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Author: Shigehiro Hashimoto
Kogakuin University,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Biomedical Engineering
Data from the book "Introduction
to Biomechanical Engineering (in
Japanese)“: published by Corona
Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan.
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
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1)Organism and Machine
2)Unit and Measurement
3)Materials (Hemolysis)
4)Flow (Blood circulation)
5)Energy (Oxygenator, Dialyzer)
6)Movement (Joint prosthesis)
7)Designing and Machining
(Artificial organs)
Index
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Time s (second) periods of the radiation of caesium
Length m(meter) velocity of light in vacuum
Mass kg(kilogram) international prototype
Electric current A(ampere) Force between conductors
Temperature K(kelvin) Triple point of water
Amount of a substance mol(mole) atoms in 0.012 kilogram of
carbon 12 Avogadro's number 6.0221415 × 1023
Luminous intensity cd(candela) radiation of frequency
540×1012 hertz
Le Systeme International d’Unites
Table 2.1 SI base units
Value Symbol (Name) Definition
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
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Y (yotta) ×1024
Z (zetta) × 1021
E (exa) ×1018
P (peta) ×1015
T (tera) ×1012
G (giga) ×109
M (mega) ×106
K (kilo) ×103
H (hecto) ×102
Da (deka) ×10
Table 2.2 Powers of ten and unit prefixes
D (deci) ×10-1
c (centi) ×10-2
m (mili) ×10-3
μ (micro) ×10-6
n (nano) ×10-9
p (pico) ×10-12
f (femto) ×10-15
a (atto) ×10-18
z (zepto) ×10-21
y (yocto) ×10-24
Prefix (Name) power times Prefix (Name) power times
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
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Fig. 2.1: Principle of electrocardiograph
Time t
Va-Vb
Va
Vb
Time t
Time t
Period
Depolarization
Repolarization
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Fig. 2.2: Immuno-staining
0.1 mm© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
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Fig. 2.3(a): Vibrating electrode
[Vibrating electrode][Fixed electrode]
Resistance R
Resistance R +ΔR
Frequency f
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Fig. 2.3(b): Vibrating electrode
0.05 mm
Electrode
Cell
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Fig. 2.4: Biological system
[Brain]
Sensor
Memory
Signal transduction
Signal processing
[Nerve system]
[Sensory organ]
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
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Fig. 2.5: Electric current through lipid bilayer
High frequency
Low frequency
Hydrophilic groupLipid bilayer
Hydrophobic group
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
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Fig. 2.6: Lissajous figure
v
i
t
t
i
v
T
T
T/2
T/2
0
0
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Fig. 2.7: Tissue grouping
Kidney
Liver
Intestinal mucosa
Cardiac muscle
Fat
0.1 mm
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
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Fig. 2.8: pH measurement with light
Illuminant
Microscope
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
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Fig. 2.9: Measurement with laser
Illuminant
Detector
Filter
Sample
Mirror
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Fig. 2.10: Measurement of skin
temperature with infra-red ray
Light source &
Detector
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
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Fig. 2.11: Principle of electromagnetic
flowmeter
Electrolytes flow
Magnetic field
Electric field
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
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Fig. 2.12: Gravitational equilibrium
Standard massSubject
Fulcrum
W1 W2
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Fig. 2.13: Wheatstone bridge
G
R3R2
E
i
a
b
c
d
RxR1
R2/R1=R3/Rx (2.2)
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
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Fig. 2.14: MRI (magnetic resonance image)
(b) MRI of Knee
Primary coil
Secondary coil
(a) Probe
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
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Fig. 2.15: Test of difference in the
mean value
σ
μA μB
Group A Group BFrequency
Parameterσσ
μA -μB=σ, n=m
n>9, 5%, n>16, 1%
(Normal distribution)
Significance level© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan