Download - D'End Forming Process
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DISHED END MAKING
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CONTENTSCONTENTS
• Definition• Methods of SR• Terminology used in SR• Fuel used• Types of firing• Other Equipments used
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DEFINITIONDEFINITION
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PWHTPWHT
• PWHT is done to relieve the stress generated in metal by tremendous heat input during welding operation.
• Therefore it is also called as “Stress Relieving”
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METHODS OF SRMETHODS OF SR
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METHODS OF PWHTMETHODS OF PWHT
• There are 2 ways of SR:1. SR in a furnace (Furnace firing)2. SR by using job as a furnace (Internal
firing)
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FURNACE FIRINGFURNACE FIRING
• In this method job is placed inside the furnace.
• Furnace is closed & burners are used to increase the inside temperature of furnace by this inside pressure also increases , using air as a media heat is transferred to job this leads to raise the job temperature inside furnace.
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Photograph showing Furnace Photograph showing Furnace firingfiring
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INSIDE FIRINGINSIDE FIRING
• This method is selected generally when job cannot be placed under furnace due to any reason.
• In this the whole job is insulated from outside with specific thickness of insulating material.
• Burners are used from outside to maintain the inside & outside temp. of job this is measured on recorders by thermocouples tacked inside & outside the job.
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Photograph showing internal Photograph showing internal firing arrangementfiring arrangement
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TERMINOLOGY IN SRTERMINOLOGY IN SR
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PWHT CYCLEPWHT CYCLE• Loading Temperature (max)• Rate of heating (max)• Soaking Temperature• Soaking Time • Rate of cooling (max)• Unloading Temperature• Variation in any 2 thermocouples not to exceed
_____/ hr during heating or cooling
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LOADING TEMPLOADING TEMP
• At this temperature the job should be loaded in furnace I.e if the job is in furnace itself then the temperature recorder must be put on for recording & rate of heating is to be maintained as per given heat treatment request .
• Always “last in” thermocouple is referred.
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RATE OF HEATINGRATE OF HEATING
• This is the rate of increase of temperature inside the furnace to achieve soaking temp. & to be maintained when the job is loaded in furnace I.e after loading temperature is achieved also called ROH , it is measured in deg. cel / hr. Always maximum value is given in request.
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SOAKING TEMPERATURESOAKING TEMPERATURE
• To relieve the stress job needs to be kept at a particular temp. this is called soaking temp. where job is soaked at this temp. for specific period as per request.
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SOAKING TIMESOAKING TIME
• For stress relieving job is soaked at certain temp. for certain time & this is called soaking time to ensure stresses are relieved.
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RATE OF COOLINGRATE OF COOLING
• Temp. of job after keeping it in soaking temp. has to be cooled at a certain rate & this is to be maintained unless unloading temp is achieved & this cooling rate is called ROC & always max value is given in request.
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UNLOADING TEMPUNLOADING TEMP
• The temperature at which job is taken out. After this temp further cooling to ambient temp is always mentioned in request.
• Always “last out” thermocouple is referred.
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TEMP. VARIATIONTEMP. VARIATION
• The variation in temp. between any 2 thermocouples during heating/cooling should not be more than specified in request
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FUELFUEL
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FUELS USED FOR SRFUELS USED FOR SR
• Fuel is only a source for heat generation.• Generally following fuels are used :• Furnace Oil• HSD (high speed diesel)• LDO (light diesel oil)• LPG (liquefied petroleum gas)• NG (natural gas)
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Fuel technical dataFuel technical dataS.No Fuel Calorific
value
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FIRING METHODSFIRING METHODS
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FIRING METHODSFIRING METHODS
• GAS FIRED• OIL FIRED
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GAS FIREDGAS FIRED
• Gas Burners with sensors • Control Panel with FFD • Blowers• PRV (Pr. Regulating valve)• Gas Header (Solenoid Connection)• Gas Hoses
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OIL FIREDOIL FIRED
• Oil pumping unit• Oil Burner with sensor• Control panel with FFD• Combustion air blowers• Air compressor & air manifold• Oil Header with Solenoid• Oil hoses
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OTHER EQUIPMENTS USEDOTHER EQUIPMENTS USED
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• TAU ( Thermocouple Attachment Unit ) • Thermocouples• Compensating Cables• Temperature Recorders