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This project has received funding from Horizon 2020, European Union’s Framework
Programme for Research and Innovation, under grant agreement No. 761794
Deliverable D7.3 Standardisation activities – Final Release
Work Package 7 - Dissemination, standardisation and business modelling
TERRANOVA Project
Grant Agreement No. 761794
Call: H2020-ICT-2016-2
Topic: ICT-09-2017 - Networking research beyond 5G
Start date of the project: 1 July 2017
Duration of the project: 33 months
Ref. Ares(2020)2017640 - 11/04/2020
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Disclaimer This document contains material, which is the copyright of certain TERRANOVA contractors, and may not
be reproduced or copied without permission. All TERRANOVA consortium partners have agreed to the full
publication of this document. The commercial use of any information contained in this document may
require a license from the proprietor of that information. The reproduction of this document or of parts
of it requires an agreement with the proprietor of that information. The document must be referenced if
used in a publication.
The TERRANOVA consortium consists of the following partners:
No. Name Short Name Country
1 (Coordinator)
University of Piraeus Research Center UPRC Greece
2 Fraunhofer Gesellschaft (FhG-HHI & FhG-IAF) FhG Germany
3 Intracom Telecom ICOM Greece
4 University of Oulu UOULU Finland
5 JCP-Connect JCP-C France
6 Altice Labs ALB Portugal
7 PICAdvanced PIC Portugal
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Document Information
Project short name and number TERRANOVA (761794)
Work package WP7
Number D7.3
Title Standardisation activities – final release
Version V1.0
Responsible unit ALB
Involved units UPRC, FhG, ICOM, UOULU, JCP-C, ALB, PIC
Type1 R
Dissemination level2 PU
Contractual date of delivery 31.03.2020
Last update 9.04.2020
1 Types. R: Document, report (excluding the periodic and final reports); DEM: Demonstrator, pilot, prototype, plan designs; DEC: Websites, patents filing, press & media actions, videos, etc.; OTHER: Software, technical diagram, etc. 2 Dissemination levels. PU: Public, fully open, e.g. web; CO: Confidential, restricted under conditions set out in Model Grant Agreement; CI: Classified, information as referred to in Commission Decision 2001/844/EC.
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Document History Version Date Status Authors, Reviewers Description
v0.1 20.03.2020 Draft José Machado (ALB) Structure definition and first Draft version
v0.2 27.03.2020 Draft José Machado (ALB) Updating chapter 4.3.1 to include ITU XG(S)-PON and 50G-PON technology standardisation updates.
v0.3 06.04.2020 Draft Colja Schubert (FHG) Updating chapter 4.1.1 and 4.4 to include updates of the WRC-19 as well as at final conclusions.
v0.4 08.04.2020 Draft José Machado (ALB) Edition and minor revisions
v1.0 09.04.2020 Final Angeliki Alexiou (UPRC) José Machado (ALB)
Final review and editorial revision
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
Acronym/Abbreviation Description
2G Second Generation
3G Third Generation
3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
5G Fifth Generation
AM Amplitude Modulation
AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding
AP Access Point
ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses
ASIC Application-Specific Integrated Circuit
ATDE Adaptive Time Domain Equalizer
ATI Announcement Transmission Interval
ATIS Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions
AWG Arrayed Waveguide Gratings
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
AWV Antenna Weight Vector
BAM Body Area Network
BB BaseBand
BC Beam Combining
BER Bit Error Rate
BF BeamForming
BHI Beacon Header Interval
BI Beacon Interval
BOC BackOff Counter
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
BRP Beam Refinement Protocol
BS Base Station
BTI Beacon Transmission Interval
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CA Consortium Agreement
CAP Contention Access Period
CAUI 100 gigabit Attachment Unit Interface
CapEx Capital Expenditure
CBAP Contention-Based Access Period
CC Central Cloud
CCH Control CHannel
CCSA China Communications Standards Association
CDR Clock and Data Recovery
CE Carrier Ethernet
CEPT European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications
Administrations
CFP C-Form Factor Pluggable
CMOS Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor
CoMP Coordination Multi-Point
COST European Cooperation in Science & Technology
COTS Commercial Off-The-Shelf
CPG Conference Preparation Group
CPM Conference Preparation Meeting
CPR Carrier Phase Recovery
CPRI Common Public Radio Interface
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Code
CSI Channel State Information
CSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
CTA Channel Time Allocation
CTAP Channel Time Allocation Period
CTS Clear-To-Send
CTS-NI Clear-To-Send-Node-Information
CW Continuous Wave
D2D Device-to-Device
DAC Digital to Analog Converter
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DC Direct Current
DCH Data CHannel
DDC Digital Down Conversion
DEMUX DE-MUltipleXer
DL DownLink
DMG Directional Multi-Gigabit
DMT Discrete Multi-Tone
DoA Direction of Arrival
DoF Degree of Freedom
DP Detection Probability
DP-IQ Dual Polarization In-phase and Quadrature
DPD Digital PreDistortion
DSB Dual-Side Band
DSP Digital Signal Processing
DTI Data Transfer Interval
DUC Digital Up Conversion
D-RAN Distributed Radio Access Network
D-RoF Distributed Radio over Fibre
DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
EC European Commission
EDCA Enhanced Distributed Channel Access
EDMG Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit
eCPRI Evolved Common Public Radio Interface
EEC Electronic Communications Committee
EESS Earth Exploration Satellite Services
EPON Ethernet Passive Optical Network
ERM Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
ESE Extended Schedule Element
ETNO European Telecommunications Network Operators'
Association
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
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eWLB embedded Wafer Level Ball grid array
E/O Electrical-Optical
FAP False-Alarm Probability
FEC Forward Error Correction
FCS Frame Check Sequence
FD Full Duplex
FDD Frequency Division Duplexing
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
FIFO First In First Out
FM Frequency Modulation
FPGA Field-Programmable Gate Array
FS Fixed Services
FSAN Full Service Access Network
FSO Free-Space Optics
FSPL Free Space Path Loss
FTTH Fiber To The Home
FWA Fixed Wireless Access
GA Grant Agreement
GaAs Gallium Arsenide
GbE Gigabit Ethernet
GSMA Groupe Speciale Mobile Association
HEMT High Electron Mobility Transistor
HF High Frequency
HFT High Frequency Trading
HRCP High-Rate Close Proximity
HSP High Speed PON
HSPA High Speed Packet Access
HSPA+ evolved High Speed Packet Access
I/Q In-phase and Quadrature
I2C Inter-Integrated Circuit
IA Initial Access
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ICF Intermediate Carrier Frequency
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IF Intermediate Frequency
IG Interest Group
IoT Internet of Things
IMT International Mobile Telecommunications
IM/DD Intensity Modulation/Direct Detection
IP Internet protocol layer
ISG Industry Specification Groups
ISI InterSymbol Interference
ISM Industrial Scientific and Medical band
ISO International Organization of Standardisation
ITU International Telecommunication Union
ITU-R Radiocommunication sector of the International
Telecommunication Union
IQ COMP. In-phase and Quadrature impairments COMPensator
IQD Indoor Quasi Directional
JTC Joint Technical Committee
KPI Key Performance Indicator
LDPC Low-Density Parity-Check
LO Local Oscillator
LoS Line of Sight
LMS Land Mobile Services
LTE Long Term Evolution
LTE-A Long Term Evolution Advanced
MAC Medium Access Control
MBC Mobile Broadcast Convergence
MCE MAC Coordination Entity
MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme
MEC Multi-access Edge Computing
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MEF Metro Ethernet Forum
MID Multiple sector Identifier
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
MMIC Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit
mWT Millimeter Wave Transmission
mmWave Millimeter Wave
MUE Mobile User Equipment
MUX MUltipleXer
MZI Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
NAV Network Allocation Vector
NETCONF NETwork CONFiguration
NFV Network Functions Virtualization
NG-PON2 Next-Generation Passive Optical Network 2
NI Node Information
nLoS Non-Line Of Sight
NR New Radio
NRZ Non-Return to Zero
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation
OIF Optical Internetworking Forum
OLT Optical Line Terminal
ONUs Optical Network Units
OOK On-Off Keying
OpEx Operating Expenses
P2MP Point-to-Multi-Point
P2P Point-to-Point
PA Power Amplifier
PAM Pulse Amplitude Modulation
PBSS Personal Basic Service Set
PCB Printed Circuit Board
PHY PHYsical
PON Passive Optical Network
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PSP Pulse Shaping Filter
PSF Primary Synchronization Signal
PtMP Point-to-Multi-Point
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QoE Quality of Experience
QoS Quality-of-Service
QSFP Quad Small Form-Factor Pluggable
RA Random Access
RAN Radio Access Network
RAS Radio Astronomy Services
RAT Radio Access Technology
RAR Random Access Response
RAU Remote Antenna Unit
RF Radio Frequency
RLS Radiolocation Services
