URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
CYPRUS Case Study Presentation – Dhiarizos river
Presented by:
Charalambos Panayiotou
Environmental Scientist, MSc
Manager Atlantis Consulting ltd
Case study area
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
– INTRODUCTION –
TOPOLOGICAL REPRSENTATION
OF THE DIARIZOS WATERSHED
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMAGENERAL OVERVIEW
The Diarizos river valley covers about 260 km2 in SW Cyprus and extends along approx. 33 km from headquarters to sea
Minimum elevation is 0 m and maximum elevation is 1800 m.
Bunding box [lat/long of upper left (lat: 458,978.47, long: 3,872,690.42) and lower right (lat: 488,606.67, long: 3,838,161.32) corner minimally
The Dhiarizos River Basin consists of seven sub catchments
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
Water Demand
- Diarizos Valley _ Irrigation - Diarizos Valley _ Drinking water - Limassol Municipality _ Drinking Water- Paphos Municipality _ Irrigation- Paphos Municipality _ Drinking Water- Instream Runoff
Cultivated crops in watershed: DECARS (1000 m2)
Citrus: 880
Deciduous : 1460 Olives: 250 Vines: 130 Fodder: 80 Potatoes: 30 Vegetables: 30 TOTAL 2860
28 Communities
- 18 communities downstream of Arminou Dam and 10 communities upstream
Total Population: 3,550 inhabitats, mostly farmers
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMALANDUSE
• ARMINOY DAM
• DIVERSION PIPE TO KOURRIS
• WELLS
• LOCAL IRRIGATION AND POTABLE WATER NETWORKS
• DRIP IRRIGATION
• WELLS AND DIVERSION CHANNELS TO PAPHOS
WATER MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
GEOLOGY
IGNEOUS ROCKS 43%(upstream of Arminou Dam )
MAMONIA (MELANGE) 13%
CHALKS 19%
CHALKS AND MARLS 24%
ALLUVIUM 1%
Fault
Diarizos aquifer
Fault
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMAMODEL TOPOLOGY
• 4 upper valley subcatchments
• Arminou dam
• Diversion to Kourris
• Drinking and Irrigation wells for local use
• Local irrigation demand nodes
• Local Drinking water demand nodes
• Diversions to Paphos and wells feeding the diversions
• Hypothetical desalination plan for scenario analysis
River Basin Topology
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
River Basin Topology
The 4 Upper Catchment Start Nodes (SUB1-4)
Diversion to Kouris Dam
SUB-1 SUB-3
SUB-4
SUB-2
ARMINOU DAM
SUB-7
KOURIS
Subcatchment 6 Wells for IrrigationSubcatchment 6 Wells for Drinking Water
SUB-5
SUB-5 DRINK
SUB-5 IRRIG
SUB-6 DRINK
SUB-6 IRRIGSUB-6
SUB-7 DRINK
SUB-7 IRRIG
FAULT 1
FAULT 2
Diversion to villagesAVDIMOU-ALEKTORA-PARAMALI
PISSOURI Diversion to Pissouri village
WETLAND WELL
PAFOS IRRIG WELL
This node arrangement represents the wells (Start Node) used for the
water demands of the Pafos Irrigation Works
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
Case study Analysis
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
The main INFLOW to the basin for the year 2005 comes from the subcatchments runoff:
Subcatchment 1 (Start Node) = 3 Mm3/ yearSubcatchment 2 (Start Node) = 3.51 Mm3/ yearSubcatchment 3 (Start Node) = 3.42 Mm3/ yearSubcatchment 4 (Start Node) = 3.39 Mm3/yearSubcatchment 5 (Start Node) = 7.10 Mm3/yearSubcatchment 6 (Start Node) = 5.91 Mm3/yearSubcatchment 7 (Start Node) = 3.77 Mm3/year
Total Inflow from Subcatchments = 30.10 Mm3/year
WATER IN
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
WATER OUT
The main basin’s OUTFLOW for the year 2005 goes to irrigation and drinking water:
Irrigation = 2.08 Mm3/year
Drinking Water = 1.01 Mm3/year
Kouris Dam (Irrigation & Drinking) = 4.39 Mm3/ year
Pafos Irrigation Works = 2.31 Mm3/ year
Avdimou-Alektora-Paramali villages (Irrigation & Drinking) = 0.62 Mm3/ year
Pissouri Municipality(Irrigation & Drinking) = 0.30 Mm3/ year
Wetland Well = 0.01 Mm3/ year
Total Basin Outflow = 10.72 Mm3/ year
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
Scenario WRM Results
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
Scenario 2 Results
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
Water management scenario 1
In this scenario, a storage dam is constructed at Souskiou village of the Lower Dhiarizos basin. The dam’s capacity is 2.5 million cubic meters and is intended to store surplus lower catchment runoff.
