-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
1/59
BLUXT LJ KQQEKC JLX LOTKX@L
B@TKT@LO9 Jrkom v. Bkokdk (Kttlroey Neoerkc), 81;5 LOBK 52:
DKTE9 81;51>81
DLBMET9 B566>:
Rtrktfy B.I.L., Cksm`o kod Hrlwo II.K.
HET^EEO
N`cc`ko Jrkom kod Ikg`e Dulon
Kppc`bkots (Xesplodeots)
kod
Tfe Kttlroey Neoerkc lj Bkokdk
Xesplodeot (Kppecckot)
Qeter G. Rlutfey, Nk`c R`obck`r kod Qeter Fkiebem, jlr tfe kppecckot
Rfkuo LHr`eo kod Kgkodk Dkrrkbf, jlr tfe resplodeots
Kcesskodrk Olsml, jlr tfe `oterveoer Bf`ej Ecebtlrkc Ljj`ber
Gkrm I. Jre`gko kod Ikgeec Gkdfkoy, jlr tfe `oterveoer Bkokd`ko B`v`c C`hert`es
Ksslb`kt`lo
Hreodko vko O`eieofu`s kod Iust`o Rkjkyeo`, jlr tfe `oterveoer Hr`t`sf Blcugh`k
B`v`c C`hert`es Ksslb`kt`lo
Fekrd9 Ikoukry :, 81;5
Lo kppekc jrlg tfe iudngeot lj Iust`be G`bfkec K. Qeooy lj tfe Ruper`lr Blurt ljIust`be, dkted Gky 8, kod kgeoded Gky ;5, 81;4, w`tf rekslos replrted kt 81;4
LORB 01>.
Rtrktfy B.I.L.9
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
2/59
K. @OTXLDUBT@LO
];W Rebt`lo 2 lj tfe Bkokd`ko Bfkrter lj X`nfts kod Jreedlgs stktes tfkt every
Bkokd`ko b`t`zeo fks tfe r`nft tl vlte k r`nft tfe Ruprege Blurt fks desbr`hed ks
cy`on kt tfe fekrt lj Bkokd`ko deglbrkby.];WTf`s kppekc ksms wfetfer tfkt r`nftbko he tkmeo kwky jrlg Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos wfl fkve c`ved luts`de Bkokdk jlr
glre tfko j`ve yekrs.
]8W N`cc`ko Jrkom kod Ikg`e Dulon, tfe resplodeots, kre Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos.
Tfey fkve c`ved kod wlrmed `o Oew Plrm Rtkte jlr glst lj tfe`r kduct c`ves, hut
pcko tl returo `j tfey bko j`od su`tkhce wlrm. Tfey were olt khce tl vlte `o tfe ckst
jederkc ecebt`lo hebkuse tfey fkd c`ved luts`de Bkokdk jlr glre tfko j`ve yekrs.
Tfey hrlunft ko kppc`bkt`lo `o tfe Ruper`lr Blurt lj Iust`be tl debckre
uoblost`tut`lokc tfe prlv`s`los lj tfe Bkokdk Ecebt`los Kbt, R.B. 8111, b. 0
(BEK) deoy`on tfe vlte tl glst b`t`zeos]8Wwfl fkve res`ded luts`de Bkokdk jlr
glre tfko j`ve yekrs.
]2W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne fecd tfkt Qkrc`kgeot bkoolt tkme kwky tfe vlt`on
r`nfts lj olo-res`deot Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos eveo clon-terg olo-res`deots. Fe strubm
dlwo tfe `gpunoed prlv`s`los lj tfe BEK, hebkuse `o f`s v`ew tfey v`lckted s. 2
lj tfe Bfkrter, were olt skved hy s. ;, kod were tferejlre lj ol jlrbe kod ejjebt.
]4W @ wlucd kcclw tfe kppekc lj tfe Kttlroey Neoerkc lj Bkokdk. Gy rekslos
bko he suggkr`zed ks jlcclws.
]5W Bkokdks plc`t`bkc systeg `s hksed lo nelnrkpf`bkccy dej`oed ecebtlrkcd`str`bts. Tfe b`t`zeos c`v`on `o ekbf r`d`on ecebt k Gegher lj Qkrc`kgeot tl
represeot tfeg. Tfe`r represeotkt`ve serves tfe `oterests lj tfe blgguo`ty, spekms
jlr tfe blgguo`ty kod pkrt`b`pktes `o gkm`on ckws tfkt kjjebt tfe dk`cy kbt`v`t`es
lj kcc res`deots lj tfe blgguo`ty. Tfe ecebtlrkte suhg`ts tl tfe ckws hebkuse `t fks
fkd k vl`be `o gkm`on tfeg. Tf`s `s tfe slb`kc blotrkbt tfkt n`ves tfe ckws tfe`r
cen`t`gkby.
]:W Qerg`tt`on kcc olo-res`deot b`t`zeos tl vlte wlucd kcclw tfeg tl pkrt`b`pkte
`o gkm`on ckws tfkt kjjebt Bkokd`ko res`deots lo k dk`cy hks`s, hut fkve c`ttce tl ol
prkbt`bkc blosequeobe jlr tfe`r lwo dk`cy c`ves. Tf`s wlucd erlde tfe slb`kcblotrkbt kod uoderg`oe tfe cen`t`gkby lj tfe ckws. Tfe cen`sckt`lo `s k`ged kt
streontfeo`on Bkokdks systeg lj nlverogeot kod `s deglostrkhcy iust`j`ed `o k
jree kod deglbrkt`b slb`ety. ^f`ce tfe `gpunoed cen`sckt`lo v`lcktes s. 2 lj
tfe Bfkrter, `t `s skved hy s. ;. Deoy`on tfe r`nft tl vlte tl olo-res`deot b`t`zeos
wflse khseobe exbeeds j`ve yekrs `s k rekslokhce c`g`t lo tfe Bfkrter r`nft.
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
3/59
]>W @ w`cc hen`o hy expck`o`on tfe jkbtukc kod cen`sckt`ve hkbmnrluod uodercy`on
tf`s kppekc. @ w`cc tfeo suggkr`ze tfe rekslos lj tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne kod tfe
pls`t`los tkmeo hy tfe pkrt`es `o tf`s blurt. J`okccy, @ w`cc kokcyze tfe `ssues. Tfe
kppecckot kbmolwcednes tfe `gpunoed cen`sckt`lo hrekbfes s. 2 lj tfeBfkrter, sl
tfe rekc hkttcenrluod lj tfe kppekc `s tfe s. ; kokcys`s.
H. HKBMNXLUOD
(;) Tfe kjjebted plpuckt`lo
]6W @o 8110, slge 8.6 g`cc`lo Bkokd`kos, lr 6% lj tfe bluotrys plpuckt`lo, fkd
c`ved khrlkd jlr glre tfko k yekr. Lj tflse, khlut ;.4 g`cc`lo b`t`zeos lj vlt`on
kne fkd heeo olo-res`deot jlr glre tfko j`ve yekrs. ^f`ce slge lj tflse were
puhc`b servkots, g`c`tkry perslooec lr d`pclgkts wfl fkd speb`kc vlt`on r`nfts, `t `s
blobeded tfkt lver loe g`cc`lo Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos wfl fkve c`ved luts`de Bkokdkjlr glre tfko j`ve yekrs fkve ol vlt`on r`nfts ks k resuct lj tfe `gpunoed
cen`sckt`lo.
]0W Tfe ev`deobe estkhc`sfes tfkt k very sgkcc perbeotkne lj olo-res`deot
b`t`zeos kjjebted hy tfe `gpunoed cen`sckt`lo tkme kdvkotkne lj tfe r`nft tl vlte. @o
tfe ckst jederkc ecebt`lo, `o 81;;, locy :,111 olo-res`deot vltes were reblrded.]2W
(8) Hr`ej f`stlry lj res`deobe ks k vlt`on requ`regeot
];1W Xes`deobe fks f`stlr`bkccy pckyed k prlg`oeot rlce `o dej`o`on ec`n`h`c`ty tl
vlte `o Bkokd`ko jederkc ecebt`los. Kt loe t`ge, kbtukc pfys`bkc preseobe `o tfe
ecebtlrkc d`str`bt lo plcc`on dky wks requ`red `o lrder tl vlte. Tf`s str`bt
requ`regeot wks nrkdukccy reckxed jlr slge geghers lj tfe ecebtlrkte. K des`re tl
kbblggldkte slcd`ers plsted khrlkd wks k dr`v`on jlrbe hef`od gkoy lj tfe
rejlrgs.
];;W Hen`oo`on `o tfe ekrcy ;011s, slcd`ers kod wkr blrresplodeots eonkned `o
kbt`ve duty were exegpted jrlg tfe res`deoby requ`regeot. @o ;0;5, plstkc
vlt`on wks `gpcegeoted tl kcclw slcd`ers tl bkst tfe`r hkcclts `j tfey were khseot
lo ecebt`lo dky. @o ;0;>, tfe res`deoby exegpt`lo wks w`deoed hy Tfe G`c`tkryZlters Kbt, ;0;>,R.B. ;0;>, b. 24,tl perg`t vlt`on hy kcc geghers lj tfe g`c`tkry
wfl were Hr`t`sf suhiebts, renkrdcess lj tfe`r kne, neoder lr ceontf lj khseobe.
];8W Kdvkobe vlt`on wks `otrldubed `o ;081 jlr blggerb`kc trkveccers,
rk`cwkygeo kod sk`clrs. @t wks exteoded tl geghers lj tfe Xlykc Bkokd`ko
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
4/59
Gluoted Qlc`be kod tfe krged jlrbes `o ;024 kod tl g`c`tkry reserv`sts `o ;05;. @o
;045, prlxy vlt`on wks `otrldubed jlr Bkokd`kos fecd ks pr`sloers lj wkr.
];2W R`g`ckr r`nfts were nrkdukccy exteoded tl puhc`b serv`be egpclyees kod
geghers lj g`c`tkry jkg`c`es stkt`loed khrlkd. @o ;0:1, kdvkobe vlt`on r`nfts
hebkge kvk`ckhce tl kcc res`deot ecebtlrs, `j tfey swlre tfey wlucd he khseot jrlgtfe plcc`on d`v`s`lo lo ecebt`lo dky. Tfe lktf requ`regeot jlr kdvkobe vlt`on wks
reglved `o ;0>>.
];4W @o ;0>1, d`pclgkts kod ltfer puhc`b servkots plsted luts`de Bkokdk kod
tfe`r depeodkots nk`oed kbbess tl k jlrg lj reglte vlt`on tfrlunf tfe speb`kc
vlt`on ruces `o tfe BEK. B`v`c`ko egpclyees lj tfe g`c`tkry, subf ks tekbfers kod
kdg`o`strkt`ve supplrt stkjj, hebkge ec`n`hce `o ;0>>. Tf`s eokhced tfese olo-
res`deot nrlups tl vlte hy gk`c us`on k speb`kc hkcclt.
];5W Tfe r`nft lj Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos tl vlte wks eosfr`oed `o tfe Bfkrter`o ;068.@t wks olt uot`c ;002, flwever, tfkt cen`sckt`ve bfkones were gkde tl jkb`c`tkte
vlt`on hy b`t`zeos wfl were tegplrkr`cy res`d`on luts`de lj Bkokdk, renkrdcess lj
tfe`r rekslo jlr olo-res`deobe.
];:W @o ;002, kjter dec`herkt`los hy severkc pkrc`kgeotkry blgg`ttees, k Xlykc
Blgg`ss`lo lo Ecebtlrkc Xejlrg kod Qkrty J`okob`on kod tfe reblggeodkt`los
lj k Fluse lj Blgglos Rpeb`kc Blgg`ttee lo Ecebtlrkc Xejlrg, Qkrc`kgeot
`otrldubed sweep`on bfkones tl tfe BEK. Qkrt lj tf`s rejlrg `obcuded exteod`on
tfe speb`kc vlt`on ruces tl tegplrkry olo-res`deots, wfl fkd heeo c`v`on luts`de
Bkokdk jlr cess tfko j`ve yekrs kod wfl `oteoded tl returo tl Bkokdk. Tf`s ren`ge
`s desbr`hed `o nrekter detk`c `o tfe oext sebt`lo.
(2) Tfe burreot cen`sckt`ve sbfege
];>W Qkrt ; lj tfe BEK, eot`tced Ecebtlrkc X`nfts, prlv`des tfe hks`b ruces jlr
vlt`on `o Bkokdk. Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos ;6 yekrs lj kne lr lcder kre qukc`j`ed ecebtlrs
(s. 2). Tfey kre eot`tced tl vlte jlr k Gegher lj Qkrc`kgeot jlr tfe ecebtlrkc
d`str`bt `o wf`bf tfey lrd`okr`cy res`de (s. :).
];6W Rebt`lo ;8> reblno`zes tfree getflds lj vlt`on `o jederkc ecebt`los9
(k) `o perslo kt k plcc`on stkt`lo lo plcc`on dky=
(h) `o perslo kt ko kdvkobe plcc`on stkt`lo dur`on tfe per`ld
prlv`ded jlr tfe kdvkobe plcc= lr
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
5/59
(b) hy gekos lj k speb`kc hkcclt `ssued `o kbblrdkobe w`tf Qkrt
;;.]Egpfks`s kdded.W
];0W Tf`s kppekc bloberos tfe tf`rd getfld tfe speb`kc hkcclt vlt`on prlbedure
rejerred tl `o s. ;8>(b). Tf`s kcclws ec`n`hce b`t`zeos tl suhg`t tfe`r speb`kc hkcclt
luts`de tfe plcc`on d`str`bt `o wf`bf `t w`cc he bluoted. Ec`n`h`c`ty jlr tf`s getfldlj vlt`on `s dej`oed `o s. ;; lj tfe BEK9
Koy lj tfe jlcclw`on perslos gky vlte `o kbblrdkobe w`tf Qkrt
;;9
(k) k Bkokd`ko Jlrbes ecebtlr=
(h) ko ecebtlr wfl `s ko egpclyee `o tfe jederkc puhc`b
kdg`o`strkt`lo lr tfe puhc`b serv`be lj k prlv`obe kod wfl `s
plsted luts`de Bkokdk=
(b) k Bkokd`ko b`t`zeo wfl `s egpclyed hy ko `oterokt`lokc
lrnko`zkt`lo lj wf`bf Bkokdk `s k gegher kod tl wf`bf Bkokdk
blotr`hutes kod wfl `s plsted luts`de Bkokdk=
(d) k perslo wfl fks heeo khseot jrlg Bkokdk jlr cess tfko j`ve
blosebut`ve yekrs kod wfl `oteods tl returo tl Bkokdk ks k
res`deot=
(e) ko `obkrberkted ecebtlr w`tf`o tfe geko`on lj tfkt Qkrt= kod
(j) koy ltfer ecebtlr `o Bkokdk wfl w`sfes tl vlte `o kbblrdkobe
w`tf tfkt Qkrt. ]Egpfks`s kdded.W
]81W Rebt`lo ;;(d) estkhc`sfes tfe tegplrkc c`g`t lo olo-res`deot vlt`on r`nfts
tfkt `s tfe jlbkc pl`ot `o tf`s kppekc. B`t`zeos wfl fkve heeo c`v`on luts`de Bkokdk
jlr j`ve yekrs lr glre kre olt ec`n`hce tl vlte, uocess tfey jkcc w`tf`o loe lj tfe
ltfer exbept`los.]4W
]8;W Olo-res`deot b`t`zeos wfl kre ec`n`hce tl vlte uoder s. ;; gust kppcy kod
geet tfe kdd`t`lokc br`ter`k presbr`hed `o Qkrt ;; lj tfe BEK. D`v`s`lo 2 lj Qkrt ;;,spkoo`on ss. 881-821, dekcs speb`j`bkccy w`tf tfe ecebtlrs tegplrkr`cy res`deot
luts`de Bkokdk rejerred tl `o s. ;;(d). Tfese prlv`s`los requ`re tfe Bf`ej
Ecebtlrkc Ljj`ber (BEL) tl gk`otk`o k ren`ster lj ecebtlrs wfl gky kbbess tfe
speb`kc hkcclt prlbedure. @o lrder tl qukc`jy jlr `obcus`lo lo tfe ren`ster, olo-
res`deot Bkokd`kos gust j`ce ko kppc`bkt`lo kod geet tfe tfree br`ter`k set lut `o s.