RoF Radio over Fiber
RRH Radio Remote Head
RRM Radio Resource Management
RS Reed Solomon
RSRP Reference Signal Received Power
RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator
RTS Request-To-Send
RTS-NI Request-To-Send-Node Information
RX Receiver
SC Small Cell
SDN Software Defined Networks
SD-FEC Soft-Decision Forward-Error Correction
SFF Small Form Factor
SFP Small Form-Factor Pluggable
SiGe Silicon-Germanium
SISO Single Input Single Output
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SLS Sector Level Sweep
SM Spatial Multiplexing
SME Small and Medium-sized Enterprise
SMF Single Mode Fiber
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
SOTA State Of The Art
SP Service Period
SPI Serial Parallel Interface
SRC Sample Rate Conversion
SRS Space Research Service
SSB Single-SideBand
SSW Sector SWeep
SSW-FBCK Sector SWeep FeedBaCK
STA Station
STM-1 Synchronous Transport Module, level 1
STS Symbol Timing Synchronization
TAB-MAC Terahertz Assisted Beamforming Medium Access Control
TAG Technical Advisory Group
TbE Terabit Ethernet
TC Technical Committee
TDD Time Division Duplexing
TDM Time Division Multiplexing
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TERRANOVA Terabit/s Wireless Connectivity by Terahertz innovative technologies to deliver Optical Network Quality of Experience in Systems beyond 5G
THz Terahertz
TIA TransImpedance Amplifier
TSDSI Telecommunications Standards Development Society India
TTA Telecommunications Technology Association of Korea
TTC Telecommunication Technology Committee of Japan
TWDM Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexed
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Tx Transmitter
TXOP Transmission Opportunity
UL Uplink
UE User Equipment
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service
VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator
VGA Variable Gain Amplifier
VLC Visible Light Communication
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing
WiFi Wireless Fidelity
WiGig Wireless Gigabit alliance
WLBGA Wafer Level Ball Grid Array
WM Wireless Microwave
WPAN Wireless Personal Area Network
WRC World Radio Congress
WWRF Wireless World Research Forum
XG-PON 10 Gbit/s Passive Optical Network
XPIC Cross Polarization Interference Cancellation
YANG Yet Another Next Generation
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Contents
1. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. 17
2. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 18
3. TERRANOVA Standardisation Ecosystem ............................................................................................ 19
4. TERRANOVA Standardisation involvement ......................................................................................... 20
4.1 IEEE .............................................................................................................................................. 20
4.1.1 IEEE 802.15.3d-2017 ........................................................................................................... 21
4.1.2 IEEE 802.11ay ...................................................................................................................... 25
4.1.3 IEEE 802.1cm and CPRI ........................................................................................................ 26
4.2 ETSI .............................................................................................................................................. 27
4.2.1 3GPP .................................................................................................................................... 27
4.3 ITU-T ............................................................................................................................................ 27
4.3.1 ITU-T G.989 (NG-PON2), ITU-T G.987/G.9807 (XG(S)-PON) and G.hsp (High Speed PON) . 27
4.3.2 ITU-T SG15: Networks, Technologies and Infrastructures for Transport, Access and Home
28
4.3.3 FSAN .................................................................................................................................... 28
4.4 ITU-R ............................................................................................................................................ 28
4.4.1 Frequency Allocation between 200 and 1000 GHz before WRC-19 ................................... 28
4.4.2 World Radio Congress (WRC-19) ........................................................................................ 30
4.4.3 Regulation of the 275-450 GHz Spectrum (Agenda Item 1.15) .......................................... 32
4.5 European Telecommunications Network Operators' Association ETNO .................................... 33
4.6 Metro Ethernet Forum ................................................................................................................ 33
4.7 Broadband Forum ....................................................................................................................... 33
4.8 Wifi Alliance ................................................................................................................................ 34
4.9 CENELEC ...................................................................................................................................... 34
4.10 GSM Association ......................................................................................................................... 34
4.11 Other Forums and Work Groups ................................................................................................. 34
4.11.1 Telecom Infra Project (TIP) ................................................................................................. 34
4.11.2 FICORA (National spectrum regulator in Finland) ............................................................... 35
4.11.3 COST (European Cooperation in Science & Technology) .................................................... 35
4.11.4 Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) .......................................................................... 35
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4.11.5 Germany National initiative on influencing network evolution and standardisation ........ 36
5. TERRANOVA Standardisation Activity DASHBOARD ........................................................................... 37
6. Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................... 39
7. References .......................................................................................................................................... 41
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List of Figures
Figure 4.1: Frequency plan of 802.15.3d-2017 (Amendment 2). ............................................................... 22
Figure 4.2: Specification examples for coherent TERRANOVA candidate architectures. ........................... 22
Figure 4.3: Functional splits proposed in IEEE802.1CM, taken from [1-15]. .............................................. 26
Figure 4.4: Allocation of frequencies between 200 and 3000 GHz before WRC-19 [1-10]. ....................... 29
Figure 4.5: Involved groups in the WRC preparation process [1-13]. ......................................................... 30
Figure 4.6: Overview of the WRC preparation process [1-13]. ................................................................... 31
Figure 4.7: Structure of the CEPT Electronic Communications Committee, taken from [1-26]. ................ 31
Figure 4.8: Time schedule of the inter-regional workshops for consolidating the individual WRC-19
proposals to the CPM [1-13] ....................................................................................................................... 32
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
TERRANOVA consortium partners ensure that all relevant studies, results and outcomes from this project
were aligned with current and future related pre-standardisation and standardisation initiatives. The work
in progress within standards IEEE 802.15.3 (wireless personal area network) and IEEE 802.11ay (wireless
channel bonding and MIMO) were closely followed by the TERRANOVA consortium and stated as the
target for main contribution in terms of technical studies. Other optical domain technology standards such
as ITU-T G.989 (NG-PON2), ITU-T G.hsp (High Speed PON) and IEEE 802.3ca (100G-EPON) as well as the
industry initiative for the Common Public Radio Initiative (CPRI/eCPRI) are also pointed as partners
interest in what relates to the optical component of TERRANOVA communication system.
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2. INTRODUCTION
The objective of this document is to describe all activities that were carried out by TERRANOVA partners
with respect to standardisation bodies. Chapter 3 refers to the TERRANOVA standardisation ecosystem
stating the actual context and landscape envisioned for the THz technology standardisation. In Chapter 4,
each one of the relevant standardisation bodies are briefly introduced and described while corresponding
TERRANOVA consortium partners’ activities are discussed. Finally, in Chapter 5, a TERRANOVA
standardisation dashboard is presented followed by conclusions in Chapter 6.
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3. TERRANOVA STANDARDISATION ECOSYSTEM
In this Chapter we will summarize the current TERRANOVA relevant ecosystem, referring and pinpointing
the reference standards that are closely associated with the project technologies.
