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Spleen and thymus
David Kachlík
Martin Špaček
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Lymphoid organs
• Primary (central) lymphoid organs
– Thymus
– Bone marrow = Medulla ossium
• Secondary (peripheral) lymphoid organs
– Spleen = Splen (lien)
– Lymph nodes = Nodi lymphoidei
– Tonsils = Tonsillae
– Lymph nodules lymphoidei
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Thymus - history
• 2nd cent. - Galen: „organ of mystery“
• 19th cent. – fills space between the lungs
– blamed for sudden death infant syndrome („thymic asthma“; „status thymolymphaticus“)
• 1905 - first „successful treatment“ by radiotherapy
• 1961 - discovery of the function of the thymus by Jacques Miller
• 1974 - John Caffey: – „most mistakes I’ve seen were not because one
didn’t know some disease, but because he didn’t know he was looking at normal.“
Jacques Miller
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Thymus
• lymphoepithelial organ
• primary lymphoid organ
• lobus dx. et sin.
• lobuli, cortex, medulla
• (lobuli thymici accessorii)
• relatively largest after birth (12-14 g)
• begins to atrophy in puberty
• remnants still evident in older age
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mediastinum superius
behind sternum
20-50 g
newborn 16 g (10-35 g)
from below thyroid
gland down to
pericardium
• successive atrophy from
puberty
• replaced with adipose
tissue after 50th year of
age (5-15 g)
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Thymus
• mediastinum superius (1st layer)
• covered with mediastinal connective tissue
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case-report
age: 2 month
dg: coarctation
of aorta
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Thymus – blood vessels
• branches from:
– a. thyroidea inf.
– thoracica int. (a. pericardiacophrenica)
– arcus aortae
• non-fenestrated capillaries
• haematothymic barrier
= claustrum haematothymicum
– cortex
– endothelium of capillaries
– basal lamina of capillaries (+ pericytes, resp.)
– connective tissue layer (+ macrophages)
– basal lamina of reticular cells
– reticular cells
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Thymus - development
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Thymus - development
• ventral process of 3rd (and 4th) pharyngeal pouch
• mediocaudal descent (4th-7th week)
• endoderm proliferation
• 10th week:colonization with stem cells (lymphocytes) from blood islets, liver and bone marrow
• connective tissue septa ingrow from mesenchyme
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Thymus - structure
• covered with mediastinal connective tissue
– contains vessels
– grows into thymic tissue – false lobules
• septa corticalia lobuli thymici
• cortex thymi
– darker apperance
• medulla thymi
– lighter apperance
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Thymus
HE
(x 15)
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Thymus – cortex
• reticular epithelium (cytoreticulum corticale)
– epitheliocyti reticulares (stellate cells
connected with desmosomes) – types I-III
– they form a spatial network
– macrophages and thymocytes nurse cells
• thymocytes (small and frequent)
– mainly T-lymfocytes
– rapidly multiply during development
• cellula thymocytopoietica progenetrix prothymocytus
thymocytus corticalis
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Thymus - HE (x 75)
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Thymus – cortexHE (x 480) immunoperoxidase (x 100)
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Thymus – medulla• reticular epithelium (cytoreticulum medullare)
– type IV-VI
• thymocyti medullares (small and middle)– not so densely
• corpuscula thymica (Hassal‘s bodies)– 30-150 μm
– concentric layers of flattened reticular cells
– keratinization, karyolysis
– arise and fade out repetitively
• noduli lymphoidei thymici
• dendritic cells– antigen-presenting cells (APC)
• myoid cells– function not clear, possible role in pathogenesis of
myasthenia gravis?