888(;). Tfe b`t`zeo gust he k perslo wfl9
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
6/59
(k) kt koy t`ge hejlre gkm`on tfe kppc`bkt`lo, res`ded `o Bkokdk=
(h) fks heeo res`d`on luts`de Bkokdk jlr cess tfko j`ve
blosebut`ve yekrs `gged`ktecy hejlre gkm`on tfe kppc`bkt`lo=
kod
(b) `oteods tl returo tl Bkokdk tl resuge res`deobe `o tfe juture.
]88W Rebt`lo 888(8) brektes ko exbept`lo tl tfe j`ve-yekr c`g`t jlr vkr`lus olo-
res`deot b`t`zeos wfl kre eot`tced tl vlte prlv`ded tfey prev`luscy res`ded `o
Bkokdk kod `oteod tl returo tl resuge res`deobe `o tfe juture. Tf`s exbept`lo
kppc`es tl koy `od`v`dukc wfl `s9
(k) egpclyed luts`de Bkokdk `o tfe jederkc puhc`b kdg`o`strkt`lo
lr tfe puhc`b serv`be lj k prlv`obe=
(h) egpclyed luts`de Bkokdk hy ko `oterokt`lokc lrnko`zkt`lo lj
wf`bf Bkokdk `s k gegher kod tl wf`bf Bkokdk blotr`hutes=
(b) k perslo wfl c`ves w`tf ko ecebtlr rejerred tl `o pkrknrkpf (k)
lr (h)= lr
(d) k perslo wfl c`ves w`tf k gegher lj tfe Bkokd`ko Jlrbes lr
w`tf k perslo rejerred tl `o pkrknrkpf ;0;(d) ]wf`bf desbr`hes9
k perslo wfl `s egpclyed luts`de Bkokdk hy tfe Bkokd`ko
Jlrbes ks k tekbfer `o, lr ks k gegher lj tfe kdg`o`strkt`ve
supplrt stkjj jlr, k Bkokd`ko Jlrbes sbfllc.W
]82W Tl suggkr`ze, `o lrder tl vlte, k olo-res`deot b`t`zeo wfl dles olt j`t
w`tf`o tfe exbept`los `o s. 888(8) gust9 (k) fkve prev`luscy res`ded `o Bkokdk= (h)
fkve res`ded luts`de Bkokdk jlr cess tfko j`ve yekrs= kod (b) fkve `od`bkted ko
`oteot`lo tl resuge res`deobe `o Bkokdk `o tfe juture.
]84W Tfe olo-res`deot b`t`zeo `s eot`tced tl secebt k pckbe lj res`deobe jlr tfe
purplse lj bluot`on f`s lr fer vlte. Tfkt pckbe bko he koy loe lj9 tfe perslos ckst
pckbe lj lrd`okry res`deobe `o Bkokdk= tfe pckbe lj lrd`okry res`deobe lj f`s lr fer
spluse, blgglo ckw pkrtoer, ltfer reckt`ve, lr reckt`ve lj tfe spluse lr blgglockw pkrtoer= tfe pckbe lj lrd`okry res`deobe lj k perslo `o respebt lj wflg tfe
ecebtlr `s k depeodkot= lr tfe pckbe lj lrd`okry res`deobe lj k perslo w`tf wflg
tfe ecebtlr wlucd c`ve, hut jlr f`s lr fer res`d`on tegplrkr`cy luts`de Bkokdk (s.
882(;)(e)).
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
7/59
]85W Rebt`los 88>-880 desbr`he tfe getfld lj reglte vlt`on. Tfe BEL gk`cs k
speb`kc hkcclt tl tfe olo-res`deots jlre`no kddress. Tfe olo-res`deot gust returo
tfe hkcclt hy gk`c lr ltfer des`nokted gekos kod `t w`cc he bluoted ks clon ks `t
krr`ves hy :911 p.g., clbkc t`ge, lo plcc`on dky.
]8:W K olo-res`deots okge `s deceted jrlg tfe ren`ster lobe fe lr sfe fksres`ded luts`de Bkokdk jlr j`ve blosebut`ve yekrs lr glre9 s. 88:(j).
(4) Tfe resplodeots
]8>W Tfe resplodeots kre Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos wfl c`ve kod wlrm `o Oew Plrm
Rtkte. Tfey ktteoded uo`vers`ty `o tfe U.R. kod regk`oed tfere tl pursue bkreers `o
tfe`r bflseo prljess`los.
]86W N`cc`ko Jrkom wks hlro `o Tlrlotl. Fe ktteoded f`nf sbfllc kod blgpceted
uodernrkdukte stud`es `o Bkokdk kod served `o tfe Bkokd`ko Jlrbes. Kt tfe t`ge lj
tf`s Bfkrter kppc`bkt`lo, fe wks 24 yekrs lcd, fkd heeo c`v`on `o tfe U.R. jlr ;2
yekrs kod wks blgpcet`on plst-dlbtlrkc stud`es. Fe fks jkg`cy `o Tlrlotl kod fe
trkvecs tl Bkokdk kpprlx`gktecy jlur t`ges ekbf yekr. Fe fks olt slunft
`gg`nrkt`lo stktus `o tfe Uo`ted Rtktes, ltfer tfko lo k tegplrkry hks`s, kod `s olt
eot`tced tl vlte `o Kger`bko ecebt`los. Fe fks pk`d U.R. tkxes s`obe 811;.
]80W Ikg`e Dulon wks hlro `o Glotrekc kod c`ved `o Bkokdk uot`c nrkde ;1
hejlre ktteod`on sbfllc `o Zerglot. Kjter f`nf sbfllc, fe ktteoded Blroecc
Uo`vers`ty, wfere fe olw wlrms. Fe fks speot glst lj f`s kduct c`je `o tfe U.R.
kod fks heeo res`deot tfere s`obe 811:. Fe `s k U.R. b`t`zeo, pkys U.R. tkxes kodvltes `o U.R. ecebt`los. Fe dles olt j`ce k Bkokd`ko tkx returo. Fe fks jkg`cy `o
Glotrekc kod fe returos tl Bkokdk severkc t`ges ekbf yekr dur`on tfe sugger kod
flc`dkys.
]21W Tfe resplodeots fkve expressed `oterest `o returo`on tl Bkokdk `j tfey bko
sebure egpclygeot `o tfe`r j`ecds. @o tfe gekot`ge, tfey w`sf tl vlte `o Bkokd`ko
ecebt`los. Tfey hrlunft tf`s blost`tut`lokc bfkcceone kjter d`sblver`on tfey were
d`squkc`j`ed jrlg vlt`on `o tfe 81;; jederkc ecebt`lo, hksed lo tfe j`ve-yekr c`g`t
`o s. 888(;)(h).
B. TFE DEB@R@LO LJ TFE KQQC@BKT@LO IUDNE
]2;W Kjter olt`on tfe resplodeots strlon t`es tl Bkokdk kod tfe`r khseobe
hebkuse lj egpclygeot, tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne lhserved tfkt gkoy Bkokd`kos
c`v`on khrlkd fkve strlon blooebt`los tl Bkokdk kod bkre deepcy khlut tfe
bluotry. Fe desbr`hed tfe blooebt`los ks hltf slb`l-bucturkc kod eblolg`b. Fe
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
8/59
tfeo suggkr`zed tfe cen`sckt`ve sbfege kod tfe f`stlry lj olo-res`deot vlt`on `o
Bkokdk.
(;) Hrekbf lj s. 2
]28W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne jluod tfe cen`sckt`ve restr`bt`los lo tfe vlt`on r`nfts
lj olo-res`deots hrekbfed s. 2 lj tfe Bfkrter. Fe fecd tfkt s. 2 bcekrcy blotk`os ol
c`g`ts lo tfe r`nft tl vlte ltfer tfko b`t`zeosf`p kod ]kWoy c`g`tkt`lo lo tfe
sblpe lj tfe r`nft blost`tutes k hrekbf lj s. 2 wf`bf gust tfeo he iust`j`ed uoder
s. ;. Fe rejerred tl Rkuv v. Bkokdk (Bf`ej Ecebtlrkc Ljj`ber), 8118 RBB :6,
]8118W 2 R.B.X. 5;0 (Rkuv #8), wfere GbCkbfc`o B.I. stkted kt pkrk. ;;9
@ blobcude tfkt s. 2 gust he blostrued ks `t rekds, kod `ts kgh`t
sflucd olt he c`g`ted hy bluotervk`c`on blccebt`ve bloberos, ks
tfe nlverogeot kppekrs tl krnue. Tfese bloberos kre jlr tfe
nlverogeot tl rk`se uoder s. ; `o iust`jy`on tfe c`g`ts `t fks
`gplsed lo tfe r`nft.
]22W Fe lhserved tfkt `o sp`te lj tfe clon f`stlry lj res`deobe ks ko ecegeot lj
tfe Bkokd`ko ecebtlrkc prlbess, tfe Bfkrter gkmes b`t`zeosf`p tfe locy
requ`regeot tl vlte. Tfe jrkgers lj tfe Bfkrterblucd eks`cy fkve `obcuded
res`deobe `j `t wks gekot tl he ko kdd`t`lokc requ`regeot, hut d`d olt.
Tfe BEKdles olt `deot`jy res`deobe ks k qukc`j`bkt`lo tl vlte kod `ostekd uses
res`deobe ks k gebfko`sg jlr renuckt`on tfe vlt`on prlbess, km`o tl tfe gekos lj
renuckt`on k gldkc`ty lj tfe uo`verskc jrkobf`se rejerred tl hy GbCkbfc`o B.I. kt
pkrk. 2> lj Rkuv #8. Fe reiebted tfe Kttlroey Neoerkcs suhg`ss`lo tfkt tfe r`nftblucd fkve `oterokc c`g`tkt`los lo tfe hks`s lj jk`roess tl res`deot b`t`zeos.
]24W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne reiebted tfe kppecckots suhg`ss`lo tfkt kcclw`on
olo-res`deots tl vlte `s uojk`r tl res`deot Bkokd`kos hebkuse res`deot Bkokd`kos
c`ve fere kod kre, lo k dky-tl-dky hks`s, suhiebt tl Bkokdks ckws kod c`ve w`tf tfe
blosequeobes lj Qkrc`kgeots deb`s`los (pkrks. 6:-01).
]25W Fe nkve jlur rekslos jlr reiebt`on tf`s krnugeot9
(k) `t wks preb`secy tfe slrt lj bluotervk`c`on blccebt`veblobero wf`bf bkoolt he used tl c`g`t tfe kgh`t lj k bcekrcy
krt`buckted blost`tut`lokc r`nft=
(h) olo-res`deots c`ve w`tf tfe blosequeobes lj tfe ckw hebkuse
tfey jrequeotcy v`s`t, fkve jkg`cy fere kod tfe ckws gky kjjebt
tfeg `o tfe juture=
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
9/59
(b) olo-res`deots gky he suhiebt tl Bkokd`ko ckws, eveo tflunf
tfe ckws gky olt he bkpkhce lj extrk-terr`tlr`kc eojlrbegeot
knk`ost tfeg= kod
(d) tfe cln`b lj tfe ]kppecckotsW krnugeot wlucd d`btkte tfkt kcc
olo-res`deot Bkokd`kos sflucd he prlf`h`ted jrlg vlt`on,w`tflut exbept`lo. Olo-res`deot vlters kre equkccy olt suhiebt tl
Bkokdks ckws kod blucd equkccy kjjebt ecebt`lo lutblges `o
bclse r`d`ons wfetfer tfey fkve heeo olo-res`deot jlr jlur lr s`x
yekrs.
]2:W Fe blobcuded tfkt tfe Bfkrternukrkotee lj tfe r`nft tl vlte brektes k
prltebt`ve ughrecck tl c`g`t tfe plwer lj tfe nlverogeot tl tkme kwky tfe r`nft tl
vlte.
]2>W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne d`st`onu`sfed res`deoby requ`regeots jlr prlv`ob`kckod terr`tlr`kc ecebt`los, j`od`on tfkt olo-res`deots lj k prlv`obe wlucd olt fkve k
sujj`b`eot kttkbfgeot, wfereks b`t`zeosf`p estkhc`sfes tfe oebesskry blooebt`lo tl
Bkokdk. Fe blobcuded tfkt tfe `gpunoed prlv`s`los des`nokte olo-res`deots ks
uowlrtfy lj tfe jrkobf`se `o k gkooer tfkt v`lcktes s. 2.
(8) Iust`j`bkt`lo uoder sebt`lo ;
]26W Kjter j`od`on tfe `gpunoed prlv`s`los `ojr`one s. 2, tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne
prlbeeded w`tf ko Lkmes kokcys`s tl deterg`oe wfetfer tfe `ojr`onegeot `s
iust`j`ed uoder s. ;9X. v. Lkmes, ];06:W ; R.B.X. ;12.
(k) Qress`on kod suhstkot`kc lhiebt`ve
]20W Fe `deot`j`ed tfe twl press`on kod suhstkot`kc lhiebt`ves put jlrwkrd hy tfe
Kttlroey Neoerkc lj Bkokdk ks jk`roess tl res`deot vlters kod bloberos lver
ecebtlrkc jrkud. Kt tfe lutset, fe lhserved tfkt tfe rfetlr`bkc okture lj tfe
nlverogeot lhiebt`ves reoder]edW tfeg suspebt kod hrlkd, syghlc`b
lhiebt`ves were `ofereotcy prlhcegkt`b.
]41W Fe wks trluhced tfkt suhstkot`ve jk`roess wks kcglst kcwkys `o tfe eye lj
tfe heflcder. Fe olted tfe clw turolut jrlg olo-res`deot vlters `o pr`lr
ecebt`los, wf`bf wks eot`recy dwkrjed hy tfe olo-res`deot Bkokd`ko Jlrbes kod
`obkrberkted ecebtlrs. Fe blgpkred tfe jk`roess lhiebt`ve tl ko krnugeot tfkt
res`deot b`t`zeos wlucd blos`der `t uojk`r jlr `obkrberkted ecebtlrs tl `ojcueobe ko
ecebt`lo lutblge, hut fecd subf stereltypes kod vknue neoerkc`zkt`los fkve heeo
reiebted hy Bkokd`ko blurts.
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
10/59
]4;W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne jluod tfe seblod lhiebt`ve bloberos lver ecebtlrkc
jrkud tl he spebuckt`ve kod w`tflut koy ev`deot`kry jluodkt`lo. Tfere were ol
dlbugeoted prlhcegs ksslb`kted w`tf olo-res`deot vlt`on lo wf`bf tl hkse tf`s
lhiebt`ve.
]48W Kctflunf olt `obc`oed tl v`ew tfe lhiebt`ves ks press`on kod suhstkot`kc, feoevertfecess prlbeeded tl tfe prlplrt`lokc`ty stkne lj tfe kokcys`s tl deterg`oe
wfetfer tfey were `o jkbt bkpkhce lj iust`jy`on tfe `ojr`onegeot.
(h) Qrlplrt`lokc`ty
(`) Xkt`lokc blooebt`lo
]42W Kt tfe rkt`lokc blooebt`lo stkne, tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne bfkrkbter`zed tfe
Kttlroey Neoerkcs krnugeot ks trekt`on olo-res`deots ks uowlrtfy hebkusefkv`on heeo kwky jlr glre tfko j`ve yekrs tfey fkd clst tfe`r blooebt`lo tl
Bkokdk. Fe blos`dered tfkt tfe nlverogeot wks kttegpt`on tl prltebt tfe vlt`on
r`nfts lj res`deots jrlg he`on de-vkcu]edW hy tfe uowlrtfy olo-res`deots. Tf`s,
fe sk`d, wks tfe skge krnugeot reiebted `o Rkuv #8kod `t wks `oblos`steot w`tf s.
2 kod w`tf tfe respebt jlr perslokc d`no`ty tfkt c`es kt tfe fekrt lj Bkokd`ko
deglbrkby.
]44W Fe lhserved tfkt tfe ev`deobe sflwed tfkt olo-res`deot Bkokd`kos
gk`otk`oed blooebt`los tl Bkokdk `o k ougher lj wkys. Kctflunf olo-res`deots
wlucd clse tfe`r kjj`o`ty tl Bkokdk lver t`ge, tfere wks ol rkt`lokc blooebt`lohetweeo tf`s neoerkc treod kod tfe j`ve-yekr c`g`tkt`lo `gplsed hy tfe cen`sckt`lo.
Glre hrlkdcy, tfe Kttlroey Neoerkc fkd olt estkhc`sfed k rkt`lokc blooebt`lo
hetweeo koy tegplrkc c`g`t lo olo-res`deot vlt`on r`nfts kod tfe lhiebt`ves lj
jk`roess kod preveot`on ecebtlrkc khuse.