Partners’ activity at the standardisation level during the project were consistent with the considered
projected effort load and its corresponding goals and targets. The IEEE 802.15.3 THz Technical Advisory
Group (formerly Interest Group) was identified as one of the most influential interest groups in the area
of wireless THz communications. Therefore, we will specifically refer to the IEEE 802.15.3 Standard [1-1]
and its amendment 2, “100 Gb/s Wireless Switched Point-to-Point Physical Layer”, which was prepared
by the THz Working Group [1-3]. The focus of this amendment was specifically on a 100 Gb/s standard for
wireless multi-media networks using frequencies of the THz band, thus perfectly matching the
TERRANOVA motivations and objectives.
TERRANOVA also followed-up on ITU-R (International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication
Sector) and WRC-19 (World Radiocommunication Conference). For the WRC-19, first frequency
regulations for spectrum above 275 GHz were expected and there have been noticeable tendencies. For
example, first sharing studies reported in 2017 indicated a rising conflict between terrestrial radio
communication services - Land Mobile Services (LMS), Fixed Services (FS) - and science services - Radio
Astronomy Services (RAS) and Earth Exploration-Satellite Services (EESS). The study concluded that FS
links could interfere with EESS sensors, which for 24 dBi antennas would be critical for all angles relative
to the main beam, and up to an angle of 24° for 50 dBi antennas [1-11]. While FS are considered to be
easier to regulate, those results were seen to be very critical for LMS, and may lead to a fragmented
frequency spectrum regulation above 296 GHz.
The WRC-19 was taking place from 28th October to 22nd November 2019 in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt.
Decisions on the regulations for spectrum above 275 GHz were taken, as it will be described in section 4.4
of this document. The final act of the WRC-19 may be found in [1-12].
In addition to the IEEE and ITU-R activities described above, the following chapters also take note on the
standardisation enrollments of the consortium, which relate to critical technologies expected to play a
key role in the realisation of the TERRANOVA vision, even if not directly focusing/addressing THz
technology aspects. It is worth noting that THz technologies/systems/communications constitute a new
research/technology area and, as such, the regulatory/standardisation framework is only starting to
develop.
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4. TERRANOVA STANDARDISATION INVOLVEMENT
4.1 IEEE
IEEE has played a key role over the last decades in the evolution of telecommunications as a standardisation body with special interest/focus on wireline and wireless network technologies. IEEE is well-known for the IEEE 802 family of standards in networking, like Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), WiFi (IEEE 802.11) and WPAN (IEEE 802.15).
Of particular relevance for TERRANOVA are the standardisation activities in IEEE 802.15.3, which are described below. In 2008 IEEE 802.15 created the THz Interest Group (IG THz). The focus was primarily concerned with THz communications and related network applications operating in the THz frequency bands between 275 – 3,000 GHz. Such THz communication applications include component to component, board to board, machine to machine, human to machine and human to human, (indoor and outdoor) wireless communications. THz communication applications cover multiple categories with varying requirements. The IG THz focused on open spectrum issues, channel modelling and monitoring the development of technology. With the development of more mature transceiver technologies 802.15 made a step forward towards the development of the first wireless 300 GHz standard by establishing Task Group 3d in 2014, which completed its work in October 2017, when the amendment IEEE Std. 802.15.3d-2017 was published. This amendment is based on IEEE Std. 802.15.3c and defines a wireless switched point-to-point physical layer to IEEE Std. 802.15.3-2016 operating at PHY data rates typically in the range of up to of 100 Gbit/s. Operation is considered in bands 252-321 GHz at ranges as short as a few centimetres and up to several hundred meters. The development of IEEE Std. 802.15.3d-2017 was in parallel to IEEE Std. 802.15.3e-2017, which developed an amendment for 60 GHz high-rate close-proximity (HRCP) communications. Large parts of the MAC layer as well as the defined modulation and coding schemes are identical in both amendments.
Prospective opportunities to develop further amendments in the THz frequency range are evaluated in the Technical Advisory Group (TAG) THz, which replaced the IG THz in 2018.
In addition, the standard evolution from Gigabit (GbE) to Terabit Ethernet (TbE), developed by the IEEE P802.3bs Task Force [1-22] can be of interest. Considering the standards beyond 100 Gb/s, with focus on 200 Gb/s and 400 Gb/ and their interfaces, may be relevant in the context of a wireless (synchronous) Ethernet extension. For Beyond 5G fronthaul / backhaul applications, the IEEE standards for PON (Passive Optical Networks) may also be included at a later stage, for example the work of the IEEE 802.3ca 100G-EPON Task Force [1-22]. Although the CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface) standard started as an industry initiative, recently members of IEEE 802.1 and CPRI have collaborated within IEEE802.1CM (“Time Sensitive Networking for Fronthaul”) to define “packetized” synchronous standard fronthaul architectures (based on eCPRI and CPRI). This activity is also shared with the ITU-T Study Group 15 in the context of Future Networks (IMT-2020/5G) within joint workshops, see for example [1-17], [1-18]. More details of CPRI and IEEE802.1CM can be found at the sub-chapters below.
TERRANOVA partner Fraunhofer Gesellschaft (FhG-HHI & FhG-IAF) has been actively involved in the IEEE
802.15 Working Group as well as on IEEE 802.1CM and CPRI standardisation evolution.
TERRANOVA partner University of Oulu has been actively involved in the IEEE 802.15 Working Group on
wireless personal area networks and in the IEEE 802.24 Vertical Applications Technical Activity Group.
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4.1.1 IEEE 802.15.3d-2017
On March 15, 2018, the IEEE SA Standards Board approved the first edition of the IEEE 802.15.3
standard that was also adopted by the ISO/IEC JTC 1 (International Organization for Standardisation /
International Electrotechnical Commission, Joint Technical Committee) and approved by the ISO/IEC
national bodies [1-1]. The detailed development history and the relevant standard documents can be
found in [1-5]. The IEEE 802.15.3 has in total three amendments [1-2][1-3][1-4]. The previous
standards are superseded by these new documents. Especially the former amendment 2, IEEE Std
802.15.3c-2009, on “Millimeter-wave based alternative physical layer extension” is now part of the
IEEE 802.15.3 standard document. This former amendment includes important aspects on
beamforming and the physical layer for single carrier mmWave 60 GHz radios.
Table 4.1: IEEE 802.15.3 Document Overview, Status 2018
Baseline Standard Title
ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-15-3:2017(E) IEEE Standard for High Data Rate Wireless Multi-Media Networks
Amendments Title
802.15.3e-2017 Amendment 1: High-Rate Close Proximity Point-to-Point Communications
802.15.3d-2017 Amendment 2: 100 Gb/s Wireless Switched Point-to-Point Physical Layer
802.15.3f-2017 Amendment 3: Extending the Physical Layer (PHY) Specification for Millimeter Wave to Operate from 57.0 GHz to 71 GHz
A summary of the key aspects of 802.15.3d-2017 (Amendment 2) can be found in [1-25]. Amendment
2 considers non-coherent OOK and coherent x-QAM modulation schemes, with x up to 64. Two PHY
modes are defined that enable data rates of up to 100 Gb/s using eight different bandwidths between
2.16 GHz and 69.12 GHz. The first one is covered by what is called THz-OOK-PHY, the second one by
what is called THz-SC-PHY in the standards document. In addition, three different FEC coding schemes
are considered: 14/15-rate LDPC (Low-Density-Parity-Check-Codes), 11/14-rate LDPC and 11/14-rate
RS (Reed-Solomon). All codes are specified in more detail in Chapter 11.2.2.6 of the main standard
document 802.15.3 [1-1]. The main standard also introduces a PHY frame, which includes a MCS
(modulation and coding scheme) identifier in the header that carries information on channel
allocation, modulation and coding. The current frequency plan is depicted in Figure 4.1. Although it
considers a broad variation of channel allocation possibilities, it was anticipated that this will be very
likely in conflict with ITU-R regulations above 296 GHz. These conflicts could be resolved with
modifications to the amendment at a later point in time.
