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March 9, 2020
Honorable XX
Office Building
Washington, D.C.
Dear Senator or Representative X:
The National Barley Improvement Committee (NBIC) represents the US
barley community of growers; researchers; malting, brewing, distilling, and
food end-users; and allied industries (Tab D).
Barley production, and the manufacture and sale of value-added barley
products (malt, beer, distilled products, food, livestock, fish & biofuels)
have a significant impact on the US economy (Tab A).
* $685 Million/Year Crop * 64% Used in Beer *27% Feed * 4% Food * 3% Whiskey * 2% Seed
>Critical and primary raw material for beer (NO BARLEY = NO BEER)
* $328 Billion/year brewing industry business activity
* 2.2 Million jobs
* $59 Billion business, personal, consumption taxes
Large US brewers, maltsters, and distillers make a
significant contribution to the economy and employ a
substantial workforce. The rapidly growing craft brewing,
malting, and distilling industries are providing a substantial
additional boost to the US economy through expansions and
start-ups, with considerable capital & operating
expenditures and new employment. There are now over
8,000 breweries, with 2 net openings per day; 142 malt
plants operating or under construction; and 823 whiskey
distillers in the US. Many of these are small businesses,
without the resources to invest in barley research and are dependent on public sector research
programs to meet their needs.
Federal investment in barley research is needed to keep barley a viable option for US growers
and to maintain and enhance value-added job generating enterprises in the US.
> Barley is a non-GM, primarily public sector crop, with most barley research and
development at state universities and USDA-ARS facilities.
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86
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1998
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US Barley AcreageMillions of Acres
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> There is little interest by biotechnology seed companies in barley research & variety
development. Low acreage = limited seed sale potential
> Barley is facing stiff competition from corn, soybeans, and other crops that are receiving
substantial private and public-sector investment, including GM variety development
> Funding agricultural research is a justified federal expenditure and needed to maintain and
enhance the agricultural economy and job creation.
* $10 in benefits for $1 invested in agricultural research (President’s Council of Advisors
on Science & Technology, 2012)
We thank Congress for restoring and enhancing USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS)
and National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) funding this past decade. This has helped
reestablish the research capacity needed to help maintain and enhance the agricultural economy.
USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS)
The USDA’s in-house scientific research agency, the Agricultural Research Service (ARS), conducts
intramural research and funds extramural projects of high national priority to develop, and make
available solutions that address agricultural challenges, including those faced by barley.
The NBIC does not support ARS reductions and redirections in intramural and
extramural funding proposed in the President’s FY2021 ARS budget. Projects of
importance to barley proposed for elimination include:
(-$321,000) Intramural – Aquaculture Systems – Rainbow Trout – Aberdeen, ID
(-$6,965,000) Extramural – US Wheat & Barley Scab Initiative Grant Program
(-$200,000) Extramural – Wheat & Barley Stripe Rust Initiative
(-$1,383,000) Extramural – National Plant Recovery System
We are requesting the assistance and support of your office for FY2021 funding for
ARS above FY2020 levels, to enable the agency to meet its mission to stakeholders by
enhancing the nation’s research capacity to support a viable and growing agricultural
economy.
The NBIC thanks Congress for the increases it included in the FY2020
Consolidated Appropriations Act that will enhance the national public sector
barley research infrastructure:
$1 Million increase for the ARS Small Grains Genomic Initiative
(SGGI) to bring to full funding of $3.44 Million requested by the
National Barley & Wheat Improvement Committees.
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$5.5 Million increase for the ARS US Wheat & Barley Scab Initiative (USWBSI) to
bring funding to the $15 Million authorized in the 2018 Farm Bill.
This increased funding has enhanced key components of the national public-sector barley research
infrastructure, a collaborative partnership comprised of ARS and university scientists, programs, and
facilities. The SGGI enhanced barley genotyping, quality phenotyping (evaluation) of experimental
barley lines, and double haploid research, providing researchers the tools and data needed to accelerate
research and development of public-sector barley varieties. The USWBSI now has the needed funding
to address scab (Fusarium head blight), which is the most serious disease threat facing barley and
wheat production throughout most of the US.
However, resources for the many other insect, viral, bacterial, and fungal pests
impacting barley are insufficient to adequately address their substantial economic
impact. The NBIC requests funding for a new initiative to address these pests.
USDA-ARS BARLEY PEST INITIATIVE
Hedgehog Grain Aphid Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus Stem Rust Loose Smut
Programmatic $5 Million FY2021 Funding Increase
USDA-ARS Salaries and Expenses The Barley Pest Initiative (BPI) will strengthen research capacity to address over
twenty major insect, viral, bacterial, and fungal threats to the production of high-quality
barley, to improve returns to growers, and meet the needs of domestic and export end-
users. Barley production, especially malting barley, with its many exacting quality
specifications to meet grade and secure an economic return, is a high risk endeavor due
to these pests. Barley that does not meet malt specifications is sold as feed, with a much
lower rate of return and sometimes at a loss.
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Insect pests reduce barley yield and quality through feeding, with some species injecting damaging
toxins. Many aphids also vector damaging cereal viruses that further reduce yield and quality. Control of insects with pesticides is environmentally and economically unsound and may not be the
best way to protect the safety of barley consumed for food. Bacterial leaf streak (BLS), the only major bacterial disease in barley, reduces yield and quality, and cannot be controlled with fungicides.
Fungal diseases are the most prevalent threat to barley production, reducing yield and quality. Some of these damaging fungi have developed resistance to commonly used foliar and seed
fungicides.
The BPI is a multi-disciplinary and institutional collaborative research project, of ARS intramural
(80%) and extramural (20%) programs, involving ARS and state university scientists in
fourteen states. The BPI will be directed at developing management and genetic resistance strategies to mitigate or eliminate the economic impact of these major barley pests, keeping barley a
viable option for US growers, and enhancing value-added job generating enterprises in the US.
USDA-ARS RESEARCH LOCATIONS ($4 Million)
Aberdeen, Idaho Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit
Ames, Iowa Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit
Ft. Detrick, Maryland Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit
St. Paul, Minnesota Cereal Disease Laboratory
Raleigh, North Carolina Plant Science Research Unit
Fargo, North Dakota Cereal Crops Research Unit
Stillwater, Oklahoma Wheat, Peanut, and Other Field Crops Research Unit
Pullman, Washington Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit
UNIVERSITY RESEARCH LOCATONS ($1 Million)
Cornell University, New York
Ohio State University
Virginia Tech
Oregon State University
Montana State University
North Dakota State University
University of California - Davis
University of Idaho
Washington State University
University of Minnesota
USDA-ARS Hiring & Pay Costs
A fifteen-month Administration hiring freeze which ended in April, 2018, was replaced with a partial
one since then. There are currently almost 1,600 vacancies in ARS, with about 600 hired and 630
leaving in 2019, for a net loss. Progress is not being made in fully staffing an agency that is well
funded by Congress. The decline in personnel has decreased the capacity of ARS programs to meet
critical research needs of stakeholders and the directives of Congress. Unexpended funds resulting
from positions not being filled are being used by ARS for unbudgeted one-time needs, including
equipment and facilities. NBIC and other stakeholders thank Congress for addressing
this issue in the FY2020 Agriculture Appropriations Bill with the following
language:
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The agreement notes that there are numerous vacant positions at ARS laboratories
across the nation. The agreement directs ARS to fill vacant positions in order to
optimize the utilization of ARS laboratory space and ensure that research goals are
met. Further, the agreement encourages ARS to fill these vacancies with permanent
employees.
Mandatory federal pay raises increase operating costs at ARS research facilities,
reducing funding for research and the ability to address stakeholder needs, unless
covered in the Salary & Expenses budget.
The NBIC calls on ARS to quickly meet the hiring directive, for Congress to
ensure that it’s implemented, and that an adequate appropriation increase is
provided in FY2021 for mandatory pay costs.
For the ARS projects proposed for elimination and/or redirection in the
Administration’s FY2021 budget, hiring for those projects is now frozen, thus a
partial hiring freeze is again in effect until a budget is passed.