(``) G`o`gkc `gpk`rgeot
]45W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne lhserved tfkt tfe `gpunoed prlv`s`los preveoted
`ojlrged kod blooebted b`t`zeos c`me tfe resplodeots jrlg vlt`on, wf`ce
eojrkobf`s`on res`deot ecebtlrs wfl gky he uo`ojlrged kod d`s`oterested. Ks kresuct, `t wks lverhrlkd. Eveo `j tfe prlv`s`los kdvkobed tfe nlverogeot
lhiebt`ves, tfey were olt g`o`gkccy `gpk`r`on hebkuse tfey brekted k hckomet
prlf`h`t`lo tfkt jk`ced tl kbbluot jlr exbept`lokccy `ojlrged kod blooebted olo-
res`deots c`me tfe resplodeots. Jurtfer, tfe kppecckot fkd olt estkhc`sfed tfkt k
j`ve-yekr but-ljj wks k rekslokhce hks`s tl sepkrkte tfe `ojlrged kod blooebted
jrlg tfe uo`ojlrged kod uoblooebted.
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
11/59
]4:W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne d`sg`ssed `oterokt`lokc blgpkr`slos, olt`on tfkt
Bkokdk, ks k wlrcd cekder `o vlter eojrkobf`segeot, fkd kcrekdy tkmeo k glre
c`herkc kpprlkbf tl tfe vlt`on r`nfts lj pelpce w`tf geotkc d`skh`c`t`es kod
pr`sloers.
]4>W Glrelver, fe jluod cess `gpk`r`on gekos were kvk`ckhce tl kbf`eve tfenlverogeot lhiebt`ve lj eosur`on k sujj`b`eot blooebt`lo tl Bkokdk. Rpeb`j`bkccy,
tfe kbt lj vlt`on `tsecj `s k secj-test`on gebfko`sg tl eosure olo-res`deots kre
sujj`b`eotcy `oterested `o kod blooebted tl Bkokdk, n`veo tfe prlbedurkc steps kod
molwcedne requ`red hy tfe prlbess. Tferejlre, fe blobcuded tfe gekos jk`ced tfe
g`o`gkc `gpk`rgeot test.
(```) J`okc hkckob`on
]46W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne jluod tfkt `t wks kt tf`s j`okc stkne tfkt tfe ckbm lj
suhstkot`ve ev`deobe lj koy kbtukc prlhceg resuct`on jrlg olo-res`deot vlt`on
blges flge tl rllst. Tfe vknue kssert`los lj uojk`roess kod spebuckt`ve
bloberos lver ecebtlrkc khuse blucd olt lutwe`nf tfe suhstkot`kc `oterjereobe w`tf
tfe r`nfts lj Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos tl vlte. Tfe `gpkbt lo Bkokd`ko ecebt`los wlucd
he, kt glst, sc`nft. Kt tfe skge t`ge, tfe prlv`s`los depr`ved b`t`zeos wfl bkred
deepcy khlut Bkokdk kod c`ved khrlkd jlr cen`t`gkte rekslos jrlg fkv`on k vl`be
`o Bkokd`ko plc`t`bkc c`je. Fe blobcuded tfkt tfe `gplrtkobe lj tf`s juodkgeotkc
r`nft blucd olt he lusted hy tfe kccened skcutkry heoej`ts put jlrwkrd hy tfe
Kttlroey Neoerkc. Tferejlre, tfe `gpunoed prlv`s`los blucd olt he skved hy s. ;.
(2) Xegedy
]40W Ks k resuct, tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne debckred ss. ;;(d), 888(;)(h) kod (b),
882(;)(j), 88:(j) kod tfe wlrd tegplrkr`cy `o ss. 881, 888(;) kod 882(;)(e) tl he
lj ol jlrbe lr ejjebt= kod rekd `otl s. ;;(d) tfe wlrds ko ecebtlr wfl res`des
luts`de Bkokdk.
]51W Lo Iuoe 82, 81;4, Rfkrpe I.K. d`sg`ssed tfe kppecckots glt`lo jlr k stky
peod`on tfe lutblge lj tf`s kppekc9Jrkom v. Bkokdk (Kttlroey Neoerkc), 81;4
LOBK 465.
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
12/59
D. TFE QLR@T@LOR LJ TFE QKXT@ER
(;) Kppecckot
]5;W Tfe kppecckots pr`gkry pls`t`lo, kod tfe loe @ w`cc jlbus lo, `s tfkt tfe
res`deoby requ`regeot jucj`ccs tfe press`on kod suhstkot`kc lhiebt`ve lj preserv`on
tfe slb`kc blotrkbt kt tfe fekrt lj Bkokdks systeg lj blost`tut`lokc deglbrkby. @t
eosures b`t`zeos kre hltf suhiebt`vecy blooebted tl Bkokdk tfrlunf tfe`r
molwcedne kod kjj`c`kt`lo kod lhiebt`vecy blooebted tfrlunf flcd`on b`t`zeosf`p
resplos`h`c`t`es kod dut`es tl lhey dlgest`b ckws. Tfe blooebt`lo hetweeo fkv`on
k vl`be `o gkm`on tfe ckws kod he`on lhc`ned tl lhey tfeg `s wfkt n`ves tfe ckws
cen`t`gkby.
]58W C`g`t`on tfe vlt`on r`nfts lj olo-res`deots `s rkt`lokccy blooebted tl tfe
d`g`o`sfed blooebt`lo olo-res`deots fkve tl Bkokdk, hltf suhiebt`vecy kodlhiebt`vecy. Khseobe jrlg Bkokdk ktteouktes k b`t`zeos pkrt`b`pkt`lo `o tfe slb`kc
blotrkbt, ks jew Bkokd`ko ckws kppcy extrk-terr`tlr`kccy.
]52W Qkrc`kgeot fks exteoded tfe r`nft tl vlte hy gk`c tl olo-res`deots wfl
`oteod tl returo tl Bkokdk kjter k tegplrkry khseobe lj up tl j`ve yekrs tl resuge
tfe`r lhc`nkt`los ks b`t`zeos. @t fks kcsl brekted exbept`los jlr ltfer `od`v`dukcs
wfl kre rekslokhcy presuged tl he returo`on tl Bkokdk. Tfese exbept`los dl olt
uoderg`oe tfe rkt`lokc blooebt`lo, hut `ostekd deglostrkte tfe gekos bflseo kre
g`o`gkccy `gpk`r`on. Gkoy olo-res`deots wfl jkcc w`tf`o tfe exbept`los
deglostrkte tfe`r pkrt`b`pkt`lo `o Bkokdks slb`kc blotrkbt tfrlunf blgg`ttedpuhc`b serv`be. @oterokt`lokc blgpkrktlrs ver`jy tfkt j`ve yekrs `s k rekslokhce
tegplrkc c`g`t lo olo-res`deot vlt`on r`nfts.
]54W Glrelver, tfe `gpunoed geksures dl olt pergkoeotcy str`p olo-res`deots
lj tfe r`nft tl vlte. Tfey locy c`g`t tfe r`nft ks clon ks tflse olo-
res`deots bfllse tl c`ve luts`de Bkokdk. Xes`deobe, c`me kne, `s k wky lj renuckt`on
tfe gldkc`ty lj vlt`on kod dles olt spekm tl wlrtf`oess. Tfe j`ve-yekr ruce `s
tferejlre eot`tced tl dejereobe. J`ve yekrs blrresplods tl tfe gkx`gug c`je lj
Qkrc`kgeot kod `s k rekslokhce kod g`o`gkccy `gpk`r`on tegplrkc c`oe jlr
renuckt`on tfe r`nft tl vlte.
]55W Tfe deceter`lus `gpkbt `s g`t`nkted hy tfe c`mec`flld tfkt olo-res`deots bko
pkrt`b`pkte `o tfe jlre`no plc`ty. Jurtfer, tfe c`g`tkt`lo `s olt pergkoeot kod olo-
res`deot b`t`zeos gky bfllse tl returo tl Bkokdk kod renk`o tfe r`nft tl vlte.
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
13/59
(8) Xesplodeots
]5:W Tfe resplodeots dejeod tfe rekslos lj tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne. Tfey sky tfe
r`nft tl vlte `s k juodkgeotkc r`nft lj b`t`zeosf`p, wf`bf `s prltebted hy
tfe Bfkrterkod dles olt depeod lo res`deobe. Xes`deobe `s olt k pr`gkryblgploeot lj tfe ecebtlrkc systeg. @t `s s`gpcy ko lrnko`zkt`lokc jrkgewlrm jlr
tfe kcclbkt`lo lj vltes `o tfkt systeg. Tfe `gpunoed cen`sckt`lo str`ps kwky tfe
vlt`on r`nfts lj tfe resplodeots, blgg`tted kod eonkned b`t`zeos w`tf strlon
blooebt`los tl Bkokdk.
]5>W Tfe resplodeots suhg`t tfe vknue kod syghlc`b lhiebt`ves kdvkobed hy tfe
nlverogeot sflucd he reiebted. Tfey krnue tfkt tfe nlverogeot fks jk`ced tl
`deot`jy koy deglostrkted prlhceg w`tf olo-res`deot vlt`on tfkt blucd iust`jy tfe
`ojr`onegeot. Glrelver, tfe purplrted lhiebt`ve `s uoderg`oed hy `ts uopr`ob`pced
exbept`los jlr ltfer nrlups lj olo-res`deots.
]56W Kt tfe prlplrt`lokc`ty stkne, tfey suhg`t j`ve yekrs `s ko krh`trkry c`g`t w`tf
ol rkt`lokc blooebt`lo tl tfe lhiebt`ve kdvkobed hy tfe kppecckot. Tfey re-kssert
tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudnes blobcus`lo tfkt tfe geksures kre lverhrlkd hy bkptur`on
olo-res`deots subf ks tfe bck`gkots wfl gk`otk`o k strlon blooebt`lo tl Bkokdk.
Glrelver, tfe geksures kre lvercy drkst`b, ks tfe blgpcet`lo lj tfe prlbedurkc
requ`regeots jlr olo-res`deot vlt`on `o `tsecj ev`deobes k sujj`b`eot blooebt`lo.
]50W @o tfe j`okc hkckob`on, tfe `gpkbt lo tfe vlt`on r`nfts lj olo-res`deots
lutwe`nfs tfe syghlc`b heoej`ts kdvkobed hy tfe kppecckot. Tfe geksures cekve
olo-res`deot b`t`zeos w`tf ol vl`be `o tfe d`rebt`lo lj tfe bluotry. @o turo, tf`s fksk ser`lus deceter`lus `gpkbt lo tfe`r d`no`ty kod heclon`on.
(2) HBBCK
]:1W Tfe Hr`t`sf Blcugh`k B`v`c C`hert`es Ksslb`kt`lo (HBBCK) wks nrkoted
cekve tl `oterveoe `o tf`s kppekc ks k jr`eod lj tfe blurt kod c`g`ts `ts suhg`ss`los
tl tfe `ssues lj press`on kod suhstkot`kc lhiebt`ve kod rkt`lokc blooebt`lo. @t
krnues jlr k str`oneot iust`j`bkt`lo stkodkrd requ`r`on tfe nlverogeot lhiebt`ve tl
he d`rebted kt k blobrete fkrg kod supplrted hy blneot ev`deobe. Khstrkbt kodrfetlr`bkc lhiebt`ves bkoolt he used tl `osuckteBfkrterhrekbfes jrlg iud`b`kc
sbrut`oy kod ev`deobe, olt blgglo seose lr cln`bkc rekslo`on, gust estkhc`sf k
rkt`lokc blooebt`lo hetweeo tfe `gpunoed cen`sckt`lo kod `ts lhiebt`ve. @t skys tfe
kppecckot jk`ced tl deglostrkte tfkt tfe `gpunoed cen`sckt`lo `s d`rebted kt koy
speb`j`b fkrg.
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
14/59
]:;W Tfe pr`gkry lhiebt`ve lj jk`roess tl res`deot vlters `s jrkged `o vknue
kod khstrkbt tergs. Xes`deot vlters kre olt k vucoerkhce nrlup `o oeed lj
prltebt`lo. Tfere `s oltf`on `ofereotcy uojk`r khlut olo-res`deots vlt`on kod tfere
`s ol ev`deobe tfkt res`deot vlters sfkre tfe kppecckots v`ew lj koy uojk`roess `o
olo-res`deot vltes he`on bluoted. Jurtfer, tfe f`stlr`bkc ev`deobe sunnests tfkt
olo-res`deot vlter pkrt`b`pkt`lo w`cc he c`g`ted.
]:8W Kt tfe rkt`lokc blooebt`lo stkne, tfe HBBCK suhg`ts tfe kppc`bkt`lo
iudnes j`od`ons kre eot`tced tl dejereobe. Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne jluod olo-
res`deots gk`otk`o blooebt`los tl Bkokdk kod `t `s eksy jlr tfeg tl stky `ojlrged
khlut Bkokd`ko plc`t`bs.
]:2W Olo-res`deots dl olt w`tfdrkw jrlg tfe j`bt`t`lus slb`kc blotrkbt koy glre
tfko pr`sloers. Jurtfer, tfe kppecckots prlpls`t`lo tfkt olo-res`deots kre olt
suhiebt tl Bkokd`ko ckws `s jckwed. Qkrc`kgeot fks blgpcete iur`sd`bt`lo tl
cen`sckte extrk-terr`tlr`kccy. Qkrc`kgeot fks exerb`sed tf`s kutflr`ty bloservkt`vecytl dkte, hut tf`s blucd bfkone kod tfe prlv`s`los preveot olo-res`deots jrlg
fkv`on k vl`be `o tfkt bfkone. Tferejlre, tfere `s ol rkt`lokc hks`s lo wf`bf tl
`gplse k tegplrkc c`g`t lo tfe vlt`on r`nfts lj olo-res`deot vlters.
(4) BBCK
]:4W Tfe Bkokd`ko B`v`c C`hert`es Ksslb`kt`lo (BBCK) wks kcsl nrkoted cekve
tl `oterveoe `o tf`s kppekc kod c`g`ts `ts suhg`ss`los tl tfe rlce lj equkc`ty vkcues
`o tfe j`okc hkckob`on lj prlplrt`lokc`ty uoder Lkmes.
]:5W Tfe BBCK ksserts tfkt Bfkrter r`nfts gust he rekd fkrglo`luscy w`tf
hrlkder Bfkrter vkcues kod tfe ckonukne lj s. 2 exteod`on tfe r`nft tl vlte tl
every b`t`zeo pckbes equkc`ty kt `ts blre. @t krnues tfe cen`sckt`lo brektes k
d`st`obt`lo tfkt uoderg`oes tfe d`no`ty, secj-kutlolgy kod wlrtf lj olo-res`deot
Bkokd`kos hksed lo ko extrkoelus perslokc bfkrkbter`st`b. Deoy`on olo-res`deots
tfe r`nft tl vlte dles olt prltebt k gldkc`ty lj tfe r`nft tl vlte, `t seods tfe
gesskne tfkt olo-res`deots dl olt deserve tl vlte. @t brektes k bckss lj
kpprlx`gktecy ;.4 g`cc`lo Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos wfl kre trekted d`jjereotcy hksed lo
olo-res`deot stktus.
]::W B`t`zeosf`p kod kne kre tfe locy cen`t`gkte qukc`j`bkt`los lo tfe r`nft tl
vlte. Tfe fkrg tl tfe s. 2 Bfkrter r`nfts lj olo-res`deots, blgh`oed w`tf tfe fkrg
tl equkc`ty vkcues, lutwe`nfs koy skcutkry heoej`ts put jlrwkrd hy tfe nlverogeot.
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
15/59
(5) Bf`ej Ecebtlrkc Ljj`ber
]:>W Tfe BEL wks kcsl nrkoted cekve tl `oterveoe ks k jr`eod lj tfe blurt, hut
gkmes ol suhg`ss`los lo tfe ger`ts lj tfe kppekc. Xktfer, fe seems tl eosure tfe
blurt `s prlpercy `ojlrged khlut vlt`on prlbedures kod tfe plteot`kc `gpkbt lj tfeblurts deb`s`lo lo tfe lperkt`los lj Ecebt`los Bkokdk.
]:6W Tfe BEL fks `ojlrged tfe blurt tfkt tfe oext jederkc ecebt`lo gust tkme
pckbe hy Lbtlher ;0, 81;5. @j tfe blurt were tl kcclw tfe kppekc, tfe BEL w`cc he
requ`red tl blotkbt bertk`o olo-res`deot ecebtlrs tl deterg`oe tfe`r ec`n`h`c`ty tl
vlte `o kbblrdkobe w`tf tfe deb`s`lo lj tf`s blurt.