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Figure 4.1: Frequency plan of 802.15.3d-2017 (Amendment 2).
Some of the proposed specifications for the implementation of the coherent TERRANOVA candidate
architectures are summarized in Figure 4.2. The deviations due to the LDPC / RS channel coding
overhead can be neglected to a first order. Considering the trends and directions discussed at WRC-
19, it was concluded that two 17.28 GHz channels may be available for future use (Ch62 and 63),
which would allow to reach full-duplex 200 Gb/s conforming with regulations (or a total of 400 Gb/s
aggregating up and downlink rates). The 400 Gb/s scenario will require time division duplexing in
order to conform with the standard.
Figure 4.2: Specification examples for coherent TERRANOVA candidate architectures.
After the publication of the standard, the work on standardisation for the THz frequency range is
continued in the THz technical advisory group (former interest group) within the IEEE 802.15 Working
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Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). TERRANOVA partners have participated in
several meetings of the group.
Meeting of the interest group during the IEEE 802 wireless interims meeting on 7-8th May 2018 in
Warzaw, Poland:
Within the meeting the following contributions were made, including a presentation of TERRANOVA
and other projects from the H2020 ICT-09-2017 cluster:
Contribution # 1: Thomas Kürner, “Interference Study for THz Intra-Device Communication Systems
” (15-18 -0175)
Contribution # 2: Iwao Hosako, “Penetration Loss Measurement at 300 GHz for Building Entry Loss
Estimation” (15-18-0230)
Contribution # 3: Andre Bourdoux, “Semiconductor Technologies for THz Communications” (15-18-
0191)
Contribution # 4: Thomas Kürner, “Two-Step Angle-of-Arrival Estimation for Terahertz
Communications,” (15-18-0176r1)
Contribution # 5: Thomas Kürner, “Introduction to the H2020 ICT-09-2017 Cluster,” (15-18-0177)
Contribution # 6: Onur Sahin, “EPIC Project: Next Generation FEC for Tb/s and THz Systems,” (15-
18-0206)
Contribution # 7: Onur Sahin, “A Preliminary 7nm implementation and communication
performance study of SoA FEC classes for Tbps throughputs,” (15-18-0207)
Contribution # 8: Colja Schubert, “TERRANOVA: Terahertz Wireless Access Technologies – System
and Hardware Architecture Options,” (15-18-0192)
Contribution # 9: Thomas Kürner, “Information on Regulatory Activities for THz Communications,”
(15-18-0178)
Up to 27 participants followed the contributions, with more than 50% coming from industry. During the meeting it was discussed that the outcome of WRC 2019 on the spectrum availability may trigger an amendment of the standard IEEE 802.15.3-2017, where other add-ons may be considered as well. For the November meeting, a tutorial on THz technologies was planned in order to create more public awareness for the topic within the IEEE 802 community.
Meeting of the technical advisory group during the IEEE 802 Plenary meeting on 12th November 2018 in Bangkok, Thailand:
Within the meeting the following contributions were made. The tutorial, which included material from TERRANOVA and other projects from the H2020 ICT-09-2017 cluster, was presented by Prof. Kürner on the 12th November 2018:
Contribution #1 (Rehearsal for the tutorial in Monday evening) Thomas Kürner, Akifumi
Kasamatsu, Onur Sahin, and Carlos Castro, “Tutorial: THz Communications - An Overview and
Options for IEEE 802 Standardization” (15-18 -0516r2)
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Contribution #2 Thomas Kürner, Tetsuya Kawanishi “Introduction to the Horizon 2020 EU-Japan
Project ThoR” (15-18 -0518r2)
Contribution #3 Tetsuya Kawanishi “Impact of wind on link performance in fixed wireless services”
(15-18 -0565)
Contribution #4 Thomas Kürner, “300 GHz Channel Measurements in a Real Data Center - First
Results” (15-18 -0519)
Up to 15 participants followed the contributions.
Meeting of the technical advisory group during the IEEE 802 Plenary meeting on 11-12th March 2019 in Vancouver, Canada:
Within the meeting the following contributions were made.
Contribution #1 Thomas Kürner (TU Braunschweig), “H2020-ThoR: Initial Results on Sharing
Studies (19/0095)” (15-19-0095)
Contribution #2 Ali Al Qaraghuli (Universiyt at Buffalo), “Experimental Demonstration of Ultra-
broadband Wireless Communications at True Terahertz Frequencies” (15-19-0108)
Contribution #3 Thomas Kürner (TU Braunschweig), “H2020-ThoR: Initial Results on Sharing
Studies (19/0095)” (15-19-0095)
Contribution #4 Robert Müller (TU Ilmenau), “Fast-Spot: From Channel Sounding to the System
Implementation and Demonstration at 200 GHz” (15-19 -0113)
Up to 15 participants followed the contributions.
Meeting of the technical advisory group during the IEEE 802 Plenary meeting on 15-16th July 2019 in Vienna, Austria:
Within the meeting the following contributions were made, including a presentation of TERRANOVA:
Contribution #1 Dan Mittleman (Brown University) “Terahertz wireless communications: A
photonics perspective” (19/0256)
Contribution #2 Tuncer Baykas (Vestel), “Review of report ITU-R SM.2450” (19/285r1), “Works
towards the Revision of ITU-R SM.2352-0Report” (19/0275r1)
Contribution #3 Thomas Kürner (TU Braunschweig), “IEEE 802.15 TAG THz Input to the Revision of
ITU-R SM.2352” (19/0276)
Contribution #4 Alenka Zajic (Georgia Tech “Measurements and Modeling of THz Chip-to-Chip
Channels in Metal Enclosures” (19/0257)
Contribution #5 Tae-In Jeon (Korea Maritime and Ocean University), “Propagation of THz ps pulses
through the atmosphere” (19/0277)
Contribution #6 Iwao Hosako (NICT), “Prospect of next ten years R&D on THz communication”
(19/0307r1)
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Contribution #7 Carlos Castro (Fraunhofer HHI), “100 Gb/s Real-Time THz Wireless Link
Demonstration” (19/0293)
Contribution #8 Bo kum Jung (TU Braunschweig), “Simulation and Automatic Planning of 300 GHz
Backhaul Links - First Results from H2020-ThoR” (19/0278)
Contribution #9 Johannes Eckhardt (TU Braunschweig), “Low THz Band Propagation
Measurements for Beyond 5G Vehicular Communications” (19/0279)
Contribution #10 Thomas Kürner (TU Braunschweig), “Channel Characterization for Intra-Wagon
Communication at 60 and 300 GHz Bands” (19/0308)
Contribution #11 Onur Sahin (InterDigital), “Comparison of 5G NR LDPC and Polar Codes for above
100 Gbps throughputs” (19/0306)
Up to 21 participants followed the contributions.
The next upcoming meetings of the THz technical advisory group are:
- May 2020 @ IEEE 802 Wireless Interim, Warsaw, Poland -> cancelled due to the Covid-19 crisis
- November 2020 @ IEEE 802 Plenary, Bangkok, Thailand
4.1.2 IEEE 802.11ay
IEEE 802.11ay is a proposed enhancement to the current technical standards for wireless networks.
It is the follow-up of 802.11ad adding four times the bandwidth and adding MIMO with up to 4
streams. It will have a frequency of 60 GHz, a transmission rate of 20–40 Gbit/s and an extended
transmission distance of 300–500 meters. It has also been noted that it is likely to have mechanisms
for channel bonding and MU-MIMO embedded technologies. It was originally expected to be
released in 2017 but has been delayed until 2019. 802.11ay is not a new type of WLAN in the IEEE
802.11 set, but will simply be an improvement on 802.11ad. Where 802.11ad uses a maximum of
2.16 GHz bandwidth, 802.11ay bonds four of those channels together for a maximum bandwidth of
8.64 GHz. MIMO is also added with a maximum of 4 streams. The link-rate per stream is 44Gbit/s,
with four streams that go up to 176Gbit/s.