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) &
USDA Economic Research Service (ERS)
As with other components of the agricultural economy, the barley supply chain, from grower to end
user, has long relied on the NASS and ERS for unbiased estimates of barley acreage, production,
stocks, varieties, economic statistics, and other information. Growers pay close attention to what other
producers are doing in their region or other parts of the country and utilize the data in making their
cropping decisions. Government agencies on the state and federal level apply NASS and ERS data to
models that influence legislation and policy decisions. The data is critical for end users such as
millers, maltsters, distillers, and brewers, or exporters to make procurement decisions and long-range
investment plans. This information becomes the foundation on which many important decisions are
made, and which helps keep barley a viable crop with a significant contribution to the US economy.
We are requesting the assistance and support of your office for FY2021 funding
for NASS and ERS, above FY2020 levels, that cover mandatory pay costs and the
rising cost of data collection, to enable these agencies to meet their missions and
help enhance the nation’s agricultural economy.
NBIC opposes the reductions in NASS’s county estimate program and requests
language to prevent these reductions. While barley county estimates were not targeted in the first phase of reductions, NASS has stated that “In the second step, in early 2020 NASS will evaluate
the need for potentially more cost savings to the county estimate programs. If additional savings are
needed, changes to small grain county estimates will be published in the Federal Register.”
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We are also asking Congress to include language in the FY2021 Agriculture
Appropriations Bill that directs NASS to reinstate barley estimates for Kentucky,
Ohio, Oklahoma, and Texas.
The production, processing, and marketing of value-added products with locally grown barley is
facing a resurgence and generating substantial economic activity. Accurate barley estimates provide
critical data to growers and end-users in these states, many
of which are small businesses, to grow their enterprises and
support economic growth. NASS provided barley acreage
and production data previously for these four States in the
following time periods.
• Kentucky (1866-2008)
• Ohio (1866-1980, 2000-2008)
• Oklahoma (1899-1999)
• Texas (1866-1999)
The NBIC appreciates and thanks Congress for
directing NASS to reinstate barley estimates for Kansas, Maine, Michigan, New York, North
Carolina, South Dakota, and Wisconsin in FY2018 and including this language in the FY2020
Appropriations Bill.
Barley Estimates. —The Committee is encouraged that NASS has reinstated acreage and production
estimates for barley in States that were previously discontinued in 2016 and 2017. The Committee
expects NASS to continue providing barley acreage and production estimates for those States.
USDA National Institute of Food & Agriculture (NIFA)
NBIC supports FY2021 funding above FY2020 funding levels for NIFA Hatch Act
& Smith-Lever Formula Grants, which provide critical support to applied scientists, including crop breeders, and extension personnel at state universities, for practical research and programs of
critical importance to farmers, end-users, and consumers.
> Such work is not funded by existing competitive grant programs which focus on basic research.
NBIC also supports FY2021 funding above FY2020 levels for the Agriculture and
Food Research Initiative (AFRI), if increased funding is not at the expense of ARS or
important NIFA programs (e.g. Hatch act and Smith-Lever Formula grants, Organic Agriculture &
Extension Initiative, other grant programs).
2017 Census Barley Acreage Data (KY, OH, OK & TX)
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NBIC supports passage of the Craft Beverage Modernization & Tax Reform Act
(CBMTRA), to make permanent the current Federal Excise Tax rates on beer.
Thank you for your consideration.
Gary Beck Andrew Friskop Mike Davis
Chair Vice Chair Executive Secretary
mailto:[email protected]
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A-1 ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF BARLEY
One of the strengths of the U.S. economy is its crop production and agricultural based industries.
Crop and value-added product exports reduce the unfavorable trade balance and generate new
employment, grower income, and federal revenue. Maintenance of U.S. strength in agriculture
requires continuing efforts to improve crop productivity and quality. U.S. agricultural production
that can supply both domestic demands and can compete in world markets will only be
accomplished by strong investments in agricultural research programs. Innovative and competitive
research will keep the U.S. at the forefront of the development and implementation of new
agricultural technologies.
Barley is a significant U.S. crop. Barley production
is approximately 162 million bushels with an
estimated value of $685 million as a raw agricultural
commodity (2017 Census).
Barley producers stimulate the rural economy
through the purchase of fertilizer, seed, chemicals,
fuel, labor, other supplies and farm equipment.
These variable cash expenses averaged $499 million
annually (2014-2018).
The impact of barley on the U.S. economy is even
more significant if the value-added products
resulting from its utilization as an animal feed, in malt beverages, and in food products are
considered. The economy also benefits from exports which annually average $53 million for barley
and its milled products, $230 million for malt and malt extracts, $637 million for beer, and $1.09
billion for whiskey (2014-2018).
BARLEY BALANCE SHEET
ANNUAL FEDERAL ANNUAL RETURN RESEARCH INVESTMENT* ON INVESTMENT
$ 14.574 USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS) $ 0.7 Raw agricultural commodity
0.790 Other Grants (NIFA-AFRI, NSF) 328.4 Brewing industry business
ctivity NA USDA-NIFA Formula Grants (Hatch Act, Smith-Lever) 3.3 Federal excise tax revenue
$15.364 Million 27.9 Federal income tax
2.4 Value-added use as feed
NA Value-added use as food
$362.7 Billion
*FY2019 Funding Levels
NA: Not Available
ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF THE
BREWING INDUSTRY
Barley is a critical and primary raw material for beer.
Without malting barley, there would be no beer. The
economic value of the U.S. brewing industry is
substantial.
Feed & Other
26.6%
Seed
2.5%
Food
3.7%
Beer
64.4%
Whiskey 2.8%
Domestic Use of Barley in the US2014 - 2019 Average
Economic Contribution of Brewing
Wages
101
Billions of Dollars
Taxes
59
Total Bus. Activity
328
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A-2 BARLEY: ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE BY STATE
Brewing Industry2
Annual1 Crop1 Total Bus. Whiskey Malt
State Production Value Employment Activity Taxes3 Brewers4 Distillers5 Plants4
(million bu) (million $) (million $) (million $) Alabama 0.0 0.1 20,436 2,783 528 41 7 1
Alaska 0.2 0.6 5,396 773 117 42 5
Arizona 2.2 6.9 43,952 5,426 956 119 7 1
Arkansas 12,413 1,966 309 40 4
California 3.4 14.5 265,265 43,400 8,804 860 54 6
Colorado 8.1 39.7 73,405 13,620 1,929 405 48 7
Connecticut 0.0 0.0 21,347 3,058 597 87 6 3 Delaware 1.5 4.5 6,135 929 134 27 3 1
District of Columbia 9,680 1,043 198 13 3
Florida 153,054 18,875 3,659 291 18
Georgia 0.0 0.0 54,084 8,147 1,412 85 12 1
Hawaii 13,549 1,813 377 21 Idaho 50.5 231.9 13,096 1,954 266 64 8 5
