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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
Susan P. Limber, Ph.D.Robin M. Kowalski, Ph.D.
Patricia W. Agatston, Ph.D.
hazelden.org/cyberbullying
© 2008 by Hazelden Foundation
Cyber BullyingWhat is it and why
should we be concerned?
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
In 2005 in the United States,
• 79% of people used the Internet (compared to 67% in 2000).
• each person spent an average of 13.3 hours online per week (up from 9 hours in 2000).
Internet use
Center for the Digital Future
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
• 87% of adolescents (21 million) spend time online and more than 50% do so daily.
• 75% use instant messaging (50% do so daily).
• 45% have their own cell phones.
• 33% communicate via text messaging.
Adolescents and the Internet
The Pew Internet and American Life Project 2005
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
• 55% of all American youth use online social-networking sites and 55% of these have created their own profiles.
• For girls, social-networking sites are primarily places to reinforce existing friendships.
• For boys, the networks also provide opportunities for flirting and making new friends.
Use of social-networking sites
Pew Internet Project 2007
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
A person is bullied when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons, and he or she has difficulty defending himself or herself.
What is bullying behavior?
“
”
Olweus et al. 2007
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
Bullying through email, instant messaging, in a chat room, on a Web site, or through digital messages or images sent to a cell phone.
What is cyber bullying?
“”
Kowalski, Limber, and Agatston 2008
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
3 similiar characteristics:
• Aggressiveness
• Power imbalance
• Repetitiveness
but…
Traditional bullying versus cyber bullying
Kowalski, Limber, and Agatston 2008
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
5 different characteristics:
• Anonymity
• Accessibility
• Punitive fears
• Bystanders
• Disinhibition
Traditional bullying versus cyber bullying
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
• Harassment
• Denigration
• Flaming
• Impersonation
• Outing and trickery
• Cyber stalking
Common forms of cyber bullying
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
• Repeatedly sending offensive, rude, and insulting messages
Harassment
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
• Distributing information about another that is derogatory and untrue
• Posting the information on a Web page or sending it to others via email or instant messaging
• Posting or sending digitally altered photos of someone
Denigration
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
• Online “fighting” using electronic messages with angry, vulgar language
Flaming
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
• Breaking into an email account and sending vicious or embarrassing material to others
Impersonation
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
• Sharing someone’s secrets or embarrassing information
• Tricking someone into revealing secrets or embarrassing information and forwarding the information to others
Outing and trickery
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
• Repeatedly sending messages that include threats of harm or are highly intimidating
• Engaging in other online activities that make a person afraid for his or her safety
Cyber stalking
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
A survey of 3,767 middle school students showed
• 18% had been cyber bullied at least once in the last 2 months (girls twice as many times as boys).
• 11% had cyber bullied others at least once (girls somewhat more than boys).
How prevalent is cyber bullying?
Kowalski and Limber 2007
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
Of those who had been cyber bullied,
• 68% said they were teased in a hurtful way.
• 53% said someone told lies and/or spread rumors about them.
• 35% said someone used their username to pick on others.
What forms of cyber bullying most commonly occur?
Kowalski and Limber 2007
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
Methods of cyber bully victimization
Kowalski and Limber 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Percentage of students who had been cyber bullied
IMChat roomWeb siteemailText msgAnother way
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
Identity of a student who cyber bullies
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
Traditional Bullying Status Cyber Victim Cyber Bully
Victim 23% 9%
Bully 19% 20%
Bully/Victim 36% 23%
Neither 9% 5%
Bully/victimsand cyber bullying
Kowalski, Limber, and Agatston 2008
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
Why should educators be concerned about
cyber bullying?
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
Effects: Self-esteem and cyber bully group
Self-esteem level
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Victim Bully Bully/Victim Not Involved
Kowalski et al. 2007
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
Effects: School absences and cyber bully group
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Victim Bully Bully/Victim Not Involved
Number of absences
Kowalski et al. 2007
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
Effects: Anxiety by cyber bully group
Score on Beck Youth Anxiety Inventory
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Victim Bully Bully/Victim Not Involved
BoyGirl
Kowalski et al. 2007
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
Effects: Depression by cyber bully group
Score on Beck Youth Depression Inventory
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Victim Bully Bully/Victim Not Involved
BoyGirl
Kowalski et al. 2007
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
Reactions of victims of cyber bullying
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
In reaction to being cyber bullied, I…
Didn't do anythingTold on themAsked person to stopCyber bullied backMade fun of bully to othersSaved evidenceBlocked the person who bullied
Percentage of survey respondents
Kowalski et al. 2007
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
How it startsMany altercations at school begin with incidents that happen outside the school day, such as
• comments on social-networking sites.
• text messages.
• instant messages and emails.
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
Youth who reported being targeted by Internet harassment were 8 times more likely than all other youth to report carrying a weapon to school in the past 30 days.
School safety issue
“
”
Ybarra et al. 2007
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
A student may be experiencing cyber bullying if he or she
• appears sad, moody, or anxious.
• avoids school.
• withdraws from or shows a lack of interest in social activities.
• experiences a drop in grades or decline in academic performance.
• appears upset after using the computer or being online.
• appears upset after viewing a text message.
Warning signs
Kowalski, Limber, and Agatston 2008
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
How can schools prevent cyber bullying?
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
• an effective bullying policy that specifically prohibits cyber bullying
• an acceptable use of technology policy that specifically prohibits cyber bullying
• implementation of a research-based bullying prevention program to teach lessons about cyber bullying
What school districts need
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
Olweus Bullying Prevention Program
• Teacher Guide, DVD, and CD-ROM
• Schoolwide Guide, DVD, and CD-ROM
Cyber Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 6–12
Coming soon: Cyber Bullying: A Prevention Curriculum for Grades 3–5
Resources from Hazelden Publishing
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
• educate students about bullying and cyber bullying.
• prevent cyber bullying through activities and discussions about appropriate online etiquette, empathy, and ethics.
• empower bystanders to prevent or intervene in cyber bullying situations.
• encourage parent/guardian and child communication.
The Cyber Bullying curriculum is designed to
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
• Develop a bullying report form or system that includes a method for reporting cyber bullying.
• Share information with parents and guardians about cyber bullying.
Prior to implementing the curriculum
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
Educate students, teachers, parents, and guardians.
Empower targeted students and bystanders.
Support targeted students and their families.
Implications for educators, families, and community
organizations
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CYBER BULLYING HURTS
Find more resources at
www.cyberbullyhelp.com
www.stopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov
Cyber bullying is a school climate issue!