Regarding MAC, similarly to IEEE 802.11ad, IEEE 802.11ay organises the access to the medium in
beacon intervals (BIs). The BI consists of two access periods, namely the beacon header interval (BHI)
and the data transmission interval (DTI). The BHI is responsible for beam training of the unassociated
devices as well as network announcements, through a sweep of multiple directionally transmitted
frames. On the other hand, DTI facilitates different types of medium access for data transmission and
beamforming training. In the DTI, the data frames can be exchanged either in contention-based access
periods (CBAPs) or scheduled access. In other words, IEEE 802.11ay supports the utilization of
directional links and both random and scheduled access. Finally, in order to facilitate the coexistence
of both directional multi-gigabit (DMG) devices and enhanced DMG (EDMG), its MAC supports
contagious and non-contagious channel aggregation.
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4.1.3 IEEE 802.1cm and CPRI
There are numerous research articles on concepts of future RAN (Radio Access Networks) using
distributed (D-RAN) or more recently centralized (C-RAN) concepts. Likely most concepts use some
form of the CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface) protocol today. Some of the key technical issues
are deterministic latency and bandwidth [1-26],[1-27]. Deterministic latency is required for
minimizing interference in cellular networks, and the increasing bandwidth requirements are driven
by the increasing data rates for implementing massive MIMO concepts [1-26].
Recently, members of IEEE 802.1 and the CPRI industry consortium started to collaborate within the
IEEE802.1CM work group on “time sensitive networking for fronthaul” to define standard fronthaul
architectures[1-17],[1-18]. The concepts are based on two possible functional splits of the protocol
layer stack, CPRI and eCPRI, as depicted in Figure 4.3.
Figure 4.3: Functional splits proposed in IEEE802.1CM, taken from [1-17].
The work within IEEE802.1CM is also shared with the ITU-T Study Group 15 in the context of Future
Networks (IMT-2020/5G) by joint workshops, see for example [1-17] [1-18], where more detailed
information can be found.
eCPRI Version 1.1 was released in January 2018 with a focus on addressing the technical challenges
raised by 5G. CPRI 7.0 was released in Oct 2017 focusing on LTE-A [1-19]. Line rates up to 24330.24
Mbit/s using 64B/66B line coding (48 x 491.52 x 66/64 Mbit/s) are defined by CPRI 7.0. Since CPRI
transmits sampled RF data (IQ samples), it is also referred to as digital radio-over-fiber (D-ROF).
Depending on sampling rates this leads to a multiplication of the required line rates by the sampling
frequency. In addition to the IQ payload control and synchronization must be transmitted. For
example, for an LTE bandwidth of 20 MHz, a sampling rate of 30.72 MHz, 2x15 bit per IQ sample, the
resulting required payload data rate is 921.6 Mbit/s per antenna. Adding control and management
information and line coding in this example would result in 1228.8 Mbit/s per antenna requirements
[1-26]. It is clear that, for wider bandwidths and massive MIMO applications, the required data rates
soon will approach data rates beyond current CPRI standards. With the new functional split of eCPRI
inside the PHY, the required data rates can be reduced by a factor of 10, which makes use of the
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possibility to employ statistical multiplexing at the RRH (remote radio head) with this split depending
on the cell load and required spectrum [1-19][1-21].
4.2 ETSI
The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) is an independent, not-for-profit, standardisation organization in the telecommunications industry (equipment makers and network operators) in Europe. The work in ETSI is organised by technical committees (TC), working and industry specification groups (ISG). TERRANOVA has identified 3 ISG’s of interest for standardisation activities, namely:
• The Millimetre Wave Transmission (mWT)
• The Mobile and Broadcast Convergence (MBC)
• The Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM)
TERRANOVA partner University of Oulu is an active contributor as well as a Work Item leader in ETSI TC
SmartBAN work, aiming to develop low-power and robust standards for a dedicated body area network
(BAN) radio technology. Its main contributions are for physical and medium access control layers (PHY and
MAC, respectively). In addition, University of Oulu has contributed to coexistence and radio environment
modelling in SmartBAN use-case context.
4.2.1 3GPP
3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) is an ETSI partnership group and a collaboration between
seven standards organizations worldwide (ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TSDSI, TTA, TTC) that develops
specifications for advanced mobile communications technologies. 3GPP has developed the UMTS, LTE
and LTE-Advanced technologies. Work within 3GPP is rapidly progressing on the development of 5G
systems, while at the same time it is highly influenced by ETSI’s work on Multi-access Edge Computing
(MEC), Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV) and Millimetre Wave Technology (mWT).
4.3 ITU-T
ITU-T coordinates the standardisation on all fields of telecommunications, such as the series on optical transport networks, passive optical networks, and digital subscriber line.
4.3.1 ITU-T G.989 (NG-PON2), ITU-T G.987/G.9807 (XG(S)-PON) and G.hsp (High Speed PON)
TERRANOVA partner Altice Labs is an active member of ITU and directly collaborating on pre-standard
and standard definition. The ITU-T G.989 (NG-PON2) is a closed standard stating a 4x10Gbps (40Gbps)
optical channel communication through a single fiber. The ITU-T G.987/G.9807 (XG(S)-PON) states a
10Gbps symmetrical optical channel while ITU-T G.hsp (High Speed PON), which will be closed later in
2020, envisions the transmission over a single optical fiber of 50Gbps (50G TDM-PON) also having
alternative options for 50G TWDM-PON and PtP WDM-PON. All referred ITU standards may act as a
complement to the TERRANOVA THz system for a backhaul/fronthaul network perspective.
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4.3.2 ITU-T SG15: Networks, Technologies and Infrastructures for Transport, Access and
Home
TERRANOVA partner Altice Labs is an active member in this study group aspiring to keep up to date
on the related technological evolution. Altice Labs assess market trends and competition as well as
participate in the polls for ratifying specific drafts.
4.3.3 FSAN
The Full Service Access Network (FSAN) Group is a forum for the world’s leading telecommunications
service providers, independent test labs, and equipment suppliers to work towards a common goal of
truly broadband fiber access networks.
TERRANOVA partner Altice Labs is an active member and contributes on standard definition of new
PON technologies, namely, NG-PON2, XG(S)-PON, G.hsp and forthcoming technologies. These
technologies may be part of the final TERRANOVA communication system that is expected to combine
THz wireless and optical communication domains.
TERRANOVA partner PICadvanced is currently in the process of joining FSAN. PICadvanced will collaborate on the developments of PON technologies where there is also focus of PtP PON, an option of the optical transport to deliver the signals to the various TERRANOVA use cases.
4.4 ITU-R
The current activities of the IEEE 802.15.3 THz technical advisory group have been most relevant to the
WRC-19 (World Radiocommunication Conference) that was held from October 28 to November 22, 2019,
and had influenced modifications of the radio regulations. The preparation process for WRC-19 and the
current status of the regulation in the lower THz band after WRC-19 are summarized in the following sub-
chapter.
TERRANOVA partner UPRC is heavily involved in the ITU-R WP5D works towards defining the vision,
requirements and underlying technologies for the network of 2020 and beyond (IMT-2020). Besides
participation as invited speaker in 5G and beyond workshops organized by ITU-R WP5D since 2014, UPRC
is currently driving the works of the WWRF IMT2020 Independent Evaluation Group (registered with the
ITU-R), delivering an independent performance assessment of wireless systems (5G and beyond) usage
scenarios, systems concepts and advanced technologies. (The work of IMT 2020 Independent Evaluation
Groups spans the time frame of 2018-2020 and is currently -at the time of writing this report- completing
STEP 4, when evaluation reports by each Independent Evaluation Groups have been submitted and taken
into consideration for the final assessment of Radio Technology candidates.)
TERRANOVA partner FhG-HHI & FhG-IAF is actively involved on ITU-R at several levels.