Illinois 0.0 --- 89,592 13,915 2,257 235 21 4 Indiana 0.1 0.5 35,844 5,500 680 181 20 1
Iowa 0.1 0.5 27,535 3,868 530 94 9 1
Kansas 0.2 0.5 15,444 2,163 308 47 5 2 Kentucky 0.4 1.4 17,362 2,570 419 61 35 1
Louisiana 32,296 4,350 685 39 4
Maine 1.2 3.6 15,531 2,003 368 119 7 3
Maryland 2.1 5.8 31,727 4,053 872 96 18 4
Massachusetts 0.0 0.0 56,305 7,804 1,502 155 12 3 Michigan 0.3 0.7 62,688 8,815 1,383 360 27 13
Minnesota 5.4 23.0 50,022 6,908 1,223 178 19 6
Mississippi 8,527 1,200 242 15 3
Missouri 0.2 0.6 55,628 10,154 1,505 113 22 3
Montana 32.2 132.4 9,916 1,330 161 92 15 5 Nebraska 0.1 0.6 15,470 2,238 291 50 4 2
Nevada 0.1 0.6 32,438 4,255 962 43 7 3
New Hampshire 12,946 1,939 314 84 8
New Jersey 0.1 0.3 45,546 6,680 1,229 109 6 1
New Mexico 0.2 0.9 11,464 1,462 245 85 10 1
New York 0.5 2.1 137,712 24,232 5,920 395 73 13
North Carolina 0.7 1.9 63,883 9,242 1,595 296 17 3
North Dakota 29.3 124.5 6,711 889 133 16 2 1
Ohio 0.3 1.2 81,448 12,864 2,166 292 25 10
Oklahoma 0.3 1.2 18,900 2,903 445 38 4 1 Oregon 2.2 10.6 43,117 6,685 913 292 30 7
Pennsylvania 3.1 10.3 77,197 11,475 1,795 355 37 6
Rhode Island 7,161 876 184 26 2
South Carolina 0.1 --- 26,233 3,293 637 82 21
South Dakota 0.5 2.0 7,227 925 129 28 3 Tennessee 0.1 --- 28,646 4,208 830 99 23 2
Texas 0.8 2.7 170,200 25,473 4,208 288 36 3
Utah 1.5 4.2 12,447 1,604 227 37 5 1
Vermont 0.0 0.0 7,649 985 180 67 7 2
Virginia 1.0 2.5 56,126 8,827 1,733 241 24 4 Washington 5.1 17.8 53,516 8,276 1,491 401 59 4
West Virginia 0.1 0.2 6,188 968 143 26 10
Wisconsin 0.8 2.8 62,856 8,959 1,280 195 15 5
Wyoming 6.9 30.8 4,744 702 98 29 3 2
Total U.S. 161.6 685.0 2,189,472 328,377 58,579 7,454 823 142 1 2017 Census production and crop values. (Source: USDA\NASS). (---) Data not available for some minor states. 2 Source: Economic Impact, 2018 Prepared for the Beer Institute by John Dunham and Associates. 3 Taxes paid and generated - business, consumption & personal. 4 Various published and unpublished sources. Malting companies include those under construction. 5 Sku's Recent Eats “The Complete List of American Whiskey Distilleries & Brands”
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A-3 MAJOR & REGIONAL BREWERS IN THE UNITED STATES
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STATE COMPANY CITY
Alaska Alaskan Brewing Co. Juneau
Alabama Good People Brewing Co. Birmingham
Arkansas Lost Forty Brewing Little Rock
Arizona Four Peaks Brewing Co. Tempe Huss Brewing Co. Phoenix
SanTan Brewing Co. Chandler
California 21ST
Amendment Brewery San Francisco AleSmith Brewing Co. San Diego
Anchor Brewing Co. San Francisco
Anderson Valley Brewing Co. Boonville
AB InBev Fairfield
AB InBev Los Angeles
Ballast Point Brewing Co. San Diego
Bear Republic Brewing Co. Healdsburg
Belching Beaver Brewery San Diego
BJ’s Chicago Pizza & Brewery Huntington Beach
Calicraft Brewing Co. Walnut Creek
Coronado Brewing Co. Coronado
Drakes Brewing San Leandro
Fieldwork Brewing Berkeley
Figueroa Mountain Brewing Buellton, California
Firestone Walker Brewing Co. Paso Robles
Fort Point Beer Co. San Francisco
Golden Road Brewery
Los Angeles
Gordon Biersch Brewing Co. San Jose
Green Flash Brewing Co. San Diego
Hangar 24 Craft Brewery Redlands
Hermitage Brewing Co. San Jose
Karl Strauss Breweries San Diego
Knee Deep Brewing Co. Auburn
Lagunitas Brewing Co. Petaluma
Latitude 33 Brewing Co. Vista
Lost Coast Brewery and Café Eureka
Mission Brewery San Diego
Modern Times Beer San Diego
Molson Coors Beverage Co. Irwindale
Mother Earth Brew Co. Vista
North Coast Brewing Co. Fort Bragg
Pizza Port Carlsbad
Russian River Brewing Co. Santa Rosa
Saint Archer Brewing Co. San Diego
Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. Chico
Stone Brewing Co. San Marcos
Track 7 Brewing Co. Sacramento
Trumer Brauerei Berkeley
Colorado AB InBev Fort Collins
Avery Brewing Co. Boulder
Blue Moon Brewing Co. Denver
Boulder Beer Co. Boulder
Breckenridge Brewery Littleton 1 Breweries with production of 15,000 barrels or more in 2018.
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A-4 Colorado (cont.) CANarchy Longmont
CraftWorks Brewery & Restaurant Broomfield
Crazy Mountain Brewing Co.
Dry Dock Bewin Edwards
Denver Beer Co. Denver
Dry Dock Brewing Co. Aurora
Great Divide Brewing Co. Denver
Left Hand Brewing Co. Longmont
Molson Coors Beverage Co. Golden
New Belgium Brewing Co. Fort Collins
Odell Brewing Co. Fort Collins
SKA Brewing Durango
Sleeping Giant Brewing Co. Denver
Upslope Brewing Co. Boulder
Connecticut New England Brewing Co. Woodbridge
Stony Creek Brewery Branford
Two Roads Brewing Co. Stratford
Delaware Dogfish Head Craft Brewery Milton
District of Columbia DC Brau Brewing Washington
Florida 3 Daughters Brewing St. Petersburg AB InBev Jacksonville
CANarchy Tampa
Coppertail Brewing Tampa
D.G. Yuengling & Son Tampa
Florida Beer Co. Cape Canaveral
Funky Budda Brewery Oakland Park
Georgia AB InBev Cartersville
Creature Comforts Brewing Co. Athens
Molson Coors Beverage Co. Albany
Sweetwater Brewing Co. Atlanta
Terrapin Beer Co. Athens
Hawaii Maui Brewing Co. Lahaina
Iowa Toppling Goliath Brewing Co. Decorah
Illinois Goose Island Beer Co. Chicago
Half Acre Beer Co. Chicago
Revolution Brewing Chicago
Two Brothers Brewing Co. Warrenville
Indiana Sun King Brewing Indianapolis
Three Floyds Brewing Co. Munster
Upland Brewing Co. Bloomington
Kentucky Braxton Brewing Co. Covington
Country Boy Brewing Lexington
Lexington Brewing & Distilling Co. Lexington
Louisiana Abita Brewing Co. Abita Springs
Parish Brewing Co. Broussard
Maine Allagash Brewing Co. Portland
Baxter Brewing Co. Lewiston
Maine Beer Co. Freeport
Peak Organic Brewing Co. Portland
Shipyard Brewing Co. Portland
Maryland DuClaw Brewing Co. Baltimore
Evolution Craft Brewing Co. Salisbury
Flying Dog Brewing Co. Frederick
Heavy Seas Beer Baltimore 1 Breweries with production of 15,000 barrels or more in 2018.
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A-5
Maryland (cont.) Stillwater Artisanal Ales Baltimore
Massachusetts Berkshire Brewing Co. South Deerfield
Boston Beer Co. Boston
Cisco Brewers Nantucket
Harpoon Brewery Boston
Jack’s Abby Brewing Framingham
Lord Hobo Brewing Co. Woburn
Night Shift Brewing Everett
Tree House Brewing Co. Charlton,
Trillium Brewing Co. Boston
Wachusett Brewing Co. Westminster
Wormtown Brewery Worcester
Michigan Atwater Brewing Co. Detroit
Bell’s Brewery, Inc. Galesburg
CANarchy Comstock
Founders Brewing Co. Grand Rapids
New Holland Brewing Co. Holland
Old Nation Brewing Co. Williamston
Shorts Brewing Co. Bellaire
Minnesota August Schell Brewing Co. New Ulm
Bent Paddle Brewing Co. Duluth
Castle Danger Brewery Two Harbors
Fair State Brewing Coop. Minneapolis
Fulton Beer Minneapolis
Indeed Brewing Co. Minneapolis
Summit Brewing Co. St. Paul
Surly Brewing Co. Minneapolis
Third Street Brewhouse Cold Spring
Missouri 4 Hands Brewing Co. St. Louis AB InBev St. Louis
Boulevard Brewing Co. Kansas City
Schlafly Beer Maplewood
Urban Chestnut Brewing Co. St. Louis
Montana Big Sky Brewing Co. Missoula Kettlehouse Brewing Co. Missoula
Montucky Cold Snacks Bozeman
New Hampshire AB InBev Merrimack
Cisco Brewers Portsmouth Portsmouth
Smuttynose Brewing Co. Portsmouth
New Jersey AB InBev Newark
Cape May Brewing Co. Cape May
New Mexico La Cumbre Brewing Co. Albuquerque
Marble Brewery Albuquerque
Santa Fe Brewing Co. Santa Fe
New York AB InBev Baldwinsville
Blue Point Brewing Co. Patchogue
Brewery Ommegang Cooperstown
Brooklyn Brewery Brooklyn
Captain Lawrence Brewing Co. Elmsford
Genesee Brewing Co. Rochester
Ithaca Beer Co. Ithaca
The Matt Brewing Co. Utica 1 Breweries with production of 15,000 barrels or more in 2018.
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A-6 New York (cont.) Montauk Brewing Co. Montauk
Sixpoint Brewery Brooklyn
Southern Tier Brewing Co. Lakewood
The Bronx Brewery The Bronx
North Carolina Aviator Brewing Co. Fuquay Varina
CANarchy Brevard
Catawba Brewing Morganton
Foothills Brewing Co. Winston Salem
Highland Brewing Co. Ashville
LoneRider Brewing Co. Raleigh
New Belgium Brewing Co. Asheville
NoDa Brewing Co. Charlotte
Olde Mecklenburg Brewery Charlotte
Red Oak Brewing Co. Whitsett
Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. Mills River
Wicked Weed Brewing Ashville
Ohio AB InBev Columbus
Boston Beer Co. Cincinnati
BrewDog Brewing Co. Columbus
Christian Moerlein Brewing Co. Cincinnati
Columbus Brewing Co. Columbus
Great Lakes Brewing Co. Cleveland
MadTree Brewing Cincinnati
Molson Coors Beverage Co. Trenton
Platform Beer Co. Cleveland
Rhinegeist Brewing Cincinnati
Oklahoma Choc Beer Co. Krebs
COOP Ale Works Oklahoma City
Oregon 10 Barrel Brewing Co. Bend
Boneyard Beer Co. Bend
Breakside Brewery & Taproom Portland
Crux Fermentation Project Bend
Deschutes Brewing Co. Bend
Fort George Brewery Astoria
Full Sail Brewing Co. Hood River
GoodLife Brewing Co.
Bend
Hop Valley Brewery Eugene
McMenamins Breweries Portland
Ninkasi Brewing Co. Eugene
Pelican Brewing Co. Pacific City
PFriem Family Brewers Hood River
Portland Brewing Co. Portland
Rogue Ales Newport
Widmer Brothers Brewing Co. Portland
Pennsylvania Boston Beer Co. Breinigsville
City Brewing Co. Latrobe
D.G. Yuengling Son, Inc. Pottsville
The Lion Brewery, Inc. Wilkes-Barre
Neshaminy Creek Brewing Co. Croydon
Sly Fox Brewing Co. Pottstown
Straub Brewery, Inc. St. Mary’s
Susquehanna Brewing Co. Pittston 1 Breweries with production of 15,000 barrels or more in 2018.
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A-7
Pennsylvania (cont.) Trőegs Brewing Co. Harrisburg
Victory Brewing Co. Downingtown
Yards Brewing Co. Philadelphia Weyerbacher Brewing Co. Easton
Rhode Island Narragansett Brewing Co. Providence
South Carolina Westbrook Brewing Co. Mt. Pleasant
Tennessee City Brewing Co. Memphis
CraftWorks Brewery & Restaurant Chattanooga
Wiseacre Brewing Co. Memphis
Yazoo Brewing Co. Nashville
Yee-Haw Brewing Nashville
Texas AB InBev Houston
Austin Beerworks Austin
Deep Ellum Brewing Co. Dallas
Independence Brewing Co. Austin,
Karbach Brewing Co. Houston
Live Oak Brewing co. Del Valle
Molson Coors Beverage Co. Fort Worth
Rahr and Sons Brewing Co. Fort Worth
Real Ale Brewing Co. Blanco
Revolver Brewing Granbury
Saint Arnold Brewing Co. Houston
Spoetzl Brewery, Inc. Shiner
Utah CANarchy Salt Lake City
Epic Brewing Co. Salt Lake City
Uinta Brewing Co. Salt Lake City
Vermont The Alchemist Stowe
Fiddlehead Brewing Co. Shelburne
Harpoon Brewery Windsor
Long Trail Brewing Co. Bridgewater Corners
Magic Hat Brewing Co. South Burlington
Zero Gravity Craft Brewery Burlington
Virginia AB InBev Williamsburg
Devils Backbone Brewing Co. Lexington
Hardywood Park Craft Brewery Richmond
Molson Coors Beverage Co. Elkton
O’Connor Brewing Co. Norfolk
Port City Brewing Co. Alexandria
Starr Hill Brewing Co. Crozet
Stone Brewing Richmond
Washington Bale Breaker Brewing Co. Yakima
Elysian Brewing Co. Seattle
Fremont Brewing Co. Seattle
Georgetown Brewing Co. Seattle
Iron Horse Brewery Ellensburg
Mac and Jack’s Brewery Redmond
Pyramid Breweries Seattle
Redhook Ale Brewery Seattle
Silver City Brewery Silverdale
Wisconsin Ale Asylum Madison
Capitol Brewing Co. Middleton
Central Waters Brewery Amherst 1 Breweries with production of 15,000 barrels or more in 2018.
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A-8 Wisconsin (cont.)
City Brewing Co. La Crosse
Jacob Leinenkugel Brewing Co. Chippewa Falls
Lakefront Brewery Inc. Milwaukee
Milwaukee Premium Brewing Co. Milwaukee
Minhas Craft Brewery Monroe
Molson Coors Beverage Co. Milwaukee
New Glarus Brewing Co. New Glarus
Octopi Brewing Waunakee
Rhinelander Brewing Co. Rhinelander
Stevens Point Brewery Stevens Point
Wisconsin Brewing Co. Verona
Wyoming Melvin Brewing Co. Alpine 1 Breweries with production of 15,000 barrels or more in 2018.