After the construction of Souskiou dam, the surplus lower catchment runoff is diverted to Asprokremmos dam.
The scenario shows that a recharge dam with a capacity of 2.5 million cubic meters will reduce the spills to the sea to 7.2 Mm3. The spills to the sea prior the dam construction are 18.8 Mm3.
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
Optimization scenario 2
According to this scenario, the Dhiarizos farmers change to more water efficient crops.
If for example in the Dhiarizos watershed there were:
800 decars olives x 430 m3/decare = 344,000 m3 water
1460 decars almond trees x 355 m3/decare = 518,300 m3 water
600 decars table grapes x 306 m3/hectare = 183,600 m3 water
1,045,900 m3 of water would have been used for the above crops irrigation.
In the year 2005, 1,903,900 m3 of water was used for irrigation in the watershed.
The crop change alone, would result in 858,000 m3 water or 45% water savings.
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
Water management Scenario 3
According to Scenario 3, all communities in the watershed experience great water losses in the irrigation piping system and decide to change the irrigation pipelines in order to decrease losses from the grid. The capital investment for replacing the irrigation piping system of the basin is 3,600,000 €.
The result is 95% reduction in conveyance losses.
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
Water management Scenario 4
According to this scenario, there is a drought in the island and all the desalination plants are prompted to produce the drinking water for the population of the island. The Aphrodite Hills desalination plant will provide for the Dhiarizos basin drinking water requirements.
In the basin there are 3550 inhabitants with an average daily water consumption of 180 l/ capita. As a result, the drinking water requirements are 639 m3/ day. Assuming 30% conveyance losses, a total of 830 m3/ day of water have to be transferred from the Aphrodite Hills desalination plant to the Dhiarizos basin villages.
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
Water management Scenario 5
According to this scenario, there is water shortage in the island and the Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and the Environment announces the reduction in the supply of irrigation water by 70%.
As a result the farmers remove all deciduous trees from lowland and change their crops to more water efficient crops i.e. almond trees, olive trees, tables grapes etc.
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
Costs & Benefits
The shortfall cost for Irrigation or the cost for buying 1m3 of water for irrigation during shortage of water was set at 0.957 €/ m3 which is the price for desalinated water in Cyprus and
The use benefit or the benefit gained for using 1m3 of water was assigned at 0.20 €/ m3 which is the price for irrigation water in Cyprus.
The shortfall cost for Drinking Water is the same as for irrigation water and was again assigned at 0.957 €/ m3 (price of desalinated water) and
The use benefit or the benefit gained for using 1m3 of water was assigned at 0.57 €/ m3 which is the price for drinking water in the Dhiarizos river basin.
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
CONSTRAINTS
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
INSTRUMENTS
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
INSTRUMENTS
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
RESULTS
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMAProblems
Cost Allocations:
• Initial costs for a large portion of the infrastructure is not easily available (private investments for wells, drip irrigation, distribution network)
• Estimating costs for new distribution networks has a substancial degree of uncertainty
• At the luck of a more accurate method, the marginal maximum cost of water (i.e. the price of desalination) was assumed while the benefits of water use assume present cost. This can skew decisions in favor of maintaining the present situation.
Scenario Development:
• Water needs are the result of development policies, which to a large extent are unpredictable for the area. Also pressures for distribution of water outside the valley play a profound role.
• Desalination plants are unlikely to serve the area but can reduce demand for water diversion.
Opportunities for Improvement!!!
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
Stakeholder Participation
Stake holder involvement has included the following activities:
- Initial interviews with stakeholders- Periodic contact with the WDD to obtain data and responses regarding
possible scenarios- Contacts with the institute of agricultural research and the
Organisation for Agricultural payments to establish data regarding various costs and benefits related to agricultural activities
- Periodic contact with local authorities to identify future policy changes.
- The has been no interest from stakeholders to participate in a local workshop.
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
Future dissemination
- Presentation of the project and its results to officers of the WDD- Presentation of the results to the DTP&H- Pubishing a paper on the results of the case study - Written presentation on the model and its results to the Diarizos Valley
management Committee once established.
URBAN AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANTS
European Commission6th Framework Programme for research and Technological Development
Optimisation For Sustainable Water Management : OPTIMA
thank you.