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Thymus
medulla
HE
(x 480)
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Thymus
HE
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Thymus – histophysiology
• multiplication of T-lymfocytes
– they leave thymus via medulla (10 %)
– travel to lymph nodes, Peyer‘s patches, spleen
• many growth factors proliferation and
differentiation of T-lymphocytes
• corticoids and sexual hormones surpress
proliferation and accelerate involution
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Thymus – developmental disroders
• aplasia thymi
• aplasia thymoparathyroidea (DiGeorge‘s
syndrome)
– few B-, no T-lymfocytes
• ectopia thymi
• hypoplasia thymi (Sprintzen‘s syndrome)
• textus thymicus accessorius
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intrapericardial accessory
thymic tissue situated
ventral to aorta ascendens
intrapericardial accessory
thymic tissue situated
ventral to aorta ascendens
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DiGeorge‘s syndrome
Aplasia thymoparathyroideasyndrome of 22q11.2 deletion
1 : 3000
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Spleen (splen, „lien“)
• tunica serosa (peritoneum)
• capsula (tunica fibrosa)
• facies
– diaphragmatica
– visceralis (renalis, gastrica, colica, pancreatica)
• extremitas anterior + posterior
• margo inferior + superior (obsolete “margo
crenatus“)
• hilum splenicum (medially)
• sinus splenicus
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SPLEEN viewed from right anterior aspect
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Spleen (splen, „lien“)
• length 10-13 cm; width 6-8 cm; thickness 4 cm
• weight depends on the blood fillling
• ♂ 140-160 g / ♀ 120-150 g
• weight 200 g is not pathological
• lig. splenorenale, gastrosplenicum,
splenocolicum, phrenicosplenicum
• splen accessorius (= spleniculus)
• 4-6 segments
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Spleen – position and syntopy
• intraperitoneal organ
• left hypochondrium
• 4 cm lateral to medioclavicular line
• 9th-11th rib, long axis along 10th rib
• normally not palpable
• bursa omentalis
• cavitas pleuralis
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Spleen – position and syntopy
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Spleen – structure
• fibrous capsule (collagen)
– sparse smooth muscle cells
– covered with serosa (except hilum)
– fibrous septa into pulp (trabeculae splenicae)
• pulpa splenica
– pulpa alba• zona marginalis
• noduli lymphoidei splenici
– pulpa rubra• chordae splenicae (Billroth‘s cords)
• reticular connective tissue
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Spleen – characteristic
• secondary lymphoid organ
• largest lymphoid organ
• imunologic blood filter
– removal of microorganisms
• „cemetery“ of erythrocytes
• storage of blood
• hematopoiesis during development
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Spleen - HE (x 12)
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Spleen - reticulin (x 42)
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Spleen – blood supply
• truncus coeliacus a. splenica rr. splenici aa. trabeculares arteriolae vaginatae pulpae albae– within periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS; vagina lymphoidea
periarteriolaris)
– arteriolae centrales (nodulares) within noduli lymphoidei splenici
– sinuses of zona marginalis
aa. pulpae rubrae aa. penicillares arteriolae penicillares vagina perioarteriolaris macrophagocytica (Schweigger-Seidel‘s
caspule)
• vasa sinusoidea splenica (in pulpa rubra)– open x closed circulation
– fusiform endothelial cells, clefts, interrupted basal lamina
vv. pulpae rubrae vv. trabeculares v. splenica v. portae
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Spleen – white pulp
• reticular connective tissue with lymphocytes
• cords ensheath arteries – PALS (vagina lymphoidea
periarteriolaris; perioarteriolar lymphoid sheath)
– T-lymphocytes
• arteries within nodules located excentrically
• noduli lymphodei (Malpighi‘s corpuscle)
– B-lymphocytes
• zona marginalis – between pulpa rubra/alba
– sinuses and lymphoid tissue
– macrophages (antigen presentation)
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Spleen
white pulp
HE
(x 150)
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Spleen – white pulp HE (x 225)
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Spleen – red pulp
• splenic (Billroth‘s) cords (chordae splenicae)
– cells between sinusoids
– lymphocytes, macrophages, erythrocytes
– reticular fibers (fibrae reticulares anulares) –hoop arrangement
• blood sinuses
– fusiform endothelial cells (endotheliocyti fusiformes), interrupted (endothelium disjunctum)
– located close to reticular fibers
– spatium intersinusoideum splenicum
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Spleen – red pulp HE (x 800)
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Spleen - HE
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Spleen - PAS
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Spleen - Ag
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Spleen - histophysiology
• immune function of
lymphocytes
• destruction of erythrocytes
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Spleen – clinical relevance
• splenomegaly (viral mononucleosis, liver disease,
blood cancers – lymphoma and leukemia)
• hypersplenism
• „two-stroke“ rupture of spleen
– abdominal injury
• splenectomy
– higher tendency to encapsulated bacteria
(pneumococcus, meningococcus, haemophilus)
– mandatory vaccination
• sickle-cell disease
• thrombocytopenia
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Spleen
• X-ray
• US
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Splenomegalia
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Spleen – development
• derived from mesenchyme of dorsal mesogastrium (mesenchyma splanchnopleurale)
• from 5th week
• mesenchymal cells – diferentiation
– capsule
– reticular net
– parenchyma
• 4th month - hematopoiesis
• from 2nd month - lymhopoiesis
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Spleen – development
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Spleen – development
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Spleen – development
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Spleen – development
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Spleen – development
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Spleen – developmental disorders
• asplenia
• conjunction splenogonadalis,
splenopancreatica
• lobulatio splenis
• nodulus splenicus accessorius
• polysplenia
• splen accessorius (gl. suprarenalis,
pancreas, gaster, intestinum) – 10 %
• splen migrans
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Splen
accessorius
10%
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Splen
accessorius
1 – hilum splenicum
2 – pancreas (or its vicinity)
3 – lig. splenocolicum
4 – omentum majus
5 – mesenterium
6 – apertura pelvis superior
7 – ovarium/tuba uterina
8 – scrotum
9 – hiatus oesophageus diaphragmatis
10 – omentum minus
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