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A-9 MALTING PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES
1
STATE COMPANY CITY Alabama Old South Malt House Birmingham
Arizona Sinagua Malt Camp Verde
California Adams Grain Co. Arbuckle
Admiral Maltings Alameda
California Malting Co. Santa Ynez
Eckert Malting & Brewing Co. Chico
Grizzly Malt Santa Rosa
Watermark Farms West Sacramento
Colorado Colorado Malting Company Alamosa
Grouse Malting & Roasting Co. Wellington
Leopold Bros. Distilling Denver
Molson Coors Beverage Co. Golden
Proximity Malt Monte Vista
Root Shoot Malting Loveland
Troubador Maltings LLC Ft. Collins
Connecticut Rooster Malt Co. Newtown
Thrall Family Malt Windsor
Yankee Malting Willington
Delaware Proximity Malt Laurel
Georgia Lone Pine Malting Snellville
Idaho AB InBev Idaho Falls
Great Western Malting Co. Pocatello
Hillside Ranch Malt Hailey
InteGrow Malt Idaho Falls
Mountain Malt Idaho Falls
Illinois Duffin Station Malthouse Sugar Grove
Heartland Malting Normal
Mammoth Malt Thawville
Meyers Malting Roscoe
Indiana Sugar Creek Malt Co. Lebanon
Iowa Black Gold Malt Farm Cascade
Kansas Amber Waves Malt Garden Plains
Kansas Craft Malt Quinter
Kentucky South Fork Malthouse Cynthiana
Maine Blue Ox Malthouse Lisbon Falls
Maine Craft Distilling Portland
Maine Malt House Mapleton
Maryland Amber Fields Malting & Brewing Keymar
Chesapeake Malting Havre de Grace
Dark Cloud Malthouse Cooksville
Mullinix Malting Gleneg
Massachusetts Stone Path Malt Wareham
Turner Hill Malting Edgemont
Valley Malt Hadley
Michigan Arrowhead Malt House LLC Spring Arbor
Artisan Malts LLC Sault Ste. Marie
Emergent Malt Zeeland
Empire Malting Co. Empire
Fedora Malthouse DeWitt
Great Lakes Malting Co. Traverse City
Koops’ Malt Haus Mount Pleasant
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A-10 Michigan (cont.) Mitten State Malt Okemos
Motorcity Malt House LLC Macomb
Superior Malt Escanaba
U.P. Malt Company Marquette
Valley View Farm LLC East Jordon
Vierzen Artisan Malt Berlin Center
Minnesota Able Seedhouse & Brewery Minneapolis
AB InBev Moorhead
Malteurop North America Winona
Maltwerks Detroit Lakes
Rahr Malting Company Shakopee
Vertical Malt Fisher
Missouri Gateway Custom Malt Montgomery City
Kinsman Malt Kansas City
Sparrow Malting Ozark
Montana Big Sky Malts Bozeman
Farm Power Malt Power
Gallatin Valley Malt Bozeman
Malteurop North America Great Falls
Montana Craft Malt Butte
Nebraska Nebraska Malt Lincoln
Missouri Valley Malt Bellevue
Nevada Bently Heritage Estate Distillery Reno
Frey Ranch Estate Distillery Fallon
Rebel Malt Reno
New Jersey Rabbit Hill Farms Shiloh
New Mexico New Mexico Malt/Morrow Farms Hatch
New York 1886 Maltings Fulton
Argyle Craft Malt & Hops Argyle
Black Dirt Malt Pine Island
Convergence Craft Albany
Farmhouse Malt Newark Valley
Hillrock Estate Distillery Ancram
Hudson Valley Malt Germantown
Murmuration Malts Bloomfield
New York Craft Malt Batavia
Niagara Malt Cambria
Pioneer Malting Rochester
Stoutridge Vineyard & Distillery Marlboro
Subversive Malting & Brewing Catham
North Carolina Carolina Malt House Cleveland
Epiphany Craft Malt Durham
Riverbend Malt House Ashville
North Dakota Two Track Malting Bismarck
Ohio Barley 31 Raymond
Barley Five Malt House Columbus Grove
Haus Malts Cleveland
Little Miami Farms Spring Valley
Ohio Malting Company Wakeman
Origin Malt Marysville
Rustic Brew Farm Marysville
Sweet Acres Malt New Vienna
West Branch Malts Brunswick
Yarian Quality Malts New Waterford Oklahoma Native Malt House Tulsa
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A-11 Oregon Christensen Farms Malting Co. McMinnville
Gold Rush Malt LLC Baker City
High Desert Malt & Grain, Inc. Bend
Mecca Grade Estate Malt Madras
Mountain Malting Bend
Rogue Ales Farmstead Malthouse Newport
Tiller Malt Portland
Pennsylvania Appalachian Malting Portage
C’N’C Malting Company Butler
Deer Creek Malthouse Glen Mills
Double Eagle Malt Philadelphia
Milledgeville Malt Works Carlton
Sprague Farm and Brew Works Venango
Tennessee Corsair Artisan Distillery Nashville
Volunteer Mission Malt Murfreesboro
Texas Blacklands Malt Leander
Maverick Malt House Vega
TexMalt Fort Worth
Utah Solstice Malt Salt Lake City
Vermont Peterson Quality Malt Monkton
Slow Hand Malting Hinesburg
Virginia Copper Fox Distillery & Maltings Sperryville
Foster Malt Suffolk
Mount Gilead Malt Lovettsville
Murphy & Rude Malting Co. Charlottesville
Washington Great Western Malting Company Vancouver
LINC Foods (Palouse Pint Malt) Spokane
Mainstem Malt Walla Walla
Skagit Valley Malting Mt Vernon
Wisconsin Malteurop North America Milwaukee
Briess Malt & Ingredients Company Chilton
Briess Malt & Ingredients Company Manitowoc
Briess Malt & Ingredients Company Waterloo
Boortmalt Sheboygan
Wyoming Wyoming Malting Co. Pine Bluffs
Wyoming High Desert Malt Powell 1 Malt plants operating or under construction.
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B-1
USDA-ARS BARLEY PEST INITIATIVE
Programmatic $5 Million FY2021 Funding Increase
USDA-ARS Salaries and Expenses
Program Description: The USDA-ARS Barley Pest Initiative will strengthen the
capacity of the national public sector barley research infrastructure to address major
insect, viral, bacterial, and fungal threats to the production of high-quality barley. The
Initiative focus is to improve environmental sustainability and economic returns to
growers, while meeting the needs of domestic and export end-users. ARS and
university scientists in fourteen states will develop management and genetic resistance
strategies to mitigate or eliminate the economic impact of major barley pests.
California Montana Oklahoma
Idaho North Carolina Oregon
Iowa North Dakota Virginia
Maryland New York Washington
Minnesota Ohio
BPI collaborators estimate that pests cause annual 5% to 15% yield reductions
nationwide to the barley crop, resulting in losses of $36 to $118 Million/year to
growers. Substantial additional economic losses are incurred in the value-added barley
product chain in higher costs and reduced quality. Regional and individual grower
losses can be much higher than the national average, including total crop losses.
Congress provided the final funding needed in FY2020 to bring the USDA-ARS US
Wheat & Barley Scab Initiative (USWBSI) and Small Grains Genomic Initiative
(SGGI) to full funding. This funding has enhanced key components of the national
public-sector barley research infrastructure, a collaborative partnership comprised of
ARS and university scientists, programs, and facilities. The SGGI enhanced barley
genotyping, quality phenotyping (evaluation) of experimental barley lines, and double
haploid research, providing researchers the tools and data needed to accelerate research
and development of public-sector barley varieties.
The national public-sector barley research infrastructure, through the USWBSI, now
has the needed funding to address scab (Fusarium head blight), which is the most
serious disease threat facing barley and wheat production throughout most of the US.
However, resources for the many other pests impacting barley are insufficient to
adequately address their substantial economic impact.
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B-2
The Barley Pest Initiative (BPI) will strengthen research capacity to address the other
major insect, viral, bacterial, and fungal threats to the production of high-quality barley
to improve returns to growers and meets the needs of domestic and export end-users.
Barley production, especially malting barley, with its many exacting quality
specifications to meet grade and secure an economic return, is a high-risk endeavor due
to these pests. Barley that does not meet malt specifications is sold as feed, with a much
lower rate of return or even at a loss.
Insect pests reduce barley yield and quality through feeding, with some species
injecting damaging toxins. Many aphids also vector damaging cereal viruses that further reduce yield and quality. Control of insects with pesticides is environmentally
and economically unsound and may not be the best way to protect the safety of barley
consumed for food.
Major barley insect pests to be addressed include:
Bird cherry-oat aphid Wheat stem sawfly
Greenbug aphid Haanchen barley mealybug
Hedgehog grain aphid Nematodes
Russian wheat aphid Wireworms
Bacterial leaf streak (BLS), the only major bacterial disease in barley, reduces yield and quality, and cannot be controlled with fungicides. Identifying sources of
resistance and developing resistant barley varieties appears to be the only way to control
this disease problem.
Fungal diseases are the most prevalent threat to barley production, reducing both yield and quality. Some of these damaging fungi have developed resistance to
commonly used foliar and seed fungicides. The major barley fungal diseases to be
addressed include:
Stem rust Spot blotch
Stripe rust Net blotch
Leaf rust Septoria speckled leaf Blotch
Powdery mildew Smuts
Scald Soil-borne pathogens
The BPI is a multi-disciplinary and institutional collaborative research project, of ARS
intramural (80%) and extramural (20%) programs, involving ARS and state university
scientists in fourteen states. The BPI will be directed at developing management and
genetic resistance strategies to mitigate or eliminate the economic impact of these major
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B-3
barley pests, keep barley a viable option for US growers, and enhancing value-added
job generating enterprises in the US.