4.4.1 Frequency Allocation between 200 and 1000 GHz before WRC-19
The following table in Figure 4.4 gives an overview of the frequency allocation in the frequency range
between 200 GHz and 1000 GHz, which is relevant for TERRANOVA, prior to the World Radio
Congress 2019.
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Figure 4.4: Allocation of frequencies between 200 and 3000 GHz before WRC-19 [1-10].
It can be seen from the previous table that the frequency bands above 200 GHz allocated for fixed
and mobile services on a primary basis (capital letters), marked in red boxes, are rather scattered,
ranging from 209 – 226 GHz, 231.5 – 235 GHz, 238 – 241 GHz and 252 – 275 GHz. The frequency
region above 275 GHz was not allocated. However, it was stated in [1-10] that, some frequency bands
in the range 275 - 1000 GHz are identified for use by passive service applications, namely radio
astronomy services and earth exploration-satellite service (passive) and space research service
(passive). But the use of the range 275 - 1000 GHz by the passive services does not preclude use of
this range by active services. Administrations wishing to make frequencies in the 275 - 1000 GHz
range available for active service applications are urged to take all practicable steps to protect these
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passive services from harmful interference. All frequencies in the range 1 000 - 3000 GHz may be
used by both active and passive services.
4.4.2 World Radio Congress (WRC-19)
The overall WRC preparation process is summarized in Figure 4.4 and Figure 4.5, with its involved parties. The output of each WRC cycle is the Final Acts document [1-6][1-12] that revises the radio regulations, raises questions for study within study groups and prepares the agenda for future Radiocommunication Conferences. Some basic information on the overall procedure can be found in [1-14] and [1-15].
Figure 4.5: Involved groups in the WRC preparation process [1-15].
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Figure 4.6: Overview of the WRC preparation process [1-15].
Figure 4.7: Structure of the CEPT Electronic Communications Committee, taken from [1-28].
The regional preparation for the WRC-19 started in Europe in April 2016, organized and lead by the
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT), respectively its
Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) [1-9]. The CEPT and other regional groups and individual
member states world-wide may submit proposals to the CPM (Conference Preparation Meeting)
Management Team, for consideration in the draft reports of the CPM Management Team prior to the
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WRC-19. Within CEPT ECC, the Conference Preparation Group (CPG) is responsible for preparing
proposals and coordinating with other regional groups (see Figure 4.7 for the CEPT organizational
structure).
Figure 4.8: Time schedule of the inter-regional workshops for consolidating the individual WRC-19 proposals to the CPM [1-15]
The regional groups coordinated in November 2017 the 1st ITU Inter-Regional Workshop on WRC-19 Preparation [1-16][1-11]. Two further workshops followed, which resulted in a consolidated regional view for consideration in the CPM draft report, prior to the CPM-2 meeting, according to the time schedule of Figure 4.8
4.4.3 Regulation of the 275-450 GHz Spectrum (Agenda Item 1.15)
The previous WRC-15 (held from Nov 2 – 27, 2015 in Geneva) resulted in Resolution 767 on “Studies
towards an identification for use by administrations for land-mobile and fixed services applications
operating in the frequency range 275-450 GHz” [1-6][1-7]. It was noted in this resolution, among other
items, that “international organizations are developing standards for the suitable frequency ranges
for ultra-high-speed (100 Gbit/s) data communication systems for Wireless Personal Area Network
(WPAN)”, and “that several ultra-high-speed data communication systems are identified by other
international standards bodies”, [1-7]. The agenda for the WRC-19 was decided in Resolution
COM6/16 of the WRC-15 [1-6], and agenda item (AI) 1.15 addresses the aspects of Resolution 767.
The preparation of the AI 1.15 for the WRC-19 is coordinated by the Working Party 1A (WP1A), which
is focused on spectrum engineering techniques in general, and part of the Study Group 1 (SG1) on
spectrum management [1-8]. Latest details on the status of the AI 1.15 preparation by the WP1A could
be found in [1-16].
The regional drafts indicated that there are objections with regards to sharing frequencies between
terrestrial FS/LMS and scientific RAS/EESS services by some regional groups [1-11][1-13]. Studies
indicated that there are conflicts, which may not be resolved and will result in fragmented frequency
spectrum at least above 296 GHz, which would not have been suitable for high speed wireless
communication services [1-25]. There was also the view of the WP5C (ITU-R working party on fixed
wireless systems, HF systems in the fixed and land mobile services) that the spectrum needs for
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fronthaul / backhaul will not exceed 25 GHz and long-term not more than 50 GHz. The “segmentation
in non-consecutive allocation blocks” was seen as a possible consequence of this view and the
conflicts with RAS/EES. CEPT also raised the idea to consider spectrum below 275 GHz, which would
be supported by the channel assignment plan of the already existing amendment IEEE 802.15.3d.
In article 5.564A of the final acts of the WRC-19 [1-12] it was finally decided that:
“For the operation of fixed and land mobile service applications in frequency bands in the range 275-
450 GHz: The frequency bands 275-296 GHz, 306-313 GHz, 318-333 GHz and 356-450 GHz are
identified for use by administrations for the implementation of land mobile and fixed service
applications, where no specific conditions are necessary to protect Earth exploration-satellite service
(passive) applications.
The frequency bands 296-306 GHz, 313-318 GHz and 333-356 GHz may only be used by fixed and land mobile service applications when specific conditions to ensure the protection of Earth exploration-satellite service (passive) applications are determined in accordance with Resolution 731 (Rev.WRC-19).”
4.5 European Telecommunications Network Operators' Association ETNO
ETNO is a principal policy group for European electronic communications network operators. It has about 50 members and observers in 35 countries across Europe. One of ETNOs goal is to drive the development of broadband in Europe. ETNO is organised in working groups (WG) and task forces.
The ETNO Research and Innovation (RESI) Working Group (WG) aims to ensure that the maximum benefit (business and regulatory impact, driving standardisation, aligning and leveraging research effort) is gained for ETNO from participation in the various European funded research programmes and related collaborative activities.
No activity is currently reported by the TERRANOVA consortium at ETNO.
4.6 Metro Ethernet Forum
The Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) is an international industry consortium promoting Carrier Ethernet technology.
TERRANOVA partner Altice Labs is an active MEF member and collects technical information within the context of MEF. It is also used to certify Altice Labs’s products (Altice Labs was one of the first CE 2.0 certified company), to foresee technical evolution, and market trends. It is used to keep up-to-date on the technological evolution and to assess the competition and the market and participate in the polls for ratifying specific drafts.
4.7 Broadband Forum
The Broadband forum is an industry association for the development of multi-service broadband packet networking specifications addressing interoperability, architecture and management.
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TERRANOVA partner Altice Labs is an active member in the Broadband Forum and participates in the topics related to IoTs, plug fests and Software Defined Network (SDN) management for XG(S)-PON and G.fast.
TERRANOVA partner PICadvanced is involved in Broadband Forum, by actively engaging in the dissemination activities of NG-PON2 and also contributing in the test plans for the same technology.
4.8 Wifi Alliance
The Wifi Alliance is a non-profit organization that promotes Wi-Fi technology and certifies Wi-Fi products if they conform to certain standards of interoperability.
TERRANOVA partner Altice Labs is a Wifi Alliance member and collects technical information as well as submit product certification to Wi-Fi Alliance.
4.9 CENELEC
The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation (CENELEC) addresses standardisation issues related to smart grids, smart metering and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).
No activity is currently reported by the TERRANOVA consortium at CENELEC.
4.10 GSM Association
The GSM Association (GSMA) represents the interests of mobile operators worldwide, uniting nearly 800 operators with more than 300 companies in the broader mobile ecosystem, including handset and device makers, software companies, equipment providers and internet companies, as well as organisations in adjacent industry sectors in order to support the standardisation of the mobile telephone system (GSM).
No activity was reported by the TERRANOVA consortium at GSMA.