E. KOKCPR@R
(;) @otrldubt`lo
]:0W Tfe geko`on kod s`no`j`bkobe lj b`t`zeosf`p `s beotrkc tl tf`s kppekc. @ w`cc
put tfe `ssues `o blotext hy expck`o`on flw loe lhtk`os Bkokd`ko b`t`zeosf`p kod
tfe r`nfts kod resplos`h`c`t`es kttkbf`on tl b`t`zeosf`p.
(k) Lhtk`o`on b`t`zeosf`p
]>1W K perslo bko lhtk`o Bkokd`ko b`t`zeosf`p tfrlunf h`rtf, desbeot lr
okturkc`zkt`lo. Tfe jlcclw`on kre eot`tced tl b`t`zeosf`p, uoder s. 2 ljtfeB`t`zeosf`p Kbt, X.R.B. ;065, b. B-809
! k perslo hlro `o Bkokdk=
! k perslo hlro luts`de Bkokdk wfl fks kt tfe t`ge lj h`rtf kt cekst loe
Bkokd`ko pkreot wfl wks e`tfer hlro `o Bkokdk lr okturkc`zed `o
Bkokdk=]5Wlr
! k perslo wfl rebe`ves k nrkot lj Bkokd`ko b`t`zeosf`p.
]>;W @o lrder tl lhtk`o k nrkot lj b`t`zeosf`p tfrlunf okturkc`zkt`lo uoder s. 5 lj
tfe B`t`zeosf`p Kbt,]:Wko kppc`bkot lver ;6 yekrs lj kne gust9
! fkve pergkoeot res`deot stktus `o Bkokdk=
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
16/59
! fkve c`ved `o Bkokdk kod blgpc`ed w`tf `oblge tkx requ`regeots jlr kt
cekst jlur lj tfe prev`lus s`x yekrs s`obe heblg`on k pergkoeot res`deot=
! `oteod tl blot`oue tl res`de `o Bkokdk, wlrm luts`de Bkokdk `o tfe
g`c`tkry lr puhc`b serv`be, lr res`de luts`de Bkokdk w`tf k spluse, blgglo-
ckw pkrtoer lr pkreot wfl `s k Bkokd`ko b`t`zeo `o tfe g`c`tkry lr puhc`b
serv`be=
! `j uoder :5 yekrs lj kne, fkve ko kdequkte molwcedne lj loe lj tfe twl
ljj`b`kc ckonuknes=
!
`j uoder :5 yekrs lj kne, deglostrkte ko kdequkte molwcedne lj tferesplos`h`c`t`es kod pr`v`cenes lj b`t`zeosf`p, subf ks vlt`on `o ecebt`los kod
lhey`on tfe ckw, kod ko uoderstkod`on lj Bkokd`ko f`stlry, vkcues,
`ost`tut`los kod syghlcs= kod
! olt, kglon ltfer tf`ons, he uoder k reglvkc lrder, `o pr`slo, uoder k
prlhkt`lo lrder, lo pkrlce, bfkrned w`tf lr kwk`t`on tr`kc lo ko `od`btkhce
ljjeobe, lr blov`bted lj ko `od`btkhce ljjeobe `o tfe prev`lus tfree yekrs.
]>8W @t `s s`no`j`bkot tl tf`s kppekc tfkt kppc`bkots jlr Bkokd`ko b`t`zeosf`p
tfrlunf okturkc`zkt`lo gust estkhc`sf ko lhiebt`ve blooebt`lo tl Bkokdk tfrlunf k
g`o`gug per`ld lj res`deobe kod, `j uoder :5 yekrs lj kne, gust deglostrkte k
suhiebt`ve kwkreoess lj tfe r`nfts kod resplos`h`c`t`es lj b`t`zeosf`p.
(h) B`t`zeosf`p r`nfts kod resplos`h`c`t`es
]>2W Lobe kbqu`red, Bkokd`ko b`t`zeosf`p prlv`des exbcus`ve kbbess tl severkc
juodkgeotkc plc`t`bkc r`nfts. B`t`zeos fkve tfe r`nft tl vlte kod ruo jlr ljj`be, tfer`nft tl rebe`ve k pkssplrt, kod ko uoqukc`j`ed r`nft tl eoter kod regk`o `o Bkokdk.
Tfe Bfkrter eotreobfes tfe oexus hetweeo b`t`zeosf`p kod r`nfts hy nukrkotee`on
locy tl b`t`zeos tfe r`nft tl vlte (s. 2), tfe glh`c`ty r`nfts `o s. :(;) kod g`olr`ty
ckonukne edubkt`lo r`nfts (s. 82).
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
17/59
]>4W Kdd`on k ckyer tl b`t`zeosf`p, res`deobe kod pfys`bkc preseobe bko fkve ko
`gplrtkot `ojcueobe lo tfe r`nfts kod lhc`nkt`los lj Bkokd`kos. Jlr `ostkobe,
res`deobe `s k requ`regeot jlr eot`tcegeot tl jucc fekctf blverkne kod slb`kc
kss`stkobe `o Lotkr`l. R`g`ckrcy, locy res`deot b`t`zeos bko he blgpecced tl serve
lo k iury. Xes`deots, wfetfer b`t`zeos lr olt, pky tfe jucc krrky lj tkxes tfkt
supplrt nlverogeot prlnrkgs. Glst `gplrtkot, locy res`deots kre renuckrcyrequ`red tl lhey dlgest`b Bkokd`ko ckws. ^`tf c`g`ted exbept`los, tfe ckws
eokbted hy Qkrc`kgeot dl olt rekbf luts`de Bkokd`ko hlrders.
]>5W ^fkt tf`s gekos, lo k prkbt`bkc cevec, `s tfkt wf`ce res`deot b`t`zeos gky
eoily nrekter pr`v`cenes tfko olo-res`deot b`t`zeos, tfey kcsl hekr nrekter
resplos`h`c`t`es kod hurdeos.
(8) Hrekbf lj s. 2 lj tfe Bfkrter
]>:W Kctflunf tfe hrekbf lj s. 2 lj tfe Bfkrter wks blobeded hy tfe kppecckot, @
w`cc hr`ejcy kddress `t tl cky tfe jluodkt`lo jlr tfe s. ; kokcys`s. Rebt`lo 2
prlv`des9
Every b`t`zeo lj Bkokdk fks tfe r`nft tl vlte `o ko ecebt`lo lj geghers lj tfe
Fluse lj Blgglos lr lj k cen`sckt`ve ksseghcy kod tl he qukc`j`ed jlr
geghersf`p tfere`o.
]>>W Ks @ olted kt tfe hen`oo`on lj tfese rekslos, `o Rkuv #8, GbCkbfc`o B.I.
desbr`hed tfe r`nft lj Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos tl vlte ks cy`on kt tfe fekrt lj Bkokd`ko
deglbrkby. @t `s k r`nft tfkt gust he `oterpreted c`herkccy kod bko locy he tkmeokwky jlr nlld rekslo.
]>6W @oJ`nuerlk v. Bkokdk (Kttlroey Neoerkc), 8112 RBB 2>, ]8112W ; R.B.X.
0;8, @kblhubb` I. spekm`on jlr tfe gkilr`ty sk`d, kt pkrk. 21, tfkt tfe purplse lj s.
2 `s tl prlglte kod prltebt tfe r`nft lj ekbf b`t`zeo tl pcky k geko`onjuc rlce `o
tfe plc`t`bkc c`je lj tfe bluotry. Khseot subf k r`nft, lurs wlucd olt he k true
deglbrkby.
]>0W Tfese pr`ob`pces j`od express`lo `o s. : lj tfe BEK, wf`bf prlv`des tfkt k
Bkokd`ko b`t`zeo ;6 yekrs lj kne lr lcder `s eot`tced tl fkve f`s lr fer okge`obcuded `o tfe c`st lj ecebtlrs jlr tfe plcc`on d`v`s`lo `o wf`bf fe lr sfe `s
lrd`okr`cy res`deot kod tl vlte kt tfe plcc`on stkt`lo jlr tfkt plcc`on d`v`s`lo.
]61W Rlge Bkokd`ko blurts fkve sunnested tfkt tfe r`nft tl vlte oevertfecess
blotk`os `oterokc c`g`ts. Jlr `ostkobe, tfe Pumlo Blurt lj Kppekc blobcuded tfkt
res`deobe requ`regeots jlr tfe r`nft tl vlte `o k terr`tlr`kc ecebt`lo d`d olt v`lckte
s. 29Xe Pumlo Ecebt`lo Xes`deoby Xequ`regeots(;06:), ; P.X. 82 (B.K.). Tf`s
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
18/59
v`ew kppekrs tl fkve heeo superseded hy tfe flcd`on lj GbCkbfc`o B.I. `o Rkuv
#8, kt pkrk. ;;, tfkt s. 2 gust he blostrued ks `t rekds, kod `ts kgh`t sflucd olt he
c`g`ted hy bluotervk`c`on blccebt`ve bloberos.
]6;W Ks k resuct, tfe hrekbf lj s. 2 `s strk`nftjlrwkrd. Tfe cen`sckt`lo preveots k
pkrt`buckr nrlup lj Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos jrlg vlt`on `o jederkc ecebt`los, tferehyv`lckt`on tfe`r s. 2 r`nfts. Bluotervk`c`on `oterests kod koy iust`j`khce c`g`tkt`los
kre tl he blos`dered uoder s. ;9 see Rkuv #8=J`nuerlk.
(2) Rebt`lo ; lj tfe Bfkrter
]68W Rebt`lo ; nukrkotees tfe r`nfts kod jreedlgs set lut `o tfe Bfkrter, suhiebt
locy tl subf rekslokhce c`g`ts presbr`hed hy ckw ks bko he deglostrkhcy iust`j`ed
`o k jree kod deglbrkt`b slb`ety.
]62W Fkv`on jluod k hrekbf lj s. 2, tfe quest`lo `s wfetfer tfe c`g`t lo vlt`on
r`nfts lj olo-res`deot b`t`zeos `s rekslokhce kod bko he deglostrkhcy iust`j`ed `o k
jree kod deglbrkt`b slb`ety.
]64W Tfe kokcys`s requ`res tfkt9 (k) tfe lhiebt`ve lj tfe cen`sckt`lo he press`on
kod suhstkot`kc= kod (h) tfe gekos used tl jurtfer tfkt lhiebt`ve kre prlplrt`lokte,
okgecy, (`) rkt`lokccy blooebted tl tfe lhiebt`ve lj tfe ckw, (``) g`o`gkccy
`gpk`r`on lj tfe Bfkrter r`nft, kod (```) prlplrt`lokte `o ejjebt. Ree9Gluoted
Qlc`be Ksslb`kt`lo lj Lotkr`l v. Bkokdk (Kttlroey Neoerkc), 81;5 RBB ;,kt pkrk.
;20=X. v. Lkmes=Fekctf Rerv`bes kod Rupplrt Jkb`c`t`es Ruhsebtlr Hkrnk`o`on
Ksso. v. Hr`t`sf Blcugh`k, 811> RBB 8>, ]811>W 8 R.B.X. 20;, kt pkrks. ;2>-20.
]65W Tfe lous c`es lo tfe pkrty seem`on tl iust`jy tfe c`g`tkt`lo lj
tfe Bfkrter r`nft tl prlve tfese requ`regeots lo k hkckobe lj prlhkh`c`t`es9XIX-
GkbDlokcd v. Bkokdk, ];005W 2 R.B.X. ;00, kt pkrks. ;2>-26.
(k) Qress`on kod suhstkot`kc lhiebt`ve
(`) @otrldubt`lo
]6:W Tfe j`rst step `o tfe Lkmes kokcys`s ksms wfetfer tfe lhiebt`ve lj tfe
`ojr`on`on geksure `s sujj`b`eotcy `gplrtkot tl he bkpkhce `o pr`ob`pce lj iust`jy`on
k c`g`tkt`lo lo Bfkrter r`nfts kod jreedlgs9XIX-GkbDlokcd,kt pkrks. ;48-
44=Gluoted Qlc`be Ksslb`kt`lo lj Lotkr`l,kt pkrk. ;48. Tfe lhiebt`ve gust
blrresplod tl Qkrc`kgeots `oteot kt tfe t`ge tfe ckw wks eokbted9X. v. H`n G
Drun Gkrt Ctd., ];065W ; R.B.X. 805, kt p. 225. Tfe lhiebt`ve gust kcsl he
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
19/59
d`rebtcy blooebted tl iust`jy`on tfe kspebt lj tfe cen`sckt`lo tfkt `ojr`ones tfe
r`nft9 Zr`eod v. Kchertk, ];006W ; R.B.X. 402, kt pkrks. ;;2-;;:.@t gust he
blos`steot w`tf tfe vkcues lj k jree kod deglbrkt`b slb`ety kod sflucd he d`rebted
kt tfe rekc`zkt`lo lj blccebt`ve nlkcs lj juodkgeotkc `gplrtkobe9 Lkmes, kt p. ;2:.
]6>W @o Lkmes, Bf`ej Iust`be D`bmslo pl`oted lut tfkt tfe s. ; iust`j`bkt`lostkodkrd requ`res tfe blurt tl fkve renkrd tl tfe purplse jlr wf`bf tfe Bfkrterwks
eotreobfed `o tfe Blost`tut`lo tl eosure tfkt Bkokd`ko slb`ety `s jree kod
deglbrkt`b. Fe kdded, kt p. ;2:9
Tfe Blurt gust he nu`ded hy tfe vkcues kod pr`ob`pces esseot`kc tl k jree kod
deglbrkt`b slb`ety wf`bf @ hec`eve eghldy, tl okge hut k jew, respebt jlr tfe
`ofereot d`no`ty lj tfe fugko perslo, blgg`tgeot tl slb`kc iust`be kod equkc`ty,
kbblggldkt`lo lj k w`de vkr`ety lj hec`ejs, respebt jlr bucturkc kod nrlup
`deot`ty, kod jk`tf `o slb`kc kod plc`t`bkc `ost`tut`los wf`bf eofkobe tfe
pkrt`b`pkt`lo lj `od`v`dukcs kod nrlups `o slb`ety.Tfe uodercy`on vkcues kodpr`ob`pces lj k jree kod deglbrkt`b slb`ety kre tfe neoes`s lj tfe r`nfts kod
jreedlgs nukrkoteed hy tfe Bfkrterkod tfe uct`gkte stkodkrd knk`ost wf`bf k
c`g`t lo k r`nft lr jreedlg gust he sflwo, desp`te `ts ejjebt, tl he rekslokhce kod
deglostrkhcy iust`j`ed. ]Egpfks`s kdded.W
]66W @ w`cc returo tl tfe wlrds `o `tkc`bs `o tfe oext sebt`lo.
(``) Lhiebt`ves lj tfe cen`sckt`lo
]60W Tfe lhiebt`ves lj tfe cen`sckt`lo bko he deterg`oed tfrlunf rekslo`on kodblgglo seose, hy rejereobe tl tfe vkcues kod pr`ob`pces esseot`kc tl k jree kod
deglbrkt`b slb`ety9X. v. Hryko, 811> RBB ;8, ]811>W ; R.B.X. 58>, kt pkrk. 88.
]01W Tfe kppecckot skys twl gk`o lhiebt`ves lj tfe ckw kre press`on kod
suhstkot`kc. J`rst, `t suhg`ts tfkt tfe ren`ge prlgltes tfe jk`roess lj tfe ecebtlrkc
prlbess hy prltebt`on tfe slb`kc blotrkbt cy`on kt tfe fekrt lj Bkokdks
blost`tut`lokc deglbrkby. Reblod, `t gk`otk`os tfe pr`gkby lj res`deobe `o
Bkokdks systeg lj pkrc`kgeotkry represeotkt`lo, rllted ks `t `s `o nelnrkpf`bkccy
deterg`oed, ecebtlrkc d`str`bt-hksed represeotkt`lo w`tf`o Bkokdk.