USDA-ARS RESEARCH LOCATIONS ($4 Million)
Aberdeen, Idaho Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit
Ames, Iowa Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit
Ft. Detrick, Maryland Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit
St. Paul, Minnesota Cereal Disease Laboratory
Raleigh, North Carolina Plant Science Research Unit
Fargo, North Dakota Cereal Crops Research Unit
Stillwater, Oklahoma Wheat, Peanut, and Other Field Crops Research Unit
Pullman, Washington Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit
UNIVERSITY RESEARCH LOCATONS ($1 Million)
Cornell University
Ohio State University
Virginia Tech
Oregon State University
Montana State University
North Dakota State University
University of California - Davis
University of Idaho
Washington State University
University of Minnesota
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FY2021 USDA-ARS BARLEY PEST INITIATIVEFunding Needs
NOTES BASE BUDGET INCREASES
Gross Net (90%)1
1 $556,000 $500,400 Stillwater, Oklahoma Wheat, Peanut, and Other Field Crops Research Unit
2 $759,000 $683,100 Fargo, North Dakota Cereal Crops Research Unit
3 $445,000 $400,500 Ames, Iowa Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit
4 $759,000 $683,100 St. Paul, Minnesota Cereal Disease Laboratory
5 $556,000 $500,400 Aberdeen, Idaho Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit
6 $334,000 $300,600 Pullman, Washington Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit
7 $334,000 $300,600 Raleigh, North Carolina Plant Science Research Unit
8 $250,000 $225,000 Ft. Detrick, Maryland Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit
80% $3,993,000 $3,593,700 1 - Net after 10% ARS overhead
9 EXTRAMURAL FUNDING2
Collaborators
$56,000 $50,400 Cornell University, New York Mark Sorrels, Gary Bergstrom
$56,000 $50,400 Ohio State University Eric Stockinger
$56,000 $50,400 Virginia Tech Carl Griffey, Wynse Brooks
$56,000 $50,400 Oregon State University Pat Hayes, Christina Hagerty
$112,000 $100,800 Montana State University Jamie Sherman, Frankie Crutcher, Ken Kephart
$112,000 $100,800 North Dakota State University New barley pathologist, Zhaohui Liu, Richard Horsley, Andrew Friskop
$112,000 $100,800 University of California - Davis Alicia del Blanco, Jorge Dubcovsky, Allison Krill-Brown
$112,000 $100,800 University of Idaho Juliet Marshall, Arash Rashed, New agronomist
$112,000 $100,800 Washington State University Bob Brueggeman, Tim Murray
$223,000 $200,700 University of Minnesota Brian Steffenson, Gary Muehlbauer, Kevin Smith, Ruth Dill-Macky
20% $1,007,000 $906,300 2 - additional 30% university overhead applies per 2018 Farm Bill
$5,000,000 $4,500,000 GRAND TOTAL
1 Enhance the aphid insect resistance research being conducted by Dr. Dolores Mornhinweg, and help ensure her position is filled when she retires
2 The only ARS scientist working on barley viruses in the US, retired at the end of 2018. Funds will resurrect a barley virus disease program
with a Category-1 scientist
3 Funding will enhance the capacity of Dr. Roger Wise to conduct basic barley disease resistance research and to help ensure his position is filled
when he retires, with a new Category-1 scientist and support staff.
4 Most of the CDL rust research is directed at wheat. Funding will allow for the hiring of a new scientist to work exclusively on barley rust diseases
5 Increased funding will enhance capacity to work on barley pests, including hiring a Category-1 barley pathologist to address national disease threats
6 This unit primarily works on wheat. Funding will enhance their barley disease research capabilities, including those of Dr. Xianming Chen
7 Funding will provide research capabilties for barley at the new DH laboratory being established in the new ARS facility being constructed at Raleigh
8 Funds to support additional technical staff salaries and to cover expanded BSL-3 space costs to accommodate increases in Ug99 stem rust sample
receipts as the disease spreads globally
9 Extramural funding will enhance university programs with breeding and pest research capabilities
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FY2021 ARS Barley Pest Initiative - Target PestsHaanchen Soil-borne
Wheat Stem Barley Bacterial Fungal DH for Disease National
Aphids1
Sawfly Nematodes Wireworms Mealy Bug Leaf Streak Diseases Resistance Disease Threats
ARS Stillwater ARS Pullman ARS Raleigh ARS Aberdeen
UID UID UID UID UID UID4
ARS Ames
UMN UMN
NDSU ORSU4
MTSU MTSU
Septoria
Cereal Smuts Powdery Speckled
Viruses (organic) Stem Rust Stripe Rust Leaf Rust Mildew Net Blotch Spot Blotch Leaf Blotch Scald
ARS St. Paul ARS St. Paul ARS St. Paul ARS Ames ARS Fargo
ARS Fargo ARS Pullman ARS Pullman ARS Pullman
ARS Ft. Detrick
ARS-Raleigh ARS-Raleigh ARS-Raleigh ARS-Raleigh ARS-Raleigh ARS-Raleigh
ARS Ames ARS Ames
UC-Davis UC-Davis UC-Davis3
UC-Davis2
WSU WSU WSU WSU WSU
UMN UMN UMN3
UMN UMN UMN UMN UMN UMN UMN
VATech VATech3
VATech VATech VATech VATech VATech
OHSU OHSU OHSU OHSU OHSU OHSU
Cornell Cornell Cornell Cornell Cornell
NDSU3
NDSU
MTSU MTSU MTSU
UID UID UID UID UID UID
ORSU ORSU3
ORSU2
ORSU ORSU
1 - Bird cherry-oat aphid, Greenbug aphid, Hedgehog grain aphid, Russian wheat aphid
2 - Receives extramural ARS Barley & Wheat Stripe Rust Initiative funds
3 - Receives extramural ARS Barley & Wheat Stem Rust Initiative funds
4 - Receives extramural ARS Barley & Wheat Root Disease funding
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C-1
USDA-ARS BARLEY PEST INITIATIVE Major Insect, Viral, Bacterial, and Fungal Threats to be Addressed
INSECTS
Insect pests reduce barley yield and quality through feeding, with some species
injecting damaging toxins or transmitting disease causing viruses. The initiative
research would develop control methods to promote the safest and most
environmentally sound practices to improve sustainable barley production.
Russian Wheat Aphid Greenbug Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid Hedgehog Grain Aphid
Aphids: There are four major aphid pests of barley in the US - Russian wheat aphid (RWA); greenbug (GB); bird cherry-oat aphid (BCOA), and a newly introduced aphid pest, Hedgehog grain
aphid (HGA), all with shifting biotypes that can overcome genetic resistance. RWA causes head
trapping which results in reduced fertility and thin seed. New leaves do not unroll and aphids build up
in high numbers inside the unrolled leaves where they are protected from contact insecticides as well
as natural parasites and predators, wind and rain. BCOA, which can vector yield-devastating viruses,
has been reported to cause yield reductions of up to 50% from aphid feeding alone. HGA has been
reported to feed on more than 52 different species of grasses and cereal crops, but wheat and barley are
the preferred hosts. Aphid feeding results in yellowing and withering of leaves leading to reduced
yield and grain quality. GB is more often a pest of winter barleys in the Southern Plains. The most
economical and environmentally sound solution to the threat posed by aphids is the development of
varieties with diverse sources of resistance, which is the primary goal of the Initiative
Wheat stem sawfly: This major wheat pest is also a threat to barley. The female deposits
eggs in the upper part of the stem, with the
larvae tunneling through the stem as it feeds,
reducing yield and grain quality. Weakened
stems result in lodging (stem collapse), further
reducing quality and harvestable yield. Sawfly
is difficult to control with insecticides, as larvae are protected from treatment and the adults do not
feed as they rapidly migrate over wide areas to other fields. The initiative seeks to develop improved
management strategies and genetic resistance in barley to control this damaging pest.
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C-2
Haanchen barley mealybug: The mealy bug causes tremendous yield loss of barley and wheat in dryland production areas of the
Intermountain West. The mealy bugs feed at the base of the stems
under the soil surface, severely reducing root growth while injecting
damaging toxins into the plant stems, eventually killing the plant.
Insecticides can’t reach the protected larvae; thus, the control
recommendations include tillage in areas where minimum tillage is
favored for soil and water conservation. Genetic resistance has yet to
be investigated. The initiative would develop improved mitigation and
management practices.
