Download - Dehydration of Alcohols
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OH
H+ H2O
H2SO4
cyclohexanol cyclohexene
Dehydration of Alcohols
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C - C
X
Y
To make C=C need to eliminate X, Y.
Elimination Reactions
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C - C
X
Y
1. Concerted (x and y leave same time)
2. X leaves first3. Y leaves first
3 ways to break 2 bonds
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CC
H
OH H2SO4CC
H
OH2+
CC
H
OH2+
CC
H
+
Leaving Group
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CC
H
+
base
CC
Mechanism
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Mechanism
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R-X R+ + X-
Alkene + H+
E1 Reaction
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Elimination 1 bond at a time
E1
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Substitution
Elimination
Rearrangement
SN1E1
R+
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CH2C
CH3
CH3
C
CH3
CH3CH3
C
CH3
CH3
CH3
Cl
E1 SN1
E1 SN1
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C - C
X
H
Strong base
Dehydrohalogenation
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What is the mechanism of dehydrohalogentation?
C-D bond stronger than C-H bond.
Isotope Effects
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C-CH2Br
H
H
CH=CH2
NaOEt
C-CH2Br
D
DNaOEt
CD=CH2
kH/kD = 7
Isotope Effect
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Isotope effect shows that C-H bond broken in the transition state.
Bond Broken in Transition State
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Change Element
I > Br > Cl
Element Effect
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Same Side Opposite Side
SYN vs. ANTI Elimination
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E2 Animation
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Product
StartingMaterial
Energy
Transition State
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Elimination2 Bonds at a time
E 2
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OH
H+ H2O
H2SO4
cyclohexanol cyclohexene
Procedure
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Put cyclohexanol and sulfuric acid in round bottom flask
Fractional Distillation (steam distillation) collect distillate 80-85o
Procedure
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Dry product with K2CO3
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Distill
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PT = PA + PB
(Steam Distillation)
Distil immiscible liquids
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Potassium Permanganate
KMnO4
Baeyer Unsaturation Tests
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R2C=CR2 + MnO4- H2O
purplealkene
R2C - CR2
OH OH
+ MnO2
darkbrown
glycol
Baeyer Unsaturation Tests
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Br2
Br
Br
Br
Br
Bromine Addition
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Bromine and Cyclohexene
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C C
BrBr
C C
Br
Br+
--
+
Bromonium Ion
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Bromonium Ion Intermediate
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Br -
Mechanism
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Animation