]0;W @o lrkc krnugeot, tfe kppecckot jlbused pr`gkr`cy lo tfe slb`kc blotrkbt
lhiebt`ve. Tfe kppecckot desbr`hed tfe slb`kc blotrkbt hetweeo b`t`zeos kod tfe
nlverogeot ks fkv`on hltf suhiebt`ve kod lhiebt`ve d`geos`los. Ruhiebt`vecy, tfe
r`nft tl vlte `s preg`sed lo tfe ecebtlrs molwcedne kod kjj`c`kt`lo w`tf tfe`r
bluotry kod ecebtlrkc d`str`bt. Lhiebt`vecy, `t `s rllted `o b`t`zeos lhc`nkt`los tl
lhey tfe ckws eokbted hy tfe Qkrc`kgeot tfey pkrt`b`pkte `o ecebt`on.
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
20/59
]08W @o jk`roess tl tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne, `t kppekrs tfkt tfe kppecckot d`d olt
expresscy `ovlme tfe slb`kc blotrkbt `o `ts suhg`ss`los hejlre f`g. @ostekd, `t
jrkged `ts suhg`ss`lo ks jk`roess tl res`deot vlters, wfl c`ve w`tf tfe
blosequeobes lj tfe ckws jlr wf`bf tfey vlte.
]02W Jlr tfe rekslos tfkt jlcclw, flwever, @ kg skt`sj`ed tfkt preserv`on tfeblooebt`lo hetweeo b`t`zeos lhc`nkt`lo tl lhey tfe ckw kod tfe`r r`nft tl ecebt tfe
ckwgkmers streontfeo`on tfe slb`kc blotrkbt `s k press`on kod suhstkot`kc
lhiebt`ve tfkt iust`j`es tfe s. 2 Bfkrter `ojr`onegeot. Ks k resuct, @ w`cc blos`der
tfe ltfer prlplsed lhiebt`ves locy `osljkr ks tfey reckte tl tfe slb`kc blotrkbt
lhiebt`ve.
]04W Kt k neoerkc cevec, tfe slb`kc blotrkbt `s khlut reb`prlb`ty hetweeo b`v`b
r`nfts kod resplos`h`c`t`es. @o tfe blotext lj tf`s bkse, `t `s jluoded lo k
gutukc`ty hetweeo tfe jrkobf`se kod tfe b`t`zeos lhc`nkt`lo tl lhey tfe ckw
hetweeo plc`t`bkc r`nfts kod plc`t`bkc lhc`nkt`los. Tf`s olt`lo j`ods strlon supplrt`o hltf plc`t`bkc tfelry kod Ruprege Blurt iur`sprudeobe.
]05W @o Rkuv #8, hltf tfe gkilr`ty kod tfe g`olr`ty reblno`zed tfe s`no`j`bkobe
lj tfe blooebt`lo hetweeo tfe r`nft tl vlte fkv`on k sky `o tfe gkm`on lj tfe ckw
kod tfe lhc`nkt`lo tl lhey tfe ckw. Tf`s slb`kc blotrkbt wks eodlrsed hy tfe
gkilr`ty kt pkrk. 2;9
@o k deglbrkby subf ks lurs, tfe plwer lj ckwgkmers jclws jrlg
tfe vlt`on b`t`zeos, kod ckwgkmers kbt ks tfe b`t`zeos prlx`es.
Tf`s decenkt`lo jrlg vlters tl cen`scktlrs n`ves tfe ckw `ts
cen`t`gkby lr jlrbe. Blrreckt`vecy, tfe lhc`nkt`lo tl lhey tfe ckw
jclws jrlg tfe jkbt tfkt tfe ckw `s gkde hy kod lo hefkcj lj tfe
b`t`zeos. @o sug, tfe cen`t`gkby lj tfe ckw kod tfe lhc`nkt`lo tl
lhey tfe ckw jclw d`rebtcy jrlg tfe r`nft lj every b`t`zeo tl vlte.
Ks k prkbt`bkc gktter, we requ`re kcc w`tf`o lur bluotrys
hluodkr`es tl lhey `ts ckw, wfetfer lr olt tfey vlte. Hut tf`s
dles olt oenkte tfe v`tkc syghlc`b, tfelret`bkc kod prkbt`bkc
blooebt`lo hetweeo fkv`on k vl`be `o gkm`on tfe ckw kod he`on
lhc`ned tl lhey `t. Tf`s blooebt`lo, `ofer`ted jrlg slb`kc blotrkbt
tfelry kod eosfr`oed `o tfe Bfkrter, stkods kt tfe fekrt lj lur
systeg lj blost`tut`lokc deglbrkby.
]0:W Tfe Bf`ej Iust`be syotfes`zed tf`s, kt pkrk. 44, w`tf tfe lhservkt`lo tfkt
ckws blggkod lhed`eobe hebkuse tfey kre gkde hy tflse wflse blodubt tfey
nlvero. Tfe blooebt`lo hetweeo ecebt`on tfe ckwgkmers kod he`on suhiebt tl tfe
ckws n`ves tfe ckws tfe`r cen`t`gkby.
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
21/59
]0>W Tfe g`olr`ty iudngeot `o Rkuv #8d`sknreed w`tf tfe gkilr`ty khlut tfe
okture kod `gpc`bkt`los lj pr`sloers pkrt`b`pkt`lo `o tfe slb`kc blotrkbt.
Oevertfecess, `t tll eodlrsed k s`g`ckr blobept lj tfe slb`kc blotrkbt, kt pkrk. ;;59
Tfe slb`kc blotrkbt `s tfe tfelret`bkc hks`s uplo wf`bf tfe
exerb`se lj r`nfts kod pkrt`b`pkt`lo `o tfe deglbrkt`b prlbessrests. @o gy v`ew, tfe slb`kc blotrkbt oebesskr`cy rec`es uplo tfe
kbbeptkobe lj tfe ruce lj ckw kod b`v`b resplos`h`c`ty kod lo
slb`etys oeed tl prlglte tfe skge.
]06W @odeed, tfe g`olr`ty tllm tfe slb`kc blotrkbt k step jkrtfer, reblno`z`on `ts
plteot`kc tl iust`jy res`deoby ks k qukc`j`bkt`lo jlr vlt`on, kt pkrk. ;;69
@t `s jlr tf`s skge rekslo, tfe `gplrtkobe lj tfe oexus hetweeo
vlters kod tfe`r blgguo`ty, tfkt gkoy iur`sd`bt`los qukc`jy tfe
r`nft tl vlte w`tf res`deoby requ`regeots. Tf`s Blurt, `oFk`n v.Bkokdk, ];002W 8 R.B.X. 005, upfecd res`deoby requ`regeots ks k
rekslokhce qukc`j`bkt`lo tl tfe ec`n`h`c`ty tl vlte `o k rejereodug.
^f`ce `t `s bcekr tfkt tfere wks ol hrekbf lj s. 2 lj tfe Bfkrter `o
tfkt bkse s`obe s. 2 dles olt kppcy tl rejereodk,Fk`n, suprk,
neoerkccy seegs tl `gpcy tfkt res`deoby requ`regeots gky he
bkpkhce lj he`on rekslokhce qukc`j`bkt`los uplo tfe r`nft tl
vlte. Tf`s rekslokhceoess kr`ses olt locy jrlg prkbt`bkc
bloberos, hut kcsl jrlg tfe oexus hetweeo k pkrt`buckr
`od`v`dukcs ec`n`h`c`ty tl vlte `o ko ecebt`lo, tfe`r reckt`losf`p tl
tfe blgguo`ty, kod tfe jkbt tfkt `t `s tfkt blgguo`ty wf`bf w`cc
he suhiebted tl tfe resucts lj tfe ecebt`lo. ]Egpfks`s kdded.W
]00W N`veo tfe Ruprege Blurts reblno`t`lo lj tfe `gplrtkobe lj tfe slb`kc
blotrkbt, kod tfe gkilr`tys reblno`t`lo tfkt `t stkods kt tfe fekrt lj lur systeg lj
blost`tut`lokc deglbrkby, @ kg skt`sj`ed tfkt streontfeo`on tfe slb`kc blotrkbt
qukc`j`es ks k press`on kod suhstkot`kc lhiebt`ve. Xeturo`on tl tfe wlrds lj
D`bmslo B.I. `o Lkmes, `t prlgltes jk`tf `o plc`t`bkc `ost`tut`los tfkt eofkobe tfe
pkrt`b`pkt`lo lj `od`v`dukcs kod nrlups `o lur slb`ety.
(```) Qkrc`kgeots `oteot
];11W @t regk`os oebesskry tl ksm wfetfer Qkrc`kgeots `oteot`lo wks tl prltebt
tfe slb`kc blotrkbt wfeo H`cc B-;;4 wks pkssed `o ;002. Tfe lverkcc `oteot`lo lj
tfe speb`kc hkcclt prlv`s`los wks tl exteodtfe jrkobf`se tl bertk`o olo-res`deot
b`t`zeos wfl were prev`luscy uokhce tl vlte. @t d`d sl hy prlv`d`on k getfld lj
reglte vlt`on tl qukc`j`ed olo-res`deot b`t`zeos. Tfe quest`lo `s wfetfer
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
22/59
Qkrc`kgeots `oteot`lo `o olt exteod`on tfe jrkobf`se tl kcc olo-res`deot b`t`zeos
wks tl prltebt tfe slb`kc blotrkbt.
];1;W Kctflunf olt expresscy stkted `o tflse tergs, tfe
uodercy`on Fkoskrd ev`deobe revekcs k blobero tfkt tfe vlte sflucd he c`g`ted tl
olo-res`deots fkv`on k sujj`b`eot blooebt`lo tl Bkokdk. Jlr `ostkobe, dur`on tfeReokte Rtkod`on Blgg`ttee, Gs. Gkrnkret Hclldwlrtf regkrmed9
Tfe jeec`on lj tfe speb`kc blgg`ttee, kod `t wks k jeec`on tfkt tfe
nlverogeot knreed w`tf, wks tfkt `t `s olt uorekslokhce jlr k
deglbrkt`b slb`ety tl eosure tfkt tflse vlt`on `o tfe ecebt`lo fkve
slge denree lj blooebt`lo w`tf tfe bluotry.
@s j`ve yekrs sure tl subbeed `o k blurt bfkcceone< @ bkoolt n`ve
ylu tfkt m`od lj nukrkotee. @ bko sky tfere `s k rekslo hef`od tfe
j`ve yekrs, `o tfe seose tfkt `t eosures tfkt tfere `s slge denree ljblooebt`lo w`tf tfe bluotry. J`ve yekrs `s kcsl tfe gkx`gug
per`ld lj k pkrc`kgeot, sl `t `s olt k ougher p`bmed blgpcetecy
lut lj tfe k`r. @t `s k gktter lj iudngeot `o tfe eod.
@ perslokccy dl olt tf`om `t `s uorekslokhce tfkt pelpce fkve slge
perslokc blooebt`lo w`tf tfe bluotry. Tfere fkve heeo slge
exbept`los put `o jlr pelpce wfl fkve ko lhv`lus blooebt`lo=
puhc`b servkots, e`tfer jederkc lr prlv`ob`kc, wfl fkppeo tl he lut
glre tfko j`ve yekrs kod kcsl Bkokd`kos wfl kre wlrm`on jlr
`oterokt`lokc lrnko`zkt`los tfkt Bkokdk `s k pkrt lj hebkuse
olrgkccy, Bkokdk fks k d`rebt `oterest `o gkm`on sure Bkokd`kos
wlrm jlr tflse lrnko`zkt`los. ^e fkve tr`ed tl hu`cd `o lhv`lus
exbept`los wfere pelpce dl fkve k d`rebt lonl`on blooebt`lo
w`tf tfe bluotry, hut `t w`cc olt n`ve tfe vlte tl pelpce wfl fkve
c`ved luts`de tfe bluotry jlr 81 lr 85 yekrs. Tflse m`ods lj
pelpce w`cc olt he khce tl vlte.
];18W @o tfe Rpeb`kc Blgg`ttee lo Ecebtlrkc Xejlrg, G.Q. I`g Fkwmes expressed
k s`g`ckr v`ew9
Qelpce wfl fkve heeo olo-res`deot `o Bkokdk jlr j`ve yekrs lrcess, lr slgetf`on lj tfkt m`od, gkmes ge glre blgjlrtkhce.
Rlgehldy wfls olt c`ved `o tf`s bluotry jlr 41 yekrs @g olt
sure @ wkot tfeg vlt`on, kod @g olt sure tfey fkve k bclse
eolunf blooebt`lo tl skt`sjy ge tfeyre st`cc Bkokd`ko. Tfey gky
fkve k pkssplrt tfkt skys tfey kre, hut `j tfeyre lut lj tfe
bluotry lo k twl- lr tfree-yekr blotrkbt dl`on slgetf`on, tfeo @
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
23/59
tf`om tfey kre `o k d`jjereot pls`t`lo. @ts tfe tegplrkry khseobe
jrlg Bkokdk tfkt pcekses ge tfe glst.
];12W Kdg`ttedcy, tfese bloberos were pr`gkr`cy d`rebted kt tfe suhiebt`ve
blooebt`los lj olo-res`deots hksed lo tfe`r molwcedne kod t`es tl Bkokdk.
Flwever, tfe lhiebt`ve blgploeot `s ko equkccy `gplrtkot pkrt lj tf`s blooebt`lokod wks `gpc`b`t `o tfe rkt`lokce uodercy`on tfe ckw. Tfe jlbus lo tf`s lhiebt`ve
blgploeot `o tf`s kppekc blucd he jk`rcy desbr`hed ks k perg`ss`hce sf`jt `o
egpfks`s9X. v. Hutcer, ];008W ; R.B.X. 458, kt p. 40:.
(`v) Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudnes bfkrkbter`zkt`lo lj tfe lhiebt`ve
];14W Tfe slb`kc blotrkbt lhiebt`ve lj prltebt`on k blrresplodeobe hetweeo tfe
r`nft tl ecebt ckwgkmers kod he`on requ`red tl lhey tfe ckw `s wecc supplrted hy
iur`sprudeobe. Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne kbmolwcedned tf`s krnugeot, wf`bf fe
desbr`hed ks tfe krnugeot tfkt res`deot Bkokd`kos c`ve fere kod kre, lo k dky-tl-
dky hks`s, suhiebt tl Bkokdks ckws kod c`ve w`tf tfe blosequeobes lj Qkrc`kgeots
deb`s`los. Fe d`d olt, flwever, `o gy respebtjuc v`ew, n`ve sujj`b`eot
blos`derkt`lo tl tfe okture lj Bkokd`ko pkrc`kgeotkry deglbrkby, tfe slb`kc
blotrkbt kod tfe rlce pckyed hy res`deobe `o hltf. Tf`s bkused f`g tl redube
res`deobe tl ko lrnko`z`on blobept kod tl lvercllm tfe cen`t`g`z`on ejjebt lj tfe
slb`kc blotrkbt.
];15W Blubfed ks `t wks `o tergs lj uojk`roess tl res`deot vlters, `t `s
uoderstkodkhce tfkt tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne d`sbluoted tfe krnugeot. Fe jlbused lo
jk`roess tl res`deot vlters kod tfe r`sms lj ecebtlrkc jrkud. @ostekd, fe g`nft fkvereblno`zed tfkt olo-res`deots kre neoerkccy olt suhiebt tl Bkokd`ko ckws kod dl
olt sfkre tfe skge b`t`zeosf`p lhc`nkt`los.
];1:W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne ject tfkt olo-res`deots c`ve w`tf tfe blosequeobes lj
tfe ckw hebkuse tfey v`s`t Bkokdk, fkve jkg`cy fere kod gky `o tfe juture he
kjjebted hy tfe ckws. Fe kcsl sk`d tfkt olo-res`deots gky he suhiebt tl Bkokdks
ckws eveo tflunf tfey gky olt he eojlrbed knk`ost tfeg. @o gy v`ew, tfese
blooebt`los kre teoulus. Ks k prkbt`bkc gktter, Bkokdk dles olt purplrt tl
cen`sckte extrk-terr`tlr`kccy `o glst bkses. Olr dles `t kttegpt tl eojlrbe `ts ckws
luts`de tfe bluotry. ^f`ce tfe resplodeots w`cc he suhiebt tl Bkokd`ko ckws wfeotfey blge tl Bkokdk, tfe skge `s true lj koy v`s`tlr. Lo k dky-tl-dky hks`s, tfe
resplodeots kre suhiebt tl ko krrky lj U.R. guo`b`pkc, stkte kod jederkc ckws tfkt
kjjebt every kspebt lj tfe`r c`ves. Tfe`r tkx dlcckrs kre d`rebted tl tfe supplrt lj
U.R. plc`b`es, prlnrkgs kod `ost`tut`los, olt Bkokd`ko loes. Tfey gky wecc fkve
ko `oterest `o Bkokd`ko plc`t`bs, hut tfe`r tkxes nl tl ^ksf`ontlo, olt Lttkwk.