Nematodes: Damage to cereal grains occurs from various nematode species that feed on barley roots under limited crop rotation
(cereal cyst nematode or CCN) or even under the best crop rotation
practices (lesion nematodes, stunt nematodes, etc.). Yield damage
under irrigation from high populations of CCN has been as high as
50%. Known sources of genetic resistance to CCN available to
producers is limited to one European malting barley line. The
Initiative would fund research for additional resistance sources as well
as development of new barley lines with resistance and tolerance to
nematode pressure.
Wireworms: Many crops are damaged by soilborne wireworms, which are the larval stage of the click beetle. The insects can kill entire patches of
seedling barley within a field, reducing yield and allowing weeds to become
established. There are over twelve species of wireworm damaging cereals,
each with different patterns of behavior influencing or changing control tactics.
Available insecticidal seed treatments are not completely effective, and new
control strategies need to be developed and implemented to reduce damage.
VIRAL DISEASES
Virus infections induce stunting, rosetting, and foliar symptoms, such as yellowing,
mottling, and streaking. Viruses infect nearly all plant cells, with some restricted to
vascular tissue, interfering with nutrient transport. Virus infections may result in
substantial yield and quality losses. Many aphid species vector damaging cereal
viruses. Aphid control and genetic resistance to viruses are key initiative goals.
Cereal yellow dwarf viruses are the most economically important viral disease threat to barley, with many genetically
different variants, which complicate the development of
resistance in barley. Infected plants display yellow
discoloration and are dwarfed in height, leaves may be
shortened or curled, and in severe infections fewer tillers may
develop and heads may not emerge. Infected plants are more
vulnerable to fungal diseases and drought stress. Losses from
CYDVs can approach 100% with early infections. Winter
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C-3 barley is more at risk than spring barley, since aphid populations often build up during the growing
season, migrate to and increase the incidence of infection in fall planted barley crops, that provide a
“green-bridge” into the next growing season.
BACTERIAL DISEASES
Bacterial leaf streak (BLS), the only major bacterial disease in barley, reduces yield and quality, and cannot be controlled with
fungicides or by other means in the field. Small, water-soaked
lesions, elongate into linear streaks, with a characteristic milky
exudates on the leaf surface. Little is known about the disease
system. The bacteria are believed to mainly survive on seeds, and using clean seeds
may reduce disease incidence and decrease disease epidemics. Identifying sources of
resistance and developing resistant barley varieties appears to be the only way to
control this disease problem. Understanding of the biology of the bacterium and its
virulence mechanisms will be critical to the development of resistant varieties.
FUNGAL DISEASES
Fungal diseases are the most prevalent threat to barley production, reducing yield and
quality. Most can be controlled with fungicides; however, some damaging fungi have
developed resistance to the most commonly used ones. The initiative is directed at
developing more environmentally sustainable solutions to fungal pathogens, including
improved management practices and resistant varieties.
RUSTS: Three important rust diseases that occur on barley - leaf, stem, and stripe rust, will be addressed by the initiative. Brown to reddish-brown or yellow pustules erupt through the plant tissue,
with the rusty spores giving rust diseases their name. Rusts can be controlled with fungicides. The
goal of the initiative is to develop a more environmentally sustainable solution by developing varieties
with durable resistance.
Stem rust primarily affects barley stems and leaf sheaths, but leaf blades and heads may also be infected. Infected plants produce shriveled kernels,
reducing yield and quality. Weakened stems result in severe lodging, with
fallen plants further reducing yield and quality. The current stable
resistance in barley to prevalent races has held up for many years, but new
races arise that can overcome this resistance. A serious threat to barley
production worldwide is African stem rust (i.e. race TTKSK, aka “isolate
Ug99”). More than 95% of the world’s barley cultivars are susceptible to
this race, and it is expected to eventually spread to the US.
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C-4
Stripe rust, also known as yellow rust, is primarily a disease of cool climates, thus its main impact is on barley grown at high elevations in Western states or on
winter barley. Symptoms of stripe rust usually appear earlier in year than leaf or
stem rust, with yellow pustules often arranged in stripes occurring on leaves and
occasionally in heads. Information on resistance genes and useful markers are
needed to develop barley varieties with resistance to stripe rust.
Leaf rust is most important in areas where the crop matures late and most extensively in the Eastern and Midwestern US. Losses
can be severe, especially when plants are infected early in the
season and when infections occur on the flag leaf, which
significantly reduces grain yield. Infected plants have smaller
leaves, weaker stems, earlier maturity, and lower yield and quality.
Leaf rust appeared for the first time inland in the Pacific Northwest
in 2017 and caused complete yield losses in several barley fields.
The majority of commercial barley varieties are susceptible, and
resistant varieties need to be developed. Changes in races occur
frequently and new races capable of overcoming predominantly
used resistance genes have occurred twice since 2010.
Powdery mildew infects the epidermal surface cell layer, completing its life cycle in
just 5-7 days, with the fungi and its spores
covering the leaves, stems, and heads with a
powdery appearance. It damages the plant by reducing photosynthesis
and increasing transpiration and respiration, reducing yield and quality.
Fungicides can be used to control powdery mildew; however, resistant
varieties are the best defense. Powdery mildew can survive the winter on
barley and is increasing in prevalence and economic impact as winter
barley acreage increases. Then, spores make the jump to spring barley,
continuing the cycle of infection.
Scald is a common disease of barley, especially in cooler, semi-humid areas, and is recognized by distinctive lesions formed on leaves and other plant parts.
Yield losses occur through reduced kernel weight, and in severe infections, the
number of kernels per head and number of heads per plant may be reduced.
Scald can be controlled with fungicides, but the best approach is the reduction of
the stubble and residue harboring the fungi, sowing clean or certified seed
harvested from an uninfected crop, and the development of resistant barley
varieties.
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C-5
Spot blotch occurs wherever barley is grown, causing the most significant losses in warm, humid areas. Spots develop on leaves and leaf sheaths at all
stages of plant development, with the greatest losses occurring when infection
impacts the flag leaf. Epidemics can develop in periods of wet, warm weather,
with substantial yield losses. Because it can be seedborne, the use of pathogen-
free seed or fungicide seed treatments are used in control, along with foliar
fungicide applications. The development of durable resistance in barley is the
best solution.
Net blotch is named for net-like symptoms on barley leaves and leaf sheaths. The causal fungal species is divided into two forms, with one form
causing net form net blotch and the more recently described form causing
spot form net blotch. Both forms are common wherever barley is grown,
especially in areas of high humidity and rainfall. Yield losses can approach
100% in severely infected fields of susceptible varieties. Typically, losses are
lower, but with substantial impacts on yield and quality, resulting in loss of
quality and malting grade premiums. Destruction of host debris, rotation with
non-susceptible crops and use of pathogen-free seed are management tools
that will be made more effective with the development of resistant varieties.
Septoria speckled leaf blotch is widespread, causing economic losses in areas with cool, wet climates, such as the Upper Midwest. The pathogen
primarily attacks the leaves and leaf sheaths, causing lesions that merge and
cover large areas of the leaf. The lesions become densely populated with dark
fruiting bodies that release spores, which give the disease its name. The disease
reduces yield and suitability for malting, including reduced malt extract.
Destroying barley debris with deep plowing or rotating barley with non-
susceptible crops reduces disease severity. However, with the shift to minimum
or no-till planting, controlling this disease is becoming more difficult.
Development of resistant varieties is the key to addressing this disease.
Smuts are less prevalent than in the past because of the use of effective fungicidal seed treatment. However, this is not a solution for organic production where smuts are a consistent and damaging
problem. Effective and durable resistance in barley is needed. There are two major smut fungi that
attack barley.
Covered smut is widespread, causing economic damage when untreated seed is planted. Smut spores contaminate clean grain at harvest when smutted
heads are broken and crushed during threshing. The released spores collect on
the surface and in the crevices of the grain, and are also deposited in the soil
where the spores may survive on seed or in soil. The fungus infects the growing
seedling, becomes established in the growing point, and at the time of flower
formation, it creates a fungal mass encased by a membrane which forms a small
bunt ball in place of the seed.
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C-6
Loose smut is more common in areas of high humidity and rainfall. Yield losses and quality impacts are usually less than with covered smut, since
harvested grain appears clean. Infection occurs when spores infect healthy
barley heads at flowering. Those infected seeds are internally colonized and
when planted, the fungus grows up with the plant. The infected heads grow
faster and emerge earlier than normal, and their spikelets are entirely
transformed into a loose spore mass, which shed their spores into the wind.
