning about cognitive states
reasoning about social interaction
(often) reasoning about language
109
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Resource: Brains, Minds and Machines Summer CourseTomaso Poggio and Gabriel Kreiman
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