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Curs 2
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C 1 R 2 G 3
G 4
G 7 R 8 C 9G 5
G 7
G 4
G 6G 6
G7
G 4
G 7
Legatura intre:Calculatorul C1 deservit de ruterul R2 si gateway‐ul G3Calculatorul C9 deservit de ruterul R8 si gateway‐ul G7
Noduri esentiale sunt : R2, G3,G7, R8
Trasee posibile:1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 91, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 91, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 91, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 91, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 91, 2, 3, 5, 4, 7, 8, 91, 2, 3, 5, 6, 4, 7, 8, 9
Traseul e ales in functie de ocupare in acel moment side disponibilitatea nodurilor
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A B C D E A B C D E
D E A B C
ABCDE
ABCDE
ABCDE
A
BC
D
E
Sursa Destinatie
Impartirepe blocuri
Realizarepachete
Reordonarepachete
Extrageredate
Transmisie (ordinea potential schimbata)
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Adresa IP destinatie
Router
Gateway ETC (ETTI)
tracert(Windows)
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Reprezinta traducerea literara a adreselor IP in vedereamanipularii usoare de catreutilizatorii umaniCalculatoare dedicate (DNS – Domain Name Server) realizeaza o retea complementara, ierarhizata, pentru realizarea in regim client‐server a traducerii ND IP
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Domain Name SystemCaractere permise:
literele alfabetului englezcifre“‐”
Fully Qualified Domain Namenume_domeniu.top_level_domain.tipic punctul final (semnificatie = root) se omite
Top Level Domaincod tara: ro, fr, uk, us, etc.generice: biz, com, info, name, net, org, pro (IANA)sponsorizate: gov, edu, mil, int etc.
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ICANN – Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
RIPE – Réseaux IP Européens▪ RoTLD – Romania Top Level Domain www.rotld.roARIN –American Registry for Internet NumbersAPNIC –Asia‐Pacific Network Information Center
Cost .ro – 61$ (TVA inclus) pe viata: .com, .eu – 10$/an
“primul venit primul servit”Lamentarea lui Harris: “toate cele bune sunt ocupatedeja”In caz de conflict, arbitrare ROTLD, RIPE, IANA + justitie
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Subdomeniile sunt la latitudinea proprietaruluidomeniului
“tuiasi.ro” domeniu inregistrat de TUIasi, controlat de RoTLD“etc.tuiasi.ro” subdomeniu implementat de TUIasi, controlat de ETC (ETTI)“rf‐opto.etc.tuiasi.ro” subdomeniu implementat de ETC (ETTI)
Tipic prefixul (automat sau nu) e o indicatie a tipuluide date oferite: www, ftp, gopher etc.Mai multe nume de domeniu/subdomeniu pot impartio adresa IP
rf‐opto.etc.tuiasi.ro = 81.180.222.13www.etc.tuiasi.ro = 81.180.222.13
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In momentul accesului la rf‐opto.etc.tuiasi.ro:
Toate server‐ele DNS realizeaza un cache al tabelei ND IP pentruutilizare mai rapidaipconfig /flushdns
root
“.”RoTLD“.ro.”
TUIasi“.tuiasi.ro.”
ETC“.etc.tuiasi.ro.”
Adresa IP
81.180.222.13
C
DNSnume_server =
IP_server
nume_server.roIP_server
nume_serverIP_server= ?
IP_server
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Uniform Resource LocatorForma: serviciu://gazda:port/cale/fisier.ext
serviciu:// – aplicatia (protocolul) care se acceseaza de pegazda: http://, ftp://, telnet://, file://gazda – nume de domeniu sau adresa IP:port – portul utilizat in comunicare: unele implicite: (ftp –21, http – 80, ssh – 22, telnet – 23)cale – cale de directoare plecand de la radacina serviciului pegazdafisier.ext numele fisierului pe gazda
Exemplu: http://rf‐opto.etc.tuiasi.ro:80/ui/Lucrari/Lucrarea1/Lucrarea1.html
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Open Systems InterconnectionStructura stratificata pe 7 nivele
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IP – Internet ProtocolHTTP – Hyper Text Transfer ProtocolFTP – File Transfer ProtocolTCP –Transport Control ProtocolSMTP – Simple Mail Transfer ProtocolPOP3 – Post Office ProtocolIMAP – Internet Message Access ProtocolTelnet – Telecommunication network (remote login)
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LAN – Local Area Networkacopera distantemaxim de ordinulkm
WAN –Wide Area Networkpoate acoperiintreaga lumeInternetul e ceamai mare WAN
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Stea: toate nodurile sunt conectate la un nod central numit hub (switching hub)
Hub
C1
C2
C3I1
S1
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Bus – toate nodurile sunt conectate la un singur cabluobligatoriu trebuie sa apara terminatoare la capat
C1 C2 C3 C4 I1 S1
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Inel – toate nodurile sunt conectate la un singur cablu care realizeaza un inelteminatoarele nu sunt necesare
C1
C2
C3
C4
I1
S1
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CabluCoaxial: 185 m, 10 Mb/sUTP –Unshielded twisted pair: 100 m, ▪ Cat 5 100 Mb/s (5e – 1000Mb/s)▪ Cat 6 1000 Mb/s (6e – 10000Mb/s)
STP – Shielded twisted pair: distanta mai marefibra optica
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ConectoriBNC – Bayonet Neill ConcelmanRJ45 –UTPRJ22 –Telefonie (RJ11)
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Cablu EthernetConectare calculator –switch, calculator modem
CrossoverConectare directa intre2 calculatoare
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NIC –Network Interface Card – placa de retea10Mb/s, 100Mb/s , 1000Mb/sEthernetRJ45
Modem56 kb/sRJ22Inlocuit de Cable Modem
Viteze de accesgarantatbest effort▪ tipic, pentru aplicatii v[B/s] ~ v[b/s] / 10
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Laboratorul de microunde si optoelectronicahttp://rf‐[email protected]