Within a few days, only the head’s stem remains, thus the name loose smut.
The spores land on healthy barley heads, then infect the next generation of
seeds. The fungus survives from one growing season to the next dormant within
the embryo of the seed, so surface fungicide seed treatments are not effective.
Specific systemic fungicides or hot or cold water treatments are used to reduce
infections within the seed.
Soil-borne fungal pathogens that attack roots and
seeds: There are several soil-borne fungi that cause substantial yield losses and are consistently problematic when crop rotation is
limited. Many of these disease-causing fungi take advantage of
conditions that are not favorable to the plants (cold wet spring soils,
water-logged soils, or droughty water-stressed conditions).
Fungicide resistance has been documented in Pythium, a fungus-like
organism that causes damping-off, resulting in poor root growth and
seedling vigor when seeds are planted in early spring. Rhizoctonia
fungi infect many different crops, and are very damaging in barley
where we have “green-bridge” conditions. Those diseases and
Fusarium crown rot, strawbreaker foot rot, and sharp eyespot do well
in no-till conditions that favor soil and moisture conservation, severely limiting the economic viability
of practices that improve soil health. Except for seed treatment, there are no chemical controls for
these disease and limited resistance, so growers rely on cultural management. It is critical to address
barley diseases that are having severe economic impact that occur when we implement sustainable and
conservation practices. The Initiative will work to improve control strategies.
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D-1
OBJECTIVES
A. Serve as a national forum for discussion of matters important to
barley research, production and utilization.
B. Serve in an information distribution capacity to all persons
interested in barley.
C. Identify national and regional priorities and encourage their
adoption and proper funding.
D. Serve in an advisory capacity as is appropriate to national or regional groups.
STRUCTURE: The NBIC consists of members from various regions and at-large categories. The
number of representatives per region was determined on the basis of barley acreage per region. Barley
workers from each region elect their own representatives. Representatives from the at-large categories
may either be elected or appointed by the particular category involved. The NBIC may recognize a
particular organization as representative of an at-large category and ask that organization to elect or
appoint a representative to the NBIC.
REGION NUMBER OF
OR CATEGORY AREA OR SECTOR REPRESENTATIVES
NORTHWEST Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming 3
NORTH CENTRAL Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, 3
North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin
EAST Connecticut, Delaware, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, 1
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York,
North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee,
Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia
SOUTHWEST Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah 1
SOUTH CENTRAL/ Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Louisiana, 1
SOUTHEAST Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Carolina,
and Texas
AT-LARGE Malting & Brewing Industries 5
Distilling Industry 1
Feed Barley Industry 1
Food Barley Industry 1
Barley Marketing 1
Barley Growers
Idaho Barley Commission 1
Minnesota Barley Research & Promotion Council 1
Montana Wheat & Barley Committee 1
North Dakota Barley Council 1
Oregon 1
Washington Grain Commission 1
East Region 1
South Central/Southeast Region 1
__
TOTAL 26
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D-2 NATIONAL BARLEY IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE
March, 2020
REGION/CATEGORY________
Mr. Gary Beck, Chair BARLEY GROWERS
8050 Highway 66 North Dakota Barley Council
Munich, ND 58352
701-682-5546/701-370 2006 (cell)
Dr. Andrew Friskop, Vice Chair NORTH CENTRAL REGION
Department of Plant Pathology
North Dakota State University
PO Box 6050
Fargo, ND 58108-6050
701-231-7627
Dr. Michael Davis, Executive Secretary MALTING, BREWING, DISTILLING
American Malting Barley Association INDUSTRIES
740 N. Plankinton Ave., Suite 830
Milwaukee, WI 53203
414-272-4640; 414-218-8806 (cell)
Mr. Scott E. Heisel MALTING, BREWING, DISTILLING
American Malting Barley Association INDUSTRIES
740 N. Plankinton Ave., Suite 830
Milwaukee, WI 53203
414-272-4640/414-510-4472 (cell)
Ms. Mary-Jane Maurice NORTH CENTRAL REGION
Malteurop North America
3830 W. Grant Street
Milwaukee, WI 53215
414-649-0255
Dr. Eric J. Stockinger NORTH CENTRAL REGION
Department of Horticulture and Crop Science
The Ohio State University/OARDC
1680 Madison Ave
Wooster OH 44691
330-263-3876
Dr. Jamie Sherman NORTHWEST REGION
Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology Department
Montana State University
Bozeman, MT 59717
406-994- 5055
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]
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D-3 Dr. Juliet Marshall NORTHWEST REGION
University of Idaho
Idaho Falls Research & Extension Center
1776 Science Center Drive Suite 205
Idaho Falls, ID 83402
208-529-8376
Dr. Brigid Meints NORTHWEST REGION
Department of Crop & Soil Science
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331
541-231-6747
Ms. Sarah Windes NORTHWEST REGION
Department of Crop & Soil Science
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331
208 360-9452
Dr. Heather Darby EAST REGION
University of Vermont & State Agricultural College
278 S. Main Street
St. Albans, VT 05478
802-524-6501
Mr. Wade Malchow SOUTHWEST REGION
Molson Coors Beverage Company
1742 South 4th Road
Huntley, MT 59037
& Golden, CO 80401
406-348-2252
Mr. Corey Mosher BARLEY GROWERS
Mosher Farms East Region
3214 Fargo Road
Bouckville, NY 13310
315-750-9035
Mr. Mike Wilkins BARLEY GROWERS
170 N. 500 W. Idaho Barley Commission
Rupert, ID 83350
208-431-5606
Mr. Scott Brown BARLEY GROWERS
PO Box 131 Idaho Barley Commission
Soda Springs, ID 83276
801-557-5123
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]
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D-4 Mr. Jason Boose IDAHO BARLEY COMMISSION
Molson Coors Beverage Company Industry Representative
5 N 400 West
Burley, ID 83318
208-678-3586; 208-934-7767 (cell)
Mr. Brian Lacey BARLEY GROWERS
Ms. Debbie Lacey Minnesota Barley Research &
33157 320th Avenue Promotion Council
Wendell, MN 56590
218-458-2595
Mr. Mike O’Hara BARLEY GROWERS
128 Rockin LV Lane Montana Wheat & Barley Committee
Fort Benton, MT 59442
406-899-6903
Mr. Ben Barstow BARLEY GROWERS
13201 SR 272 Washington Grain Commission
Palouse, WA 99161
509-878-1742/509-330-0352 (cell)
Ms. Mary Palmer-Sullivan BARLEY GROWERS
Washington Grain Commission Washington Grain Commission
2702 W. Sunset Blvd
Spokane, WA 99224
(509) 456-2481
Ms. Jesse Bussard MALTING INDUSTRY
Craft Maltsters Guild
134 Teita Drive
Bozeman, MT 59718
814-599-5854 (cell)
Mr. Joel Alex MALTING INDUSTRY
Blue Ox Malthouse
41 Capital Avenue
Lisbon Falls, ME 04252
(207) 649-0018
Dr. Patricia Aron MALTING INDUSTRY
Rahr Malting Co.
800 West First Ave
Shakopee MN 55379
(414) 690-2762
mailto:[email protected]:///D:/Shared/program%20files/qualcomm/Users/Rich%20Horsley/AppData/AMBAinc08-09/NBIC_2009/[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]
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D-5 Mr. Chris Swersey BREWING INDUSTRY
Brewers Association
1327 Spruce Street
Boulder, CO 80302
303-447-0816 X154
Mr. Chuck Skypeck BREWING INDUSTRY
Brewers Association
1327 Spruce Street
Boulder, CO 80302
720-473-7699
Mr. Scott Dorsch BREWING INDUSTRY
Odell Brewing Company
800 East Lincoln Avenue
Fort Collins Colorado 80524
970-214-4978
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]
Cover PageEconomic SignificanceBarley Pest Initiative SummaryBarley Pest Inititative Funding NeedsBarley Pest Initiative Top Pests
Barley Pest Initiative Science DetailsNBIC Membership