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Culture
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Culture is the knowledge, language, values, customs,
and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one
generation to the next in a human group or society.
Culture Defined
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The Importance of Culture in a Changing World
It goes beyond instincts and “biological drives” Culture is a learned phenomenon Another definition: “The common denominator
that makes the actions of individuals intelligible to the group” (p. 69)
We are a combination of nature and nurture (culture)
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Material and Non-Material Culture Material culture: Is all the physical or
tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share (p. 70)
Technology: knowledge, techniques, and tools that make it possible for people to transform resources into usable forms, and the knowledge and skills required to use them after they have been developed (p. 70)
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Material and Nonmaterial Culture Nonmaterial culture:
Are the abstract or intangible human creations of society that influence people’s behaviour. (p.71)
Examples: language, beliefs, values, rules of behaviour, family patterns, and political systems
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Cultural Universals Defined: customs and practices that occur
across all societies (p.71) Examples:
appearance (hairstyles, sports, dancing, games) social institutions (family, law, and religion) and customary practices (cooking, folklore, gift
giving, and hospitality)
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Cultural Universals Why do they exist?
1. To help society to function smoothly
2. To allow dominate cultures to impose themselves on less dominant societies
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Technology, Cultural Change, and Diversity How do societies evolve? How do they adapt
and adjust to things like technology etc. Cultural Change Cultural Diversity Culture Shock Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
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Cultural Change Since classical times, the world has changed
significantly but in rural / isolated societies this change is much less pronounced Cultural lag: a gap between the technological
development of a society and its moral and legal institutions
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Cultural Change Factors of change:
Discovery: something previously unknown or unrecognized: e.g., vaccines for diseases
Invention: reshaping existing cultural items into a new form (the steam engine, the car, the computer)
Diffusion: transmission of cultural items or social practices from one culture to another
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Cultural Diversity Defined: the wide range of cultural differences found
between and within nations Homogeneous: one language, ethnicity, religion, and
the like—most Muslim societies today Heterogeneous: many languages, ethnic groups,
religions—Canada and the United States (in the past 150 years, 13 million people have immigrated to Canada)
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Cultural Diversity Elements:
Subcultures: a group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs and behaviours that differ in some significant ways from that of the larger society (p. 83)
Example: the Hutterites—able to keep their culture while adapting to the technology of modern agriculture
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Cultural Diversity Elements:
Counterculture: a group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks alternative lifestyles (p. 86)
Examples: beatniks of the 1950s, the hippies of the 1960s, neo-Nazi skinheads in Germany and Canada
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Culture Shock Defined: the disorientation that people feel
when they encounter cultures radically different from their own (p. 87)
Example: the visit of Napoleon Chagnon to the Yanomamo people of the rain forest of South America
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Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism Ethnocentrism: the tendency to regard one’s own
culture and group as the standard, and thus superior (p. 87)
Both positive and negative Cultural Relativity: behaviours and customs of any
culture must be viewed and analyzed by the culture’s own standards
May violate human rights, like female circumcision
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Global Popular Culture High Culture and Popular Culture:
High: classical music, opera, ballet, live theatre Popular: activities, products, and services that
are assumed to appeal primarily to members of the middle and working class (p.88) Elements: widespread, called “mass culture”