KULIAH 4: PERKEMBANGAN PEMIKIRAN SAINTIFIK &
KAEDAH SAINTIFIK
LECTURE IN MALAY LANGUAGE. INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS ARE
NOT ALLOWED TO TAKE THIS COURSE.
Penulis drama YunaniAristophanes (446 - 386 B.C.)
• ‘Youth ages, immaturity is outgrown, ignorance can be educated, and drunkenness sobered, but stupidity remains forever.’
• ‘Muda-mudi menjadi tua, kebudakan menjadi kematangan, kejahilan dapat dididik, mabuk menjadi sedar, tetapi kebodohan kekal abadi.’
Geometry dan matematik
Falsafah dan Kepercayaan
Bahasa sebagai falsafah
Sains, falsafah & kepercayaan
Falsafah Yunani
Sains IslamSains Eropah
Konflik Antara Ahli Sains & Gereja Katholik
Ciri-ciri
Kaedah Saintifik
HUBUNGAN ANTARA TIGA BIDANG ILMU
SISTEM KEPERCAYAAN (TERMASUK AGAMA)
FALSAFAH (RASIONAL)
SAINS
Ahli Geometri Yunani Euclid (sekitar 300 S.M)
Ahli Matematik Yunani Pythagoras (570 - 490 S.M.)
HUBUNGAN ANTARA TIGA BIDANG ILMU
SISTEM KEPERCAYAAN (TERMASUK AGAMA)
FALSAFAH (RASIONAL)
SAINS
LENGKAPKAN SILOGISME BERIKUT
• PREMIS 1: SEMUA PENYELIDIKAN EMPIRIKAL (SAINS) [S] IALAH PEMIKIRAN RASIONAL (FALSAFAH) [F]
• PREMIS 2: SISTEM KEPERCAYAAN (TERMASUK AGAMA) [A] BUKAN PEMIKIRAN RASIONAL (FALSAFAH) [F]
• KESIMPULAN?
ADAKAH SAINS DAN AGAMA SEMESTINYA BERKONFLIK?
1. Hidupan sel tunggal muncul dari air/lautan2. Hidupan sel tunggal menjelma menjadi
tumbuhan dan binatang (reptilia)3. Sesetengah reptilia menjelma menjadi
mamalia4. Mamalia (beruk) menjelma menjadi manusia
Teori Evolusi (Charles Darwin, kurun ke-19)
Charles Darwin 1809-1882
• Menerbitkan buku pada tahun 1859 bertajuk On the Origin of Species.
• Memperkenalkan teori evolusi (kemajuan dari satu peringkat ke peringkat yang seterusnya) untuk menerangkan kewujudan manusia.
• Berdasarkan kajian fosil, beliau mengatakan bahawa hidupan akan berubah berdasarkan ‘adaptation’ dan ‘natural selection.’
• Tuhan Menciptakan Manusia
• [Perbincangan]• Ibn Sina and Paeleontology• Darwin’s attempt to normalise and rationalise the
world of creatures
1. Hidupan sel tunggal muncul dari air/lautan
2. Hidupan sel tunggal menjelma menjadi tumbuhan dan binatang (reptilia)
3. Sesetengah reptilia menjelma menjadi mamalia
4. Mamalia (beruk) menjelma menjadi manusia
Penciptaan atau Teori Evolusi
Perkembangan Revolusi SaintifikFASA 1
Aristotle (ahli falsafah Yunani) Mengandaikan Matahari & Semua Planet Mengelilingi Bumi
FASA 2
Ptolemy (Ahli matematik Yunani) Melakarkan Model yang Sewajar, Lengkap dengan Kiraan Matematik FASA 4
Niklaus
Copernicus (Ahli Matematik)
Melakarkan Model Cakerawala yang Heliocentric)
FASA 5
Galileo mem-perjuangkan Model Sistem Cakerawala yang Heliocentric)
FASA 6
Isaac Newton
Dan Tiga Hukum Pergerakan
FASA 3
Percubaan ahli sains Islam untuk membetulkan Model Ptolemy.
Aristotle and Ptolemy• Kesan Pengaruh Yunani: Nama-nama Planet• Pengajaran Aristotle: Aristotle’s belief in a (1) geocentric
universe and his belief that (2) the weight of a falling object is proportional to is acceleration.
• The influence of Aristotlelian philosophy. [The problem of philosophy and science.] Claudius Ptolemy, 2nd century Greek matematik, under the strong influence of Aristotlelian philosophy writes the Mathematical Syntaxis. The book provides a rational and empirical basis for a geocentric universe.