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
24/59
];1>W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne sunnested tfkt tfe cln`b lj tfe kppecckots krnugeot
wlucd d`btkte tfkt kcc olo-res`deots sflucd he prlf`h`ted jrlg vlt`on. Tf`s
lvercllms tfe suhiebt`ve ecegeot lj tfe cen`sckt`lo. K sflrt-terg olo-res`deot wfl
deglostrktes ko `oteot tl returo tl Bkokdk kod tl tferehy vlcuotkr`cy suhiebt
f`g/fersecj tl tfe ckws `s eot`tced tl vlte.
(v) Blos`steot w`tf tfe nlkcs lj k jree kod deglbrkt`b slb`ety
];16W Hy streontfeo`on puhc`b bloj`deobe `o tfe ckws eokbted hy Qkrc`kgeot, tfe
cen`sckt`lo `s blos`steot w`tf tfe pr`ob`pces kod vkcues lj k jree kod deglbrkt`b
slb`ety.
];10W Tfe resplodeots sky tfkt tfe `gpunoed cen`sckt`lo `s k renress`ve step `o
c`nft lj Bkokdks f`stlry lj cekdersf`p `o tfe exteos`lo lj tfe jrkobf`se, hen`oo`on
w`tf tfe eojrkobf`segeot lj wlgeo, kod blot`ou`on w`tf tfe redubt`lo lj tfe
vlt`on kne jrlg 8; tl ;6, kod tfe reglvkc lj c`g`tkt`los lo tfe vlt`on r`nfts lj
iudnes, pr`sloers kod pelpce w`tf geotkc d`skh`c`t`es. Tfey sky tfe nlverogeot fks
`deot`j`ed ol prlhceg kddressed hy tfe cen`sckt`lo.
];;1W N`veo tfe f`stlry lj exteos`lo lj tfe jrkobf`se `o Bkokdk, kod tfe
eotreobfgeot lj tfe r`nft lj b`t`zeos tl vlte `o tfe Bfkrter, koy restr`bt`lo lj tfkt
r`nft gust he bkrejuccy sbrut`o`zed. Bkokdk fks evlcved kwky jrlg uoiust c`g`ts
lo tfe r`nft tl vlte hksed lo wekctf, neoder, lr rkbe. @t `s, flwever, blos`steot
w`tf tfe vkcues lj k jree kod deglbrkt`b slb`ety tl requ`re clon-terg res`deoby
ks k pre-blod`t`lo tl eoily`on tfe jucc plc`t`bkc r`nfts jclw`on jrlg b`t`zeosf`p. Ks
loe prljesslr lj plc`t`bkc sb`eobe olted (Bckud`l Cpez-Nuerrk, RflucdExpktr`ktes Zlte
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
25/59
(h) Qrlplrt`lokc`ty
];;8W Tf`s seblod stkne lj tfe Lkmestest, tfe prlplrt`lokc`ty kokcys`s, `ovlcves
tfree blos`derkt`los9 (`) wfetfer tfere `s k rkt`lokc blooebt`lo hetweeo tfe
`gpunoed cen`sckt`lo kod k blost`tut`lokccy vkc`d lhiebt`ve= (``) `j sl, wfetfer tfer`nft `s g`o`gkccy `gpk`red= kod (```) kt tfe j`okc hkckob`on stkne, wfetfer tfe
ckws skcutkry heoej`ts lutwe`nf `ts deceter`lus ejjebts.
];;2W @o gy v`ew, tfe prlplrt`lokc`ty kokcys`s turos lo wfetfer Qkrc`kgeot wks
eot`tced tl `gplse k gkx`gug per`ld lj olo-res`deoby ks k blod`t`lo lj
eot`tcegeot tl vlte. Cess `gplrtkot `s tfe pkrt`buckr per`ld lj t`ge `t bflse.
^fetfer j`ve yekrs `s ko kbbeptkhce per`ld lj khseobe kt wf`bf tl drkw tfe c`oe
jkccs tl he blos`dered kt tfe g`o`gkc `gpk`rgeot stkne kod olt tfe rkt`lokc
blooebt`lo stkne lj tfe kokcys`s.
(`) Xkt`lokc blooebt`lo
];;4W @oGluoted Qlc`be Ksslb`kt`lo, tfe gkilr`ty (per GbCkbfc`o B.I.
kod CeHec I.) lhserved kt pkrk. ;429
Tfe nlverogeot gust deglostrkte tfkt tfe `ojr`on`on geksure `s
rkt`lokccy blooebted tl `ts lhiebt`ve. Tf`s test `s "olt pkrt`buckrcy
loerlus" (C`ttce R`sters Hllm kod Krt Egplr`ug v. Bkokdk
(G`o`ster lj Iust`be), 8111 RBB :0, ]8111W 8 R.B.X. ;;81, kt
pkrk. 886=Fekctf Rerv`bes, kt pkrk. ;46). @t `s olt oebesskry tlestkhc`sf tfkt tfe geksure w`cc `oev`tkhcykbf`eve tfe
nlverogeot's lhiebt`ve. K rekslokhce `ojereobe tfkt tfe gekos
kdlpted hy tfe nlverogeot w`cc fecp hr`on khlut tfe lhiebt`ve
sujj`bes (Bkokdk (Kttlroey Neoerkc) v. IT@-Gkbdlokcd
Blrp.,811> RBB 21, ]811>W 8 R.B.X. :;1, kt pkrk. 41=Fekctf
Rerv`bes, kt pkrk. ;40). Tfe kssessgeot `s k gktter lj bkuskc
reckt`losf`p.
];;5W Tfe rkt`lokc blooebt`lo gust he estkhc`sfed hy ev`deobe lr hy rekslo kod
cln`b9XIX-GkbDlokcd, kt pkrks. ;52-;54. Ks @ w`cc expck`o heclw, @ j`od tfktBkokd`ko b`t`zeos wfl fkve heeo olo-res`deot jlr j`ve yekrs lr glre kre ckrnecy
olt nlveroed hy tfe Bkokd`ko cenkc systeg= tferejlre, exbcud`on tfeg jrlg tfe
jrkobf`se fecps tl streontfeo tfe slb`kc blotrkbt kod eofkobe tfe cen`t`gkby lj tfe
ckws.
];;:W Tfe kppecckot supplrts tfe rkt`lokc blooebt`lo hetweeo tfe cen`sckt`ve
lhiebt`ve kod tfe cen`sckt`lo hy jlur krnugeots9
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
26/59
! tfe slb`kc blotrkbt tfelry d`sbussed `o Rkuv #8=
! prlv`ob`kc kod terr`tlr`kc ecebtlrkc cen`sckt`lo=
! tfe ecebtlrkc ckws lj ltfer ^estg`oster deglbrkb`es= kod
! `oterokt`lokc iur`sprudeobe.
];;>W @ w`cc exkg`oe ekbf lj tfese.
Rkuv #8 kod tfe slb`kc blotrkbt
];;6W Ks @ fkve olted khlve, `o Rkuv #8, tfe Bf`ej Iust`be kjj`rged tfe v`tkc
syghlc`b, tfelret`bkc kod prkbt`bkc blooebt`lo hetweeo fkv`on k vl`be `o gkm`on
tfe ckw kod he`on lhc`ned tl lhey `t.
];;0W Tfe jluodkt`lo lj tfe nlverogeots lhiebt`ve `s oe`tfer oew olr
revlcut`lokry. @o Rkuv #8tfe Ruprege Blurt lj Bkokdk rejerred tl tfe wr`t`onslj Ilfo Rtukrt G`cc ks loe lj tfe slurbes lj deglbrkt`b tfelry. Rl tll were tfe
wlrms lj Ieko-Ikbques Xlusseku. @o Tfe Rlb`kc Blotrkbt, Xlusseku lhserved9
Tfe Qelpce, suhiebt tl tfe eokbtgeots lj ckw, gust he `ts kutflrs,
jlr `t heclons locy tl tflse wfl fkve blgh`oed tlnetfer tl lrder
tfe blod`t`los lj tfe`r slb`ety.]>W
];81W Blotegplrkry sbflckrs lo tfe suhiebt lj b`t`zeosf`p, res`deobe kod tfe r`nft
tl vlte fkve expressed s`g`ckr v`ews. Jlr exkgpce, Qrljesslr Qktt` Tkgkrk Ceokrd,
`o ko krt`bce eot`tced Xes`deobe kod tfe X`nft tl Zlte (81;5) ;:9; Ilurokc lj
@oterokt`lokc G`nrkt`lo kod @otenrkt`lo ;;0, gkmes tfe jlcclw`on lhservkt`lo ktpp. ;81 kod ;859
Kbblrd`on tl `dekc kbbluots lj deglbrkt`b tfelry, deglbrkt`b
stktes kre iust`j`ed hy tfe`r blgg`tgeot tl tfe equkc`ty lj kcc
tflse wfl kre suhiebt tl tfe`r ruce. Tf`s equkc`ty j`ods `ts beotrkc
express`lo `o b`t`zeos prltebted, equkc kbbess tl `ts blccebt`ve
deb`s`lo-gkm`on prlbedures.
]KWhseot k blgpecc`on expckokt`lotflse wfl kre lhc`nkted tl
kh`de hy stkte ckws, kod tflse wflse dk`cy c`ves kre sfkped hy
tfeg, fkve tfe r`nft tl pkrt`b`pkte `o secebt`on tflse wfl brekte
tfeg.
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
27/59
];8;W Tfe rkt`lokc blooebt`lo hetweeo tfe lhiebt`ve kod tfe cen`t`gkby lj tfe
ckws `s eclqueotcy bkptured `o tfe wlrds lj jlrger Bf`ej Iust`be lj tfe Lotkr`l
F`nf Blurt lj Iust`be Ikges B. GbXuer, jluod `o tfe Jlrewlrd tl I. Qktr`bm
Hlyer,Qlc`t`bkc X`nfts9 Tfe Cenkc Jrkgewlrm lj Ecebt`los `o Bkokdk,
(Tlrlotl9 Hutterwlrtfs, ;06;)9
R`obe pr`g`t`ve tr`hkc t`ges tfere fks heeo k sclw hut pers`steot
strunnce tl dej`oe kod renuckte tfe exerb`se lj plwer oebesskry
jlr tfe prltebt`lo kod wecjkre lj tflse wfl `o tfe`r lwo `oterest
gust c`ve `o slge jlrg lj ksslb`kt`lo. Tfe reblno`t`lo tfkt tfe
slurbe lj tfe plwer exerb`sed gust rest `o tflse kjjebted hy `ts
exerb`se fks heeo ko `dek lj blgpkrkt`vecy rebeot deveclpgeot `o
fugko f`stlry. @t `s k deglbrkt`b `dek.
Tfe nrlwtf lj deglbrkt`b `deks fks heeo sclw kod spksgld`b
kod eveo olw kjter elos lj f`stlry locy `o k blgpkrkt`vecy sgkccsengeot lj tfe wlrcds plpuckt`lo dl tfey prevk`c `o tfe blotrlc
lj tfe `oterokc kjjk`rs lj okt`los.
@t `s juodkgeotkc tl tfe deglbrkt`b `dek tfkt tfere he k slb`kc
kbmolwcednegeot tfkt olt locy gust tfe slurbe lj tfe plwer tl
nlvero c`e w`tf tflse suhiebt tl tfe plwer, hut tfey gust fkve k
r`nft tl dej`oe kod c`g`t `ts exerb`se.]Egpfks`s kdded.W
Ree kcsl Cpez-Nuerrk, kt 8249 Qkrt`b`pkt`lo `o k deglbrkt`b prlbess sflucd he
restr`bted tl tflse wfl w`cc he suhiebt tl tfe ruc`ons lj tfkt nlverogeot.
];88W @o Rkuv, k gkilr`ty lj tfe Ruprege Blurt jluod tfkt deoy`on peo`teot`kry
pr`sloers tfe r`nft tl vlte wks olt rkt`lokccy blooebted tl tfe stkted lhiebt`ves lj
eofkob`on respebt jlr tfe ckw kod `gpls`on cen`t`gkte puo`sfgeot. Tfe blurt fecd,
kt pkrks. 48-52, tfkt tfe jlrger wks k vkr`kot lo tfe uowlrtf`oess rkt`lokce kod
tfe cktter wks olt kbf`eved hy reglv`on tfe vlte. @ogktes regk`o suhiebt tl tfe
ckw eveo `j tfey bfllse olt tl lhey `t. Olo-res`deot b`t`zeos, lo tfe ltfer fkod, kre
neoerkccy ol cloner suhiebt tl Bkokd`ko ckw. Tfey fkve lpted lut lj tfe slb`kc
blotrkbt `o k wky tfkt `ogktes fkve olt. @t `s tfe lhc`nkt`lo tl lhey tfe ckw, olt
lhed`eobe tl tfe ckw, wf`bf ko`gktes tfe slb`kc blotrkbt.
Qrlv`ob`kc kod terr`tlr`kc cen`sckt`lo
];82W Xes`deobe `s k deterg`okot lj vlter ec`n`h`c`ty `o kcc prlv`obes kod
terr`tlr`es, w`tf glst requ`r`on k g`o`gug per`ld lj res`deobe. Tfe Rksmktbfewko
Blurt lj Kppekc, tfe Pumlo Terr`tlry Blurt lj Kppekc kod tfe Ouokvut Blurt lj
Iust`be fkve jluod k rkt`lokc blooebt`lo hetweeo tfese res`deobe requ`regeots kod
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
28/59
tfe jk`roess kod `otenr`ty lj tfe ecebtlrkc prlbess9 Rtlrey
v. Ykzeceobfum(;064), 2: Rksm.X. ;12 (B.K.)=Kokwkm v. Ouokvut (Bf`ej
Ecebtlrkc Ljj`ber), 8116 OUBI 8:, ;>8 K.B.^.R. (2d) 20;=Xe Pumlo Ecebt`lo
Xes`deoby Xequ`regeots(;06:), ; P.X. 82 (B.K.).
^estg`oster Deglbrkb`es
];84W Xes`deobe `s k requ`regeot lj tfe ecebtlrkc ckws lj tfe ltfer ^estg`oster
deglbrkb`es. Tfe U.M., Kustrkc`k kod Oew Yekckod c`g`t tfe vlt`on r`nfts lj olo-
res`deot b`t`zeos tl tflse tegplrkr`cy res`deot khrlkd, kche`t w`tf d`jjereot t`ge
c`g`ts ;5 yekrs `o tfe U.M., s`x yekrs `o Kustrkc`k kod tfree yekrs `o Oew
Yekckod9 seeXepreseotkt`lo lj tfe Qelpce Kbt ;065, (U.M.) ;065, b. 51, s. ;, ks
kgeoded hy s. ;4;(k) ljQlc`t`bkc Qkrt`es, Ecebt`los kod Xejereodugs Kbt 8111,
(U.M) 8111, b.4;= Blgglowekctf Ecebtlrkc Kbt ;0;6(Kus) Ol. 8>, ;0;6, ks
kgeoded, s. 04=Ecebtlrkc Kbt ;002, (O.Y.) ;002 Ol. 6>, s. 61. Tfe Oew Yekckod
t`ge c`g`t `s re-set `j tfe olo-res`deot returos tl tfe bluotry hetweeo khseobes.
@oterokt`lokc iur`sprudeobe
];85W Tfe kppecckot kcsl rejers tl `oterokt`lokc iur`sprudeobe, `obcud`on tfe
deb`s`los lj tfe Eurlpeko Blurt lj Fugko X`nfts `o Rf`odcer v. tfe Uo`ted
M`ondlg, Ol. ;0641/10, > Gky 81;2, kt p. 8>= kod F`che v. C`ebfteoste`o(deb.),
Ol. 2;06;/0:, ];000W Z@ E.B.F.X. 452, kt p. 450, hltf lj wf`bf kjj`rged tfe
`gplrtkobe lj c`g`t`on tfe r`nft tl vlte tl tflse wfl wlucd he glst d`rebtcy
kjjebted hy tfe ckw.
