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Detect Bed Bugs Sooner Using Monitors
Changlu Wang Department of Entomology
Rutgers University
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Purposes of Bed Bug Monitoring
1) Detect early infestations 1) Are bed bugs present?
2) Evaluate treatment result 1) Is it effective? 2) Are bed bugs eliminated?
3) Guide treatment strategies 1) Where to treat? 2) What methods to use?
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Types of Detection Tools/Methods
• Visual Inspection • Low cost • Provides information on bed bug
infestation level and their distribution • Often needs two people • Requires knowledge and experience • Unreliable for detecting low level
infestations
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Types of Detection Tools/Methods
Passive Monitors Devices that do not contain a lure/attractant
Active Monitors Devices that posses one or more
lures/attractants Canine Scent Detection
Uses dog’s olfactory senses to detect bugs
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How to Conduct Visual Inspection? • It’s always recommended before any
treatment
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1st Stage Immature ~ 1 mm & light colored
Stoy Hedges
Even most experienced inspectors will miss identifying the presence of small number of bed bugs!
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Desired Properties of Bed Bug Monitors
• Be able to detect low level infestations • Should be more accurate than visual
inspections
• Easy to use • Requires less labor and experience than
visual inspection
• Economical
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Passive Monitors
Bed Bug Detection System BB Alert
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Climbup Insect Interceptor Bedmoat
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2 weeks after placement in an apartment
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Pavement ant Book lice
Grain beetle Spider beetle
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Comparison of Three Monitoring Methods
1. Resident interview 2. Visual inspection 3. ClimbupTM interceptor
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Apartment Interview result
Visual count Interceptor count (7 days)
1 ? 1 0 2 Yes 1 0 3 ? 1 0 4 No 1 0 5 No 2 0 6 No 2 1 7 ? 5 1 8 Yes 6 2 9 No 7 8 10 No 8 1 11 Yes 13 61 12 No 20 15 13 Yes 20 25
Average 6.7 8.8
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Two end tables – 27, Bed – 11.
Tips for placing interceptors
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Comparison between interceptors under bed legs and beside bed legs
Apart-ment
Location Under bed legs Beside bed legs
1 5 2 2 8 6 3 9 1 4 16 7 5 23 16 6 39 8
Average 16 7
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Kitchen – 3, Sofa – 16.
Tips for placing interceptors
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8/26/11 installed, 9/7/11 inspected.
Bed
Kitchen
41
14
54
66
88
60
58
66
65
32
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0 0 01
01 0
5
8
0
42
15
20
11
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5
Visual Insp
Climbups (Bed)
Away From Bed
Apartment
# of
Bed
Bug
s Detection infestation sooner using Climbups
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Bedmoat
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Comparison of 4 interceptors
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0 2 15 27 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
White Bedmoat
Black Bedmoat
Regular ClimbUp
Black ClimbUp
Mea
n co
unt
Monitor
Effectiveness of Passive Monitors
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Principle of Active Monitors
• CO2 – Primary orientation cue for bed bugs – Release rate affects efficacy of a monitor
• Chemical lure – Attractive to bed bugs from a very short distance
• Heat – Not important when the CO2 and chemical lure
are present.
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0
20
40
60
80
100
0 10 20 30
% b
ed b
ugs t
rapp
ed
Hours after trap deployment
CO2
Heat
Chemical lure
Wang et al 2009. JEE. 102: 1580-1585.
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Effectiveness of active monitors
• High CO2 release rate is essential: – CO2 from sugar fermentation or chemical
reaction is only effective for short distance. – Monitors using dry ice or CO2 cylinders are
much more effective than monitors using sugar fermentation.
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NightWatchTM
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CDC 3000
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Home-made Dry Ice Trap
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Effectiveness of Monitors for Detecting Low Level Infestations (1 d operation)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Dry ice trap CDC3000 NightWatch
Mea
n be
d bu
g co
unt p
er
apar
tmen
t
b
a
b
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Relative Effectiveness of Monitors
Maximum catch per night: 1,365 by Dry ice trap.
850
207 58 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Dry ice trap CDC3000 NightWatch
Mea
n be
d bu
g co
unt
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First Response Bed Bug Monitor
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One day 12 days First
Response Trapper First
Response Trapper
Under bed 8 57 32 137
Beside TV stand 1 2 5 17
Under dining table 2 9 5 53
Average 4 23 14 69
Trap Catch in a Heavily Infested Apartment
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Case Study 1: Using Climbup Interceptors to Detect Bed Bug Infestations
• 223-unit apartment complex : – In May 2010, the pest control contractor
recorded 4 infestations in its monthly service report.
– Within 10 days, Climbup interceptors were installed in 64 apartments.
– After 2 weeks, interceptors detected 21 infestations.
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Case Study 2: Using Climbup Interceptors to Detect Bed Bug Infestations
• 360-unit apartment building • 19 known infestations • Basic visual inspection found an additional 17
infestations • Climbup interceptors detected 26 infestations
that were missed by visual inspections. • Total: 85% (43/62) of the infestations were not
reported by residents. Source: Cooper Pest Solutions
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Case Study 3: Using Dry Ice Trap in a Vacant Apartment
• A heavily infested one bedroom apt was treated with a combination of hot steam and Phantom SC spray.
• All furniture were removed. The resident moved out of the apartment.
• A dry ice trap was placed in the apartment overnight – On 13th day: 505 bed bugs – On 21st day: 113 bed bugs
• The results indicate: – the treatment was not effective; – the apartment needs to be treated again before allowing
new tenant to move in.
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Summary • Using Interceptors:
– To detect new infestations and determine whether bed bugs are eliminated
– Periodically place monitors in high risk units or areas to detect new infestations. • Placement period can be 1-4 weeks depends on
whether the area is occupied.
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Summary (continued)
• Using CO2 based monitors –In un-occupied units for one or several
nights to detect presence of bed bugs.
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Summary (continued)
• A combination of visual inspection and monitors will provide the best evaluation about bed bug infestation level and distribution – Monitors cannot tell where the bed bugs
were hiding.
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Acknowledgements
• Manufacturers – Susan McKnight, Inc. Atlantic Paste & Glue,
Inc., MidMos Solutions, SpringStar, Inc.
• Dog detection companies • Housing authorities
– Indianapolis, Bayonne city, Jersey city.