• Percubaan Ahli Sains Islam (dan juga ahli sains Eropah) untuk membetulkan model geocentric Ptolemy.
The Catholic Church and the Western Europe in the 15th and
16th centuriesPenerangan tentang Institusi ini:
Semasa dan Dalam Sejarah
Western Europe & the Islamic Empire of the 15th century
• CABARAN DARI LUAR: Since the 11th century Constantinople (today Istanbul) was the centre of Greek philosophy. But in 1453 Constantinople (Yunani) was captured by Islamic forces. [Kesan: Kekalahan dalam Perang Salib/ ‘Crusades’]
• CABARAN DALAMAN: Greek philosophers left Constantinople (Yunani) and began to take up residence in Italy and other parts of southern Europe. Strengthens the Renaissance in Western Europe. [Kesan: Penerimaan Falsafah Yunani yang Hanya Selaras dengan Tafsiran Al-Kitab]
The Inquisition
• The Inquisitions by the Catholic Church in Western Europe drive against heresy during the 15th and 16th centuries.
• Tens of thousands of people were jailed and sometimes even tortured and executed if they were suspected of committing heresy.
• The Witch Hunts
Niklaus Copernicus (1473-1543)• Official Church teaching in the 15th and 16th
century was still based on a geocentric universe.• Copernicus, a monk in the Catholic Church,
writes On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, which in contradiction to Ptolemy’s Mathematical Syntaxis depicts the solar system as heliocentric. The book was finished by 1530 but was first published in 24 May 1543.
• There were only ten Copernicans between 1543 and 1600, among one Gallileo Gallilei, a professor at the University of Pisa, Italy.
Galileo Gallilei (1564-1642)
• In 1589, Galileo becomes professor of mathematics at the University of Pisa, Italy. Conducts experiments in Pisa to show students the error of Aristotle’s belief that speed of an object’s fall its proportional to its weight. Galileo’s contract not renewed in 1592.
• In 1592, joins the University of Padua and builds a telescope in 1609 to study the heavens. Publishes his work and predicts victory for the Copernican theory.
Galileo’s Experiment, Pisa, Italy.
Galileo (cont)
• Reactions from Pisan academics and priests denouncing that Galileo’s belief in a heliocentric universe is heretical
• In 1624, Galileo begins a book he wishes to call ‘Dialogue on the Tides’ in which he discusses the Ptolemaic and Copernican hypotheses. In 1630, the book was licensed for printing by Catholic Church censors at Rome, but they altered the title to Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems. Published 1632.
Hero of the Scientific Revolution
• Galileo called up by the Inquisition. Was compelled in 1633 to renounce his claim and was sentenced to life imprisonment (later commuted to permanent house arrest). The Dialogue ordered to be burned, and he sentence against him was to be read publicly in every university.
Isaac Newton (1642-1727) and the Scientific Revolution
• In 1687, Isaac Newton’s Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy provided a final justification for a heliocentric universe.
• Newton’s principle of F (force) = M (mass) x A (acceleration) [F=ma] provided the underlying cause for a heliocentric universe.
The Catholic Church Recants
• An investigation into the astronomer’s condemnation, calling for its reversal, was opened in 1979 by Pope John Paul II. In October 1992, a Church commission officially acknowledge the Church’s error.
Ciri-Ciri Kaedah Saintifik
1. Logik2. Empirisisme3. Sebab Pokok
(Sebab Mendalam)
1. Model Copernicus2. Bukti Melalui
Pemerhatian Teleskop (Galileo)
3. Tiga Hukum Newton
Ptolemaic (Greek) Cosmology
Islamic Cosmology
COPERNICAN COSMOLOGY
Apakah Perbezaan Evolusi & Revolusi
• Evolusi ialah perubahan yang berlaku secara tahap demi tahap.
• Revolusi ialah perubahan yang berlaku secara mengejut. Cenderung melibatkan protes atau kekerasan.
AGAMA FALSAFAH SAINS
Sumber Pengetahuan
Kitab & Tafsiran Renungan Spekulatif
Penyelidikan Empirikal
Pendekatan Kepercayaan Pemikiran Ketidakpercaya-an (Skepticism)
Aktiviti Diterima & Diamalkan
Pemikiran oleh Individu
Kerja Kumpulan(Paradigma)
Perkembangan Serba lengkap/Benar
Penghujahan Secara Logik
Penghujahan Secara Logik & Bukti Empirikal
Matlamat Memberi Pengajaran
Menghasilkan Pernyataan Umum yang Diterima Akal
Menghasilkan Penerangan Spesifik Tentang Alam Nyata