];8:W @oF`che, tfe blurt sk`d kt p. 4509
@o tfe preseot bkse tfe blurt blos`ders tfkt tfe res`deobe
requ`regeot wf`bf prlgpted tfe kppc`bkt`lo `s iust`j`ed lo
kbbluot lj tfe jlcclw`on jkbtlrs9 j`rstcy, tfe kssugpt`lo tfkt k
olo-res`deot b`t`zeo `s cess d`rebtcy lr cess blot`oukccy bloberoed
w`tf f`s bluotrys dky-tl-dky prlhcegs kod fks cess molwcedne
lj tfeg= seblodcy, tfe jkbt tfkt `t `s `gprkbt`bkhce jlr tfe
pkrc`kgeotkry bkod`dktes tl preseot tfe d`jjereot ecebtlrkc `ssuestl b`t`zeos khrlkd kod tfkt olo-res`deot b`t`zeos fkve ol
`ojcueobe lo tfe secebt`lo lj bkod`dktes lr lo tfe jlrguckt`lo lj
tfe`r ecebtlrkc prlnrkgges= tf`rdcy, tfe bclse blooebt`lo hetweeo
tfe r`nft tl vlte `o pkrc`kgeotkry ecebt`los kod tfe jkbt lj he`on
d`rebtcy kjjebted hy tfe kbts lj tfe plc`t`bkc hld`es sl ecebted=
kod, jlurtfcy, tfe cen`t`gkte blobero tfe cen`sckture gky fkve tl
c`g`t tfe `ojcueobe lj b`t`zeos c`v`on khrlkd `o ecebt`los lo `ssues
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
29/59
wf`bf, wf`ce kdg`ttedcy juodkgeotkc, pr`gkr`cy kjjebt perslos
c`v`on `o tfe bluotry. ]Egpfks`s kdded.W
];8>W @o Rf`odcertfe blurt sk`d, kt pkrk. ;1>, tfkt `t wks skt`sj`ed tfkt tfe
cen`sckt`lo pursues tfe cen`t`gkte k`g lj bloj`o`on tfe pkrc`kgeotkry jrkobf`se tl
tflse b`t`zeos w`tf k bclse blooebt`lo w`tf tfe Uo`ted M`ondlg kod wfl wlucdtferejlre he glst d`rebtcy kjjebted hy `ts ckws.
];86W Tfe resplodeots d`st`onu`sf tfe prlv`ob`kc vlt`on bkses kod tfe deb`s`los lj
tfe Eurlpeko Blurt lj Fugko X`nfts. Tfese deb`s`los kre `odeed d`st`onu`sfkhce,
hut tfey oevertfecess kjj`rg tfe `oterest lj tfe plc`ty `o c`g`t`on eojrkobf`segeot
tl `ts res`deots.
];80W Tfe kutflr`t`es, prlv`ob`kc kod `oterokt`lokc, prlv`de strlon supplrt jlr tfe
cln`bkc blooebt`lo hetweeo c`g`ts lo olo-res`deot vlt`on kod tfe cen`t`gkby kod
jk`roess lj tfe ecebtlrkc systeg.
Kppc`bkt`lo tl tfe bkse kt fkod
];21W @o gy v`ew, tfe jlbus lj tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudnes kokcys`s wks g`sd`rebted
hy tfe nlverogeots kssert`lo tfkt clon-terg olo-res`deots dl olt fkve tfe skge
blooebt`lo tl Bkokdk ks res`deots. Tf`s bkused tfe dehkte tl he bkst ks wfetfer
olo-res`deot b`t`zeos were wlrtfy lj tfe vlte, blgpkr`on `t tl tfe trektgeot lj
br`g`okcs d`sbussed `o Rkuv #8. Ks k resuct, fe lvercllmed Bkokdks deglbrkt`b
trkd`t`lo kod tfe `gplrtkobe lj tfe slb`kc blotrkbt hetweeo Bkokdks ecebtlrkte
kod Qkrc`kgeot. Tf`s, `o turo, tk`oted tfe prlplrt`lokc`ty kokcys`s. Ks tfe RupregeBlurt olted `o Tlrlotl Ruo Oewspkpers Ctd. v. Bkokdk, 81;1 RBB 8;, ]81;1W ;
R.B.X. >8;, kt pkrk. 81, ]KWcc steps lj tfe Lkmes test kre preg`sed lo k prlper
`deot`j`bkt`lo lj tfe lhiebt`ve lj tfe `gpunoed geksure. Ks @ w`cc expck`o, tfe
g`sbfkrkbter`zkt`lo lj tfe lhiebt`ve lj tfe geksure smewed tfe rkt`lokc blooebt`lo
kokcys`s hebkuse tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne trekted tfe cen`sckt`lo ks debckr`on clon-
terg olo-res`deots tl he uowlrtfy.
];2;W Tfe kppecckots gk`o krnugeot `s olt tfkt cloner-terg olo-res`deots ckbm k
seose lj blgg`tgeot tl Bkokdk. Xktfer, tfe cen`sckt`ve lhiebt`ve `s tl gk`otk`o tfe
blooebt`lo hetweeo tfe vlters, tfe ckwgkmers kod tfe ckws. Olo-res`deots kre oltd`rebtcy nlveroed hy Bkokd`ko ckws. Lobe k b`t`zeos olo-res`deobe heblges
clon-terg rktfer tfko tegplrkry, `t `s rekslokhce jlr tfe nlverogeot tl pckbe c`g`ts
lo tfkt b`t`zeos eot`tcegeot tl vlte. Tfkt c`g`t `s `gplrtkot, hut olt hebkuse tfe
cloner-terg olo-res`deot `s uowlrtfy due tl k ckbm lj eonknegeot `o Bkokd`ko
kjjk`rs. @t `s hebkuse tfe cloner-terg olo-res`deot fks vlcuotkr`cy w`tfdrkwo jrlg
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
30/59
tfe slb`kc blotrkbt kod fks suhg`tted f`g/fersecj tl koltfer plc`t`bkc kod cenkc
lrder.
];28W Twl lj tfe `oterveoers, tfe HBBCK kod BBCK, krnued tfkt Qkrc`kgeot fks
iur`sd`bt`lo tl pkss glre extrk-terr`tlr`kc ckws tfko `t dles, kod bko plteot`kccy
fkve k nrekter `gpkbt lo olo-res`deots. Tfey krnued tfkt tfe redubed lhc`nkt`loslj olo-res`deot b`t`zeos kre ks gubf k bfl`be lj Qkrc`kgeot ks tfe bfl`be lj olo-
res`deots.
];22W ^f`ce Qkrc`kgeot fks tfe plwer tl gkme ckws fkv`on extrk-terr`tlr`kc
kppc`bkt`lo, tfere `s k presugpt`lo knk`ost extrk-terr`tlr`kc kppc`bkt`lo lj tfe
ckw.]6WGlrelver, Bkokdk exerb`ses restrk`ot hy olt purplrt`on tl cen`sckte extrk-
terr`tlr`kccy lut lj respebt jlr tfe slvere`noty lj jlre`no stktes kod hebkuse subf
ckws wlucd he ckrnecy uoeojlrbekhce.
];24W @oGlrnukrd @ovestgeots Ctd. v. De Rkvlye, ];001W 2 R.B.X. ;1>>, CkJlrest I. reblno`zed tf`s cen`sckt`ve restrk`ot, kt p. ;1059
]@t `sW loe lj tfe hks`b teoets lj `oterokt`lokc ckw, tfkt slvere`no
stktes fkve exbcus`ve iur`sd`bt`lo `o tfe`r lwo terr`tlry. Ks k
bloblg`tkot tl tf`s, stktes kre fes`tkot tl exerb`se iur`sd`bt`lo
lver gktters tfkt gky tkme pckbe `o tfe terr`tlry lj ltfer
stktes. Iur`sd`bt`lo he`on terr`tlr`kc, `t jlcclws tfkt k stkte's ckw
fks ol h`od`on ejjebt luts`de `ts iur`sd`bt`lo.
];25W R`g`ckrcy, `oX. v. Fkpe, CeHec I. olted tfe stktes c`g`ted kutflr`ty lver `ts
jlre`no okt`lokcs, kt pkrk. :19
Uoder `oterokt`lokc ckw, k stkte gky renuckte kod kdiud`bkte
renkrd`on kbt`los blgg`tted hy `ts okt`lokcs `o ltfer bluotr`es,
prlv`ded eojlrbegeot lj tfe ruces tkmes pckbe wfeo tflse
okt`lokcs kre w`tf`o tfe stkte's lwo hlrders. ^feo k stkte's
okt`lokcs kre pfys`bkccy clbkted `o tfe terr`tlry lj koltfer stkte,
`ts kutflr`ty lver tfeg `s str`btcy c`g`ted.]Egpfks`s kdded.W
];2:W Fe tfeo lhserved, kt pkrk. :09
R`gpcy put, Bkokd`ko ckw, wfetfer stktutlry lr blost`tut`lokc,
bkoolt he eojlrbed `o koltfer stktes terr`tlry w`tflut tfe ltfer
stktes bloseot.
];2>W K stktegeot tl k s`g`ckr ejjebt `s jluod `o Ilfo F. Burr`e,Quhc`b
@oterokt`lokc Ckw, 8od ed. (Tlrlotl9 @rw`o Ckw, 8116) kt p. 2259
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
31/59
Rtktes he`on `o esseobe terr`tlr`kccy-dej`oed eot`t`es, tfe stkrt`on
pl`ot jlr tfe`r eojlrbegeot iur`sd`bt`lo `s okturkccy terr`tlr`kc. @o
ltfer wlrds, `t `s k stkrt`on presugpt`lo `o `oterokt`lokc ckw tfkt,
w`tf`o `ts hlrders, k stkte `s slvere`no kod jree tl exerb`se pceokry
eojlrbegeot iur`sd`bt`lo w`tf respebt tl perslos kod prlperty
s`tukted w`tf`o tflse hlrders. Tfe oebesskry blrlcckry lj tf`spresugpt`lo, wf`bf `s hksed lo terr`tlr`kc slvere`noty, `s tfkt tfe
eojlrbegeot iur`sd`bt`lo lj k stkte `s `o jkbt c`g`tedtl `ts terr`tlry
khseot slge speb`kc ruce lj `oterokt`lokc ckw lr ltfer hks`s
perg`tt`on tfe exerb`se lj subf iur`sd`bt`lo khrlkd. Ltferw`se, k
stkte exerb`s`on eojlrbegeot iur`sd`bt`lo `o tfe terr`tlry lj
koltfer stkte wlucd oebesskr`cy he v`lckt`on tfe exbcus`ve
iur`sd`bt`lo lj tfkt stkte lver kcc eojlrbegeot geksures w`tf`o `ts
terr`tlry. ]@tkc`bs `o lr`n`okc= uoderc`oed egpfks`s kdded.W
];26W Tfe trutf `s tfkt glst lj Bkokdks ckws fkve c`ttce prkbt`bkc `gpkbt lo olo-res`deot b`t`zeos. ^f`ce tfere kre uoquest`lokhcy slge Bkokd`ko ckws tfkt kre
expresscy `oteoded tl kppcy extrk-terr`tlr`kccy, tfese kre, equkccy uoquest`lokhcy,
tfe exbept`los.]0W
];20W Tfe skge `s true lj tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudnes sunnest`lo tfkt olo-res`deot
b`t`zeos kre suhiebt tl Bkokd`ko ckws. ^f`ce tfe `oterests lj olo-res`deot
b`t`zeos gky he kjjebted hy bertk`o Bkokd`ko ckws, glst Bkokd`ko ckws fkve ol
`gpkbt lo tfeg uocess kod uot`c tfey blge `otl tfe bluotry. Tfey kre
oltnlveroedhy Bkokdks cenkc ren`ge `o tfe skge wky ks res`deots. Cpez-Nuerrk
gkmes tf`s pl`ot kt pp. 828-229
^f`ce expktr`ktes blucd blgpcy w`tf tkxkt`lo kod blosbr`pt`lo
ckws tl slge exteot, tfey bkoolt he suhiebt tl tfe eot`re cenkc
systeg `o tfe skge tergs ks tflse res`d`on w`tf`o tfe bluotry.
@od`v`dukcs kre nlveroed hy tfe eot`re cenkc systeg locy wfeo
tfey c`ve uoder tfe iur`sd`bt`lo lj tfe stkte, kod locy tfeo sflucd
tfey fkve tfe r`nft tl ecebt represeotkt`ves eot`tced tl d`sbuss kod
vlte lo every `ssue.
];41W @o gy v`ew, tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne uoderstkted tfe s`no`j`bkobe lj res`deobe
`o lur ecebtlrkc systeg. Xes`deobe `s olt gerecy k gebfko`sg jlr renuckt`on tfe
vlt`on prlbess, ks fe stkted kt pkrk. 65 lj f`s rekslos. Olr `s `t s`gpcy ko
lrnko`z`on pr`ob`pce ks tfe resplodeots bloteod. Xes`deobe lj tfe ecebtlr, e`tfer
`o Bkokdk, lr tegplrkr`cy res`deot luts`de Bkokdk w`tf ko `oteot`lo tl returo,
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
32/59
prlv`des tfe suhiebt`ve kod lhiebt`ve blooebt`lo hetweeo tfe ecebtlrkte kod
ckwgkmers.
];4;W Tfere `s, tferejlre, k rkt`lokc blooebt`lo hetweeo tfe gk`oteokobe lj tfe
slb`kc blotrkbt `o k blost`tueoby-hksed systeg lj represeotkt`lo kod k c`g`t lo tfe
r`nfts lj clon-terg olo-res`deot Bkokd`kos tl vlte. Tfe durkt`lo lj k b`t`zeosburreot khseobe `s k rekslokhce gekos hy wf`bf tl d`jjereot`kte hetweeo
tegplrkry olo-res`deots kod cloner-terg olo-res`deots wfl fkve vlcuotkr`cy
reglved tfegsecves jrlg tfe slb`kc blotrkbt.
];48W Tfe resplodeots krnugeot tfkt ]tWfere `s ol rkt`lokc blooebt`lo hetweeo
j`ve yekrs kod tfe kccened slb`kc blotrkbt blojcktes tfe j`rst twl stknes lj tfe
prlplrt`lokc`ty test. ^fetfer j`ve yekrs `s k rekslokhce durkt`lo lj khseobe jrlg
Bkokdk kt wf`bf tl drkw tfe c`oe `s prlpercy blos`dered uoder tfe g`o`gkc
`gpk`rgeot plrt`lo lj tfe kokcys`s.
];42W @ dl olt renkrd tfe exegpt`lo lj g`c`tkry perslooec, puhc`b servkots plsted
khrlkd kod egpclyees lj `oterokt`lokc lrnko`zkt`los ks `oblos`steot w`tf tf`s
rkt`lokc blooebt`lo. Olr dl @ kbbept tfe sunnest`lo tfkt, ks k gktter lj cln`b, tfese
b`t`zeos sflucd kcsl he suhiebt tl k j`ve-yekr c`g`t. Uoc`me tfe resplodeots, tfese
b`t`zeos fkve olt vlcuotkr`cy severed tfe`r blooebt`los w`tf Bkokdk `o tfe pursu`t
lj tfe`r lwo c`vec`fllds tfey fkve dloe sl `o tfe serv`be lj tfe`r bluotry. Tf`s
serv`be tl tfe bluotry `s `ts lwo uo`que jlrg lj blooebt`lo tl Bkokdk,
oltw`tfstkod`on tfe`r pfys`bkc khseobe. @t `s kcsl s`no`j`bkot tfkt g`c`tkry perslooec
gky he tr`ed jlr br`g`okc ljjeobes blgg`tted luts`de Bkokdk hy v`rtue lj s. :> lj
tfeOkt`lokc Dejeobe Kbt, X.R.B. ;065, b. O-5, kod s`g`ckrcy, ko ljjeobe
blgg`tted hy jederkc puhc`b serv`be egpclyees plsted khrlkd gky he deeged tl
fkve heeo blgg`tted `o Bkokdk hy v`rtue lj s. >(4) lj tfe Br`g`okc Blde.
(``) G`o`gkc `gpk`rgeot
];44W @ olw blos`der wfetfer tfe gekos used `gpk`r tfe prltebted r`nft ks
g`o`gkccy ks rekslokhcy plss`hce. @ dl olt j`od `t oebesskry tl blos`der tfe
resplodeots krnugeot tfkt tfe `gpk`rgeot lj tfe r`nft `s lvercy drkst`b. Tfkt
krnugeot wks preg`sed lo tfe `dek tfkt tfe kdg`o`strkt`ve `obloveo`eobe lj
vlt`on khrlkd wks hkrr`er eolunf tl prlve tfkt tfkt tflse wfl vlted jrlg khrlkdfkd k strlon blooebt`lo tl Bkokdk. Flwever, tf`s kppekc `s olt he`on deb`ded lo
tfe hks`s lj tfe denree lj eonknegeot w`tf Bkokdk, kod tferejlre wlrtf`oess tl
vlte, lj olo-res`deot b`t`zeos. Tfe `ssue `s olt wfetfer tfere `s k cess `otrus`ve
denree lj `gpk`rgeot lj ko `od`v`dukcs r`nft tl vlte. B`t`zeos kre e`tfer kcclwed
tl vlte lr olt= tfere kre ol denrees lj vlt`on. Tferejlre, wfetfer tfe gekos used
g`o`gkccy `gpk`r tfe r`nft turos lo wfetfer j`ve yekrs `s k rekslokhce but-ljj.
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
33/59
];45W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne fecd tfkt tfe gekos used d`d olt g`o`gkccy `gpk`r
vlt`on r`nfts lj olo-res`deot b`t`zeos, hebkuse tfe j`ve-yekr c`g`tkt`lo kod tfe
requ`regeot tfkt tfe vlter `oteoded tl returo tl Bkokdk were lvercy hrlkd. Fe
reksloed tfkt tfe ckw exbcuded wecc-`ojlrged olo-res`deot b`t`zeos c`me tfe
kppc`bkots, hut kcclwed res`deot ecebtlrs, wfl g`nft he uo`ojlrged kod
d`s`oterested, tl vlte.
];4:W Fe ksmed wfetfer tfe j`ve-yekr c`g`t wks k rekslokhce gekos lj sepkrkt`on
tfe `ojlrged jrlg tfe uo`ojlrged, kod blobcuded tfkt `t wks olt. Ks `o tfe
rkt`lokc blooebt`lo kokcys`s, fe jlbused lo wfetfer tfe `od`v`dukc vlter wks
wlrtfy lj he`on eojrkobf`sed, blobcud`on tfkt tfe Rkuvpr`ob`pces knk`ost uojk`r
d`seojrkobf`segeot kppc`ed.
];4>W @ knree tfkt wfetfer slgeloe fks heeo kwky jrlg Bkokdk jlr glre tfko
j`ve yekrs dles olt fkve k d`rebt blrreckt`lo w`tf f`s lr fer plc`t`bkc molwcedne=
flwever, tfe j`ve-yekr c`g`t `s olt k j`cter jlr plc`t`bkc molwcedne. Xktfer, tfedurkt`lo lj khseobe `s k gekos hy wf`bf tl deterg`oe wfetfer tfe b`t`zeo `s
tegplrkr`cy kwky jrlg Bkokdk lr olt.
];46W Tfere wks ev`deobe hejlre tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne tfkt Bkokdk `s loe lj k
g`olr`ty lj Blgglowekctf bluotr`es tfkt prlv`de koygebfko`sg tl perg`t olo-
res`deots tl vlte. Gkoy dl olt kcclw `t kt kcc. Kcc tfe ^estg`oster deglbrkb`es
restr`bt olo-res`deot vlt`on.
];40W Koy pkrt`buckr t`ge c`g`t jlr k b`t`zeos khseobe jrlg tfe bluotry `s hluod
tl `ovlcve ko exerb`se lj iudngeot. @j tfe sebt`lo kcclwed jlr vlt`on kjter k cloner
per`ld lj khseobe jrlg Bkokdk, `t g`nft kbblggldkte glre pelpce, hut `t wlucd
olt oebesskr`cy `gpk`r tfe r`nfts lj olo-res`deot b`t`zeos koy cess. Tfe skge
blgpet`on r`nfts kod pr`ob`pces wlucd regk`o `o pcky. Koy but-ljj pl`ot w`cc
prldube slge krh`trkr`oess kt `ts hluodkr`es, hut `j `t `s k pr`ob`pced ruce `t `s
bkpkhce lj blost`tut`on k rekslokhce c`g`t.
];51W Qkrc`kgeot blucd fkve bflseo k per`ld cloner tfko j`ve yekrs, kod tfe
reblrd wks tf`o ks tl tfe rkt`lokce jlr eokbt`on k j`ve-yekr, ks lpplsed tl slge
ltfer, t`ge c`g`t. Tfe blrresplod`on c`g`t `o tfe Uo`ted M`ondlg wks ko khseobe
lj ;5 yekrs, jlr exkgpce. Flwever, tfe nlverogeot d`d prlv`de rkt`lokces jlr
us`on k per`ld lj cess tfko j`ve yekrs ks k geksure lj tegplrkry res`deobe.
];5;W J`ve yekrs `s tfe gkx`gug c`je lj k Qkrc`kgeot. Tfus, tfe ren`ge perg`ts k
b`t`zeo tl he kwky jlr k jucc ecebtlrkc bybce kod st`cc gk`otk`o tfe r`nft tl vlte. K
b`t`zeo wfl returos tl res`de `o Bkokdk w`tf`o tfe ecebtlrkc bybce w`cc heblge
suhiebt tl tfe ckws lj tfe nlverogeot fe lr sfe pkrt`b`pkted `o ecebt`on. Tfe
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
34/59
durkt`lo lj k terg lj ko ecebted ljj`b`kc fks heeo pl`oted tl ks k rekslokhce
stkodkrd hy wf`bf tl bfllse ko kpprlpr`kte t`ge c`g`t9 Cpez-Nuerrk, kt p. 88:.
];58W J`ve yekrs `s neoerkccy eolunf t`ge tl blgpcete k uo`vers`ty denree, k
blgglo rekslo jlr Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos tl speod t`ge khrlkd.
];52W @o blos`der`on wfetfer tfe bflseo c`g`t `s g`o`gkccy `gpk`r`on, `t `s lj
slge kss`stkobe tl blos`der tfe reblrd w`tf respebt tl tfe prkbt`bes `o ltfer
bluotr`es. Tfe jkbt tfkt Bkokdk bflse tl drkw tfe c`oe jlr exterokc vlt`on kt k
ceontf lj t`ge w`tf`o tfe rkone lj tfkt drkwo `o twl s`g`ckr iur`sd`bt`los (s`x yekrs
`o Kustrkc`k kod tfree yekrs `o Oew Yekckod) `s slge ev`deobe tfkt j`ve yekrs `s
w`tf`o tfe rekcg lj rekslokhce plc`by bfl`bes tfkt were kvk`ckhce tl Qkrc`kgeot tl
gkme.
];54W Tfe Ruprege Blurt `o Rkuv #8 (kt pkrks. ;2-;4) fecd tfkt k str`oneot
iust`j`bkt`lo stkodkrd gust he kppc`ed tl k c`g`tkt`lo lo k blre deglbrkt`b r`nft.^f`ce tf`s g`nft okrrlw tfe rkone lj rekslokhce lpt`los jrlg wf`bf Qkrc`kgeot
gky bfllse, `t bkoolt geko tfkt tfe blurts kre eot`tced tl brkjt tfe`r lwo plc`by
`dekcs tl repckbe tflse bflseo hy Qkrc`kgeot. @t kcsl bkoolt geko tfkt blurts gky
blos`der kcterokt`ves kt tfe g`o`gkc `gpk`rgeot stkne tfkt dl olt kbf`eve tfe
nlverogeots lhiebt`ve9Kchertk v. Futter`ko Hretfreo lj ^`cslo Blcloy, 8110
RBB 2>, ]8110W 8 R.B.X. 5:>, kt pkrk. 54. @j tfe nlverogeot fkd drkwo tfe c`oe jlr
olo-res`deot vlt`on kt teo lr ;5 yekrs sl ks tl `ojr`one tfe s. 2 r`nfts lj jewer
b`t`zeos, `ts kh`c`ty tl streontfeo tfe blooebt`lo hetweeo tflse wfl gkme tfe ckws
kod tflse wfl kre nlveroed hy tfe ckws wlucd d`g`o`sf. Hebkuse j`ve yekrs jkccs
w`tf`o tfe rekslokhce rkone lj plc`by bfl`bes ks tfe pl`ot kt wf`bf tl d`jjereot`kte
hetweeo tegplrkry olo-res`deots kod cloner-terg olo-res`deots wfl fkve
vlcuotkr`cy reglved tfegsecves jrlg tfe slb`kc blotrkbt, tfe gekos bflseo were
g`o`gkccy `gpk`r`on.
(```) J`okc hkckob`on
];55W Eveo `j tfe j`rst twl requ`regeots lj tfe prlplrt`lokc`ty test kre get, tfe
ejjebts lj tfe geksures kdlpted lo tfe perslos wflse r`nfts kre c`g`ted gust he
prlplrt`lokc tl tfe heoej`ts lj tfe press`on kod suhstkot`kc lhiebt`ve served hy tfe
c`g`tkt`lo. Hy dej`o`t`lo `o k s. ; kokcys`s, tfe ejjebt lj tfe `gpunoed ckw w`cc hetl c`g`t Bfkrterr`nfts. Tfe blurts gust cllm heylod tf`s tl kssess tfe sever`ty lj
tfe deceter`lus ejjebts lj tfe ckw. Tfe glre severe tfe ejjebts, tfe glre `gplrtkot
tfe cen`sckt`ve lhiebt`ve gust he9 Lkmes, kt p. ;41.
];5:W @o tf`s bkse, tfe skcutkry ejjebts lj tfe cen`sckt`lo kre tfe slc`d`j`bkt`lo lj
tfe hlod hetweeo tfe ecebtlrkte kod tfe ecebted. Tfe represeotkt`ve okture lj lur
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
35/59
nlverogeot `s k blre deglbrkt`b pr`ob`pce. Tfe cen`t`gkby lj ecebted
represeotkt`ves `s streontfeoed hy tfe jkbt tfkt tfey kre ecebted hy, kod kre
koswerkhce tl, tflse wfl c`ve `o tfe iur`sd`bt`lo.
];5>W Tfe deceter`lus ejjebts kre geksured. Tfere `s ol lutr`nft hko lo olo-
res`deot vlt`on. @o jkbt, tfe `gpunoed sebt`los eokbted tfe j`rst prlv`s`los tfktgkde vlt`on neoerkccy kvk`ckhce tl olo-res`deot b`v`c`kos. Tfe r`nft tl vlte `s locy
deo`ed tl tflse wfl w`tfdrkw jrlg tfe slb`kc blotrkbt hy cekv`on Bkokdk lo k
clon-terg hks`s. @o sl dl`on, tfey bekse tl he suhiebt tl glst Bkokd`ko ckw kod
tferehy rec`oqu`sf tfe`r r`nft tl k vl`be `o tfkt ckw. Tfe vlters r`nfts kre olt
str`pped= olr kre tfey pergkoeotcy deo`ed. Tfe`r bfl`be `s revers`hce kod, ks
Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos, tfey kre jree tl returo tl Bkokdk kt koy t`ge kod regk`o
w`tflut restr`bt`lo. Tfey kre eot`tced tl vlte ks sllo ks tfey returo tl res`de `o
Bkokdk.
];56W Tfe `oterveoer BBCK krnued tfkt `o tf`s j`okc hkckob`on prlbess tfe blurtsflucd blos`der Bfkrtervkcues, kod `o pkrt`buckr tfe vkcue lj equkc`ty. @ts
suhg`ss`lo wks olt tfkt tfe blurt sflucd eghkrm lo k jucc-hclwo s.
;5 Bfkrterkokcys`s, hut tfkt tfe blurt sflucd he g`odjuc lj equkc`ty pr`ob`pces kod
olt brekte k bckss lj seblod bckss b`t`zeos, okgecy clon-terg olo-res`deot vlters.
@ kg olt persukded tfkt tfe prlplsed kokcys`s `s bkcced jlr `o every bkse.
];50W @o `ts prlplrt`lokc`ty kokcys`s, tfe blurt gust blgpkre tfe fkrg wf`bf
gky he preveoted w`tf tfe fkrg lj tfe `ojr`onegeot `tsecj9 Tflgslo Oewspkpers
Bl. (b.l.h. Nclhe kod Gk`c) v. Bkokdk (Kttlroey Neoerkc), ];006W ; R.B.X. 6>>, kt
pkrk. ;85. ^f`ce `o slge bkses tfe fkrg lj tfe `ojr`onegeot g`nft `obcude ko
kspebt lj d`sbr`g`okt`lo, tfkt `s olt sl `o tfe bkse hejlre us. Olo-res`deot vlters
kre olt trekted d`jjereotcy hebkuse tfey kre cess wlrtfy lj tfe vlte. Tfe cen`t`gkte
rekslos jlr tfe`r d`jjereot`kc trektgeot kre set lut khlve. @ kg lj tfe v`ew tfkt tfe
skcutkry ejjebts lutwe`nf tfe cen`sckt`los deceter`lus ejjebts.
J. BLOBCUR@LO
];:1W Tfe `gpunoed prlv`s`los v`lckte s. 2 lj tfe Bfkrter, hut @ j`od tfkt tfey kre
skved hy s. ;. @ wlucd kcclw tfe kppekc kod set ks`de tfe lrder lj tfe kppc`bkt`lo
iudne.
N.X. Rtrktfy B.I.L.
@ knree D.G. Hrlwo I.K.
-
7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni
36/59
Cksm`o I.K. (D`sseot`on)9
K. Lverv`ew
];:;W Rebt`lo 2 lj tfe Bkokd`ko Bfkrter lj X`nfts lj Jreedlgsnukrkotees everyBkokd`ko b`t`zeo tfe r`nft tl vlte `o k jederkc lr prlv`ob`kc ecebt`lo. Tfe jrkgers
lj tfe Bfkrterblos`dered tf`s r`nft sl `gplrtkot tfkt tfey d`d olt kcclw
Qkrc`kgeot lr k prlv`ob`kc cen`sckture tl lverr`de `t. R`obe tfe eokbtgeot lj
tfe Bfkrter, lur blurts fkve `ovkc`dkted jederkc cen`sckt`lo wf`bf, desp`te s. 2, fkd
depr`ved nrlups lj Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos lj tfe r`nft tl vlte perslos w`tf geotkc
d`skh`c`t`es, pr`sloers, eveo iudnes. Tfe preseot bkse rk`ses tfe blost`tut`lokc`ty lj
tfe ckst s`no`j`bkot p`ebe lj jederkc cen`sckt`lo deoy`on tfe r`nft tl vlte tl k nrlup
lj Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos. Tfkt nrlup blgpr`ses slge, hut olt kcc, Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos
wfl fkve c`ved luts`de Bkokdk jlr glre tfko j`ve yekrs.
];:8W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne, Qeooy I., strubm dlwo tf`s cen`sckt`lo. Fe jluod tfkt
`t hrekbfed s. 2 lj tfe Bfkrterkod tfkt tfe nlverogeot fkd olt iust`j`ed tfe hrekbf
uoder s. ;. Gy blcceknues kbbept tfkt tf`s cen`sckt`lo, wf`bf prebcudes tfe twl
resplodeots kod lver loe g`cc`lo ltfer Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos jrlg vlt`on `o k jederkc
ecebt`lo, hrekbfes s. 2. Hut tfey fkve blobcuded tfkt tfe hrekbf `s deglostrkhcy
iust`j`ed uoder s. ; lj tfe Bfkrter.
];:2W @ d`sknree. @ostekd, @ knree w`tf Qeooy I.s iudngeot, wf`bf @ blos`der tl he
k tflrlunf kod wecc-reksloed kokcys`s lj tfe `ssues uoder ss. 2 kod ; lj
tfe Bfkrter. Tferejlre, `o tf`s d`sseot, @ w`cc jlbus locy lo tfe oew krnugeots put
jlrwkrd hy Rtrktfy B.I.L. tl iust`jy tkm`on kwky tfe resplodeots r`nft tl vlte.
];:4W Rtrktfy B.I.L. blobcudes tfkt tfe hrekbf lj s. 2 lj tfe Bfkrter bko he
iust`j`ed hy tfe press`on kod suhstkot`kc lhiebt`ve lj preserv`on tfe slb`kc
blotrkbt kt tfe fekrt lj Bkokdks systeg lj blost`tut`lokc deglbrkby. @o gy
blcceknues lp`o`lo, tf`s slb`kc blotrkbt `s jluoded lo k blooebt`lo hetweeo k
b`t`zeos r`nft tl ecebt lur ckwgkmers kod lur b`t`zeos lhc`nkt`lo tl lhey tfe ckw.
Fe kbmolwcednes tfkt tfe Kttlroey Neoerkc d`d olt expresscy `ovlme tfe slb`kc
blotrkbt hejlre tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne. Oloetfecess fe skys tfkt tfe kppc`bkt`lo
iudne lvercllmed lr d`d olt n`ve sujj`b`eot blos`derkt`lo tl tf`s press`on
lhiebt`ve ko lhie