4.11 Other Forums and Work Groups
4.11.1 Telecom Infra Project (TIP)
The Telecom Infra Project (TIP) is a collaborative telecom community launched in 2016 with the purpose of accelerating the pace of innovation in the telecom industry. Among other project groups related to access and backhaul networks, the mmWave Networks group is pursuing 60 GHz wireless networking solutions in order to meet the growing demand for bandwidth in nowadays over-populated cities. When compared to fiber deployment, the capacity of the network will result in an easier and more cost-effective solution. Deutsche Telekom, Facebook and other key players are active members of this group that intents to validate the performance and capabilities of 60 GHz network for metro applications.
TERRANOVA partner PICadvanced has become a member of this group and is further engaged in the validation team to develop a suite of test and simulation tools.
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4.11.2 FICORA (National spectrum regulator in Finland)
TERRANOVA partner University of Oulu participates actively in 5G spectrum regulatory discussion at a national level in Finland and follows the work in European (CEPT) and international levels (ITU-R).
4.11.3 COST (European Cooperation in Science & Technology)
COST is an Intergovernmental Framework for European Cooperation in Science and Technology and
aims to enable breakthrough scientific developments leading to new concepts and products. It
thereby contributes to strengthening Europe’s research and innovation capacities.
TERRANOVA partner Fraunhofer Gesellschaft (FhG-HHI & FhG-IAF) is part of the Technical Committee 5.2.5 Access and Home Networks.
COST IRACON: Inclusive Radio Communication Networks for 5G and beyond (CA15104) is a European Union COST action which aims at scientific breakthroughs by introducing novel design and analysis methods for the 5th-generation (5G) and beyond-5G radio communication networks. TERRANOVA partner University of Oulu is an active member in the IRACON COST Action and participates in the topic related to network layer aspects that will characterise the merger of the cellular paradigm and the IoT architectures, in the context of the evolution towards 5G-and-beyond.
COST SHELD-ON: TERRANOVA partner University of Oulu is an active member in the SHELD-ON COST Action and participates in the topic ICT developments aiming to design, develop and test smart support furniture and habitat environments according to user’s needs. These ICT developments are further validated by these users (elderly and caretakers) for an active ageing.
COST RECODIS: The RECODIS, Resilient communication services protecting end-user applications from disaster-based failures (CA15127), is a European Union COST action seeking respective solutions to provide resilient communications in the presence of disaster-based disruptions of all types for existing communication networks.
TERRANOVA partner University of Oulu is an active member in the RECODIS COST Action and participates in the topic of studying the impact of malicious human activities and weather disruptions, with the aim to provide the appropriate means to protect the networks against the identified impacts.
4.11.4 Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF)
The Wireless World Research Forum, (http://www.wwrf.ch/) is an influential forum and a place to
promote new ideas for advanced technologies and novel system concept that define wireless
evolution. WWRF organizes two meetings a year, and produces “Outlooks” (white papers), both
channels for disseminating innovative vision.
TERRANOVA partner UPRC has been an active member of the forum for over a decade: Professor
Alexiou from UPRC is chair of Working Group D on Radio Communication Technologies and of the Task
Group on High Frequencies Radio Communications, which has been established in 2016 and aims at
studying and building consensus around enabling technologies for the mmWave and THz bands.
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4.11.5 Germany National initiative on influencing network evolution and standardisation
TERRANOVA partner Fraunhofer Gesellschaft (FhG-HHI & FhG-IAF) is an active member of this initiative and also disseminates TERRANOVA outcomes within the proper scope. (https://www.de.digital/DIGITAL/Navigation/EN/Home/home.html)
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5. TERRANOVA STANDARDISATION ACTIVITY DASHBOARD
The following table lists all known standardisation events within the TERRANOVA consortium context
during the project time frame. It makes reference to the entire standardisation as well as the created
impact.
TERRANOVA awareness
TERRANOVA active contribution
Date Activity Partner Involved
Technical Area (TERRANOVA
WPs) TERRANOVA involvement
07-08/05/2018
IEEE 802.15 - Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN)
FhG
THz communications advances and limitations aspects (WP3, WP4, WP5)
Contribution with several studies in form of technical documents relating TERRANOVA systems, concepsts and constrains (total of 9 documents)
12/11/2018 – 16/11/2018
IEEE 802 Bangkok Plenary Meeting Meeting + 802.15 IGTHz plenary meeting task group
FhG
Frequency Allocation and IEEE 802.15.3d working group session (WP3, WP4, WP5)
Technical Documentation production. Follow-up on several workshops and discussions
01/07/2019 – 05/07/2019
IEEE 802 Wien plenary meeting, 802.15 IGTHz task group meeting
FhG
Frequency Allocation and IEEE 802.15.3d working group session (WP3, WP4, WP5)
Technical Documentation production. Follow-up on several workshops and discussions
28/10/2019 – 22/11/2019
World Radiocommunication Conference WRC19
FhG
Frequency Allocation and IEEE 802.15.3d working group session (WP3, WP4, WP5)
Technical Documentation production. Follow-up on several workshops and discussions
24/10/2017; 15/03/2018; 15/10/2019
Broadband World Forum
ALB, PIC
Optical access NG-PON, XG(S)-PON Systems (WP2, WP5)
BBF World Conference; NG-PON2 council workshop; BBF NG-PON2 council workshop. Presentations and Follow-up on several workshops and discussions OFC 2018
09/04/2018 FSAN ALB, PIC Actual and future PON Architectures (WP2, WP5)
FSAN Dallas Workshop on PON. Presentation and Follow-up on several workshops and discussions.
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11-15/06/2018
Broadband Forum meeting on “Prototype System of Mobile PON Systems”, Osaka, Japan
ALB
PON Architectures, Optical Link and Optical HF Front-end (WP2, WP5, WP6)
Follow-up on several workshops and discussions
Permanent
IEEE 802.11ay - Wireless Channel Bonding and MIMO
All
Enhancements to the current technical standards for wireless networks (WP4)
Investigate and follow the standard in order to identify the opportunity to submit a contribution at the MAC protocol level.
Permanent
IEEE 802.1cm and CPRI – Time Sensitive Networking for Fronthaul and Common Public Radio Interface / ITU-T Study Group 15
All
Radio Access Network and Common Packet Radio Interface (All technical areas of the project) (WP4)
Follow-up on IEEE / ITU and industry standards.
Permanent ITU G.hsp High Speed PON
ALB
4x25Gbps / 2x50Gbps aggregated throughput over fiber (WP5)
TERRANOVA partner being active member.
Permanent ITU-T G.989 (NG-PON2) 4x10Gbps
ALB
4x10Gbps aggregated throughput over fiber (WP5)
TERRANOVA partners being active member.
Permanent IEEE 802.3ca 100G-EPON (Closed)
All 100G-EPON (WP5) Follow-up by partners.
Permanent
FTTH Council
Europe Fiber to the Home Council Europe
ALB, PIC, FhG
Future PON architectures with THz embedded systems (WP2, WP5)
Follow-up on several workshops and discussions.
Permanent
Photonics 21. Work Group 1 - Information and Communication
FhG Future PON architectures (WP2, WP5)
Follow-up on several workshops and discussions.
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6. CONCLUSIONS
Even before the start of TERRANOVA project, the IEEE made the first steps towards the development of
the first wireless 300 GHz standard. With a former amendment 2 (IEEE Std 802.15.3c-2009) on a 60 GHz
PHY with beamforming options, the IEEE802.15.3 standards became more dominated by exploiting new
millimeter-wave bands, and the logical consequence was the work on THz frequencies above 252 GHz.
The work on the standard was started by establishing a Task Group 3d within IEEE 802.15 in 2014, which
completed its task in October 2017, when the amendment IEEE Std. 802.15.3d-2017 was published. IEEE
802.15.3d had prepared two different channel assignment plans in 2016 [1-24], of which channel plan A
was adopted in IEEE Std 802.15.3d-2017. This channel plan assumed a continuously useable spectrum
from 252 GHz to 320 GHz, although only 252 GHz to 275 GHz were assigned for fixed and mobile services
so far (see Figure 4.4). At that point in time it was unclear, how and if this channel assignment plan would
be considered in the WRC-19 preparation process, which was concerned with the spectrum from 275 GHz
to 450 GHz. TERRANOVA was closely monitoring the process during the whole project duration, also
participating in several meetings of the THz technical advisory group within the IEEE 802.15.3.
The WRC-19 (World Radiocommunication Conference) was held from October 28 to November 22 in
Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. In article 5.564A of the final acts of the WRC-19 [1-12] it was stated that:
“For the operation of fixed and land mobile service applications in frequency bands in the range 275-450
GHz: The frequency bands 275-296 GHz, 306-313 GHz, 318-333 GHz and 356-450 GHz are identified for
use by administrations for the implementation of land mobile and fixed service applications, where no
specific conditions are necessary to protect Earth exploration-satellite service (passive) applications.”
The channel plan in the amendment IEEE Std. 802.15.3d-2017 needs to be adapted however, to take the
reduced continuous spectrum into account. This revision of the amendment will most likely be initiated
by the THz technical advisory group in 802.15.3.
For this reason, the IEEE 802.15.3 remains an excellent candidate for incorporating ideas of TERRANOVA.
Partners of the TERRANOVA consortium will continue to be active in the THz community and will try to
add results from TERRANOVA to the revised IEEE 802.15.3 amendment on a 100 Gb/s wireless switched
point-to-point PHY, such as the dual polarized fixed point-to-point links for 400 Gb/s. This would be
consistent with the evolution of the Gigabit and Terabit Ethernet standards and the next logical step to
achieve compatibility and interoperability between wireless and wired connectivity solutions. The
possibility may be also considered to extend the standardisation of IEEE 802.15.3 in the next phase by an
amendment on 200 Gb/s and 400 Gb/s based on the work of TERRANOVA. Further, the non-coherent PHY
considers only OOK modulation so far, which may be extended to PAM-n modulation schemes, consistent
with optical non-coherent transmission formats. Moreover, modifications with respect to certain
applications, such as indoor applications, or very high gain antenna solutions (> 50 dBi with very low
sidelobes) may be considered.
While CPRI and eCPRI address the implementation of C-RAN topologies, or, in other words, front-hauling
applications, the TERRANOVA architectures focus on embedding wireless links into optical links, or, in
other words, back-hauling applications. However, from an application point of view, following the
evolution of eCPRI and CPRI may reveal technology gaps that could be filled with the TERRANOVA
technologies. It may be also important to follow the requirements of carrying synchronization information
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and control and management information for packet-oriented traffic, when using point-to-multipoint
candidate architectures together with time-division multiple access techniques.
It should be noted that THz communications share the lower THz frequencies with a number of other
services, such as EESS (earth exploration-satellite services), RAS (radio astronomy services), RLS
(radiolocation services), space research services (SRS). Work on conducting sharing and compatibility
studies, between fixed and mobile wireless services, RLS applications, EESS, SRS and RAS applications
operating in the frequency range 275-700 GHz, will continue and needs to be monitored.
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7. REFERENCES
[1-1] ISO/IEC/IEEE 8802-15-3:2017(E), “IEEE Standard for High Data Rate Wireless Multi-Media
Networks,” sponsored by LAN/MAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society,
approved May 15, 2016.
[1-2] IEEE Std 802.15.3e-2017, “Amendment 1: High-Rate Close Proximity Point-to-Point
Communications,” Amendment to IEEE Std 802.15.3-2016.
[1-3] IEEE Std 802.15.3d-2017, “Amendment 2: 100 Gb/s Wireless Switched Point-to-Point Physical
Layer,” Amendment to IEEE Std 802.15.3-2016.
[1-4] IEEE Std 802.15.3f-2017, “Amendment 3: Extending the Physical Layer (PHY) Specification for
Millimeter Wave to Operate from 57.0 GHz to 71 GHz,” Amendment to IEEE Std 802.15.3-2016.
[1-5] IEEExplore, “Evolution of the IEEE 802.15.3 Standard for High Data Rate Wireless Multi-Media
Networks,” online: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8323445/versions .
[1-6] ITU Radiocommunication Sector, “Final Acts WRC-15, World Radiocommunication Conference,”
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[1-7] The World Radiocommunication Conference (Geneva 2015), “Resolution 767 (WRC-15), Studies
towards an identification for use by administrations for land-mobile and fixed services
applications operating in the frequency range 275-450 GHz,” online:
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[1-8] ITU Radiocommunication Sector, “Study Group 1 (SG 1) on Spectrum Management,” online:
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[1-10] Radio Regulations 2016, http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/pub/80da2b36-en .
[1-11] European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT), “Draft CEPT
Brief on WRC-19 Agenda Item 1.15,” CPG19-5 Minutes, Doc. CPG(18)017 ANNEX IV-15, Budapest,
Hungary, 08th - 11th January 2018.
[1-12] ITU Radiocommunication Sector, “Final Acts WRC-19, World Radiocommunication Conference,”
online: https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/act/R-ACT-WRC.14-2019-PDF-E.pdf
[1-13] Asia-Pacific Telecommunity, “Preliminary View on WRC-19 Agenda Item 1.15,” The 3rd Meeting
of the APT Conference Preparatory Group for WRC-19 (APG19-3), Document No.: APG19-3/OUT-
07, 12 – 16 March 2018, Perth, Australia.
[1-14] A. F. Dine, ITU Radiocommunication Sector, “WRC-19 Preparation,” Presentation on ITU-ATU
Regional Radiocommunication Seminar for Africa, Mar 27-31, 2017, online:
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19%20Preparation.pdf .
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[1-15] M. Maniewicz, “Planning for WRC-19,” Commonwealth Spectrum Management Forum, London,
October 2017.
[1-16] R. G. de Souza, “WRC-19 agenda item 1.15 (FS & MS Applications in 275-450 GHz,” on 1st ITU
Inter-Regional Workshop on WRC-19 Preparation, Geneva, Nov 21-22, 2017, online:
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0013!!PDF-E.pdf .
[1-17] G. Parsons, "IEEE P802.1CM Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) for Fronthaul," IMT 2020 Transport
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[1-19] “CPRI Common Public Radio Interface,” homepage online: http://www.cpri.info/
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http://www.cpri.info/ .
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Tzanakaki, J. Gutiérrez, E. Grass, G. Lyberopoulos and G. Fettweis, "5G transport network
requirements for the next generation fronthaul interface," EURASIP Journal on Wireless
Communications and Networking, Open Access, 2017, DOI 10.1186/s13638-017-0874-7.
[1-22] IEEE Std 802.3bs-2017, “IEEE Standard for Ethernet - Amendment 10: Media Access Control
Parameters, Physical Layers, and Management Parameters for 200 Gb/s and 400 Gb/s Operation,”
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8, pp. 1485-1491, Apr. 2018.
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IEEE802.15.3d, channel assignment plans,” submitted to the IEEE P802.15 Working Group for
WPANs, Sep. 2016.
[1-25] T. Kuerner, and S. Rey, "IEEE 802.15.3d and other activities related to THz Communications. Where
to go next?," Towards Terahertz Communications Workshop, European Commission, 7 March
2018.
[1-26] A. de la Oliva, J. A. Hernández, D. Larrabeiti, and A. Azcorra,"An Overview of the CPRI Specification
and Its Application to C-RAN-Based LTE Scenarios," IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 152 - 159,
February 2016.
[1-27] J. E. Mitchell, “Integrated Wireless Backhaul over Optical Access Networks,” IEEE/OSA J. Lightwave
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[1-28] CEPT Electronic Communications Committee, homepage: https://www.cept.org/ecc/ .
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