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Global construction consultants
GLOBALCONSTRUCTIONCONSULTANTS
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Global construction consultants
CONCENTRATED SOLAR THERMAL POWERJon Dedman
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RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY - Making it work
Obstacles
Natural energy sources are variable high levels of fossil-fuel
back-up are required
High capital expense vs fossil fuels (at least for now)
Grid infrastructure is nation-based rather than regional
Solutions
Capture energy where it is abundant and transport it to whereits needed
Make use of multiple types of energy to offset variability
Capture and distribute energy over a wide area to balancesupply and demand
Use storage mechanisms to meet peaks in demand
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ELECTRICITY GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES COMPARED
Peak Power 100 to 2000 hours per year 14 to 30 ct/kWh
Pumped Hydro Storage, Fuel Oil , Gas Turbine, Biomass,Geothermal, CSP
Intermediate Power 2000 to 5000 h/y 8 to 18 ct/kWh
Coal, Gas Combined Cycle, Biomass, Geothermal, CSP
Base Load 6000 to over 8000 h/y 7 to 13 ct/kWh
Coal, Lignite,Nuclear, River run-off, Gas combined cycle,Co-generation, Wind, Solar PV, Geothermal, CSP
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RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL IN EU-MENA (Yield inGWhel/km/y)
Solar (up to 250)
Biomass (0-1)
Geothermal (0-1)
Wind (0-50)
Hydropower (0-50)
A CSP plant of thesize of Lake Nasserequals the totalMiddle East oilproduction
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RENEWABLE ENERGY LAND USEDavid Mackay mainly from Energy without the hot air
Wind onshore 2 3 W/m2offshore 3 4 W/m2
Photosynthesis 0.5 0.75 W/m2
Hydro: rain-receiving area 0.24 W/m2or lake / reservoir area 11 W/m2
Wave energy 3 5 W/m2
Tidal stream 5 - 10 W/m2
Tidal lagoons 3 - 6 W/m2
Photo-voltaics (UK) 8 12 W/m2
Concentrated Solar Thermal Power in deserts 20 W/m2
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HARVESTING SOLAR ENERGY IN BULK
Solar PV
Scaleable, no need for water or supervision, but fickle.
Concentrated Solar PV (CPV)
Suitable for siting on buildings, where cooling may be a beneficial by-product
Concentrating Solar Thermal
Receivers much simpler and more durable than PV
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CONCENTRATING SOLAR THERMAL ELECTRICITY
The mainstream CSP technologyOne sq km of high insolation desert region can provide:
peak power of 20-60 MW (e) and 250million kWh p.a.
or 60 million m3 of desalinated water / year (4kWh/m3)
Solar FieldExpansionvessel
Air cooled or wetcooled condenser
ThermalStorage
Generator
Turbine
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CSP vs PV
CSP Uses heat rather than light
CSP is typically utility scale, ie 10 MW 250 MW per plant.Centralised vs Decentralised
CSP requires strong clear sunshine, PV copes better with
cloud and in cooler climates. PV loses efficiency astemperatures increase
PV has higher embodied energy and carbon and producesmore toxic waste in manufacturing / disposal
CPV requires less semiconductor material, but greater landarea.
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CSP vs PV
CSP can store collected solar energy. Electricity generationcan continue through cloudy periods and into darkness.
CSP has been co-fired with gas to maintain output. Coulduse biomass or energy from waste as back-up.
CSP can supply process heat for industry, desalination, andabsorption cooling for buildings.
CSP - 10GW in detailed planning worldwide, 1 GW inconstruction. Current installed base circa 500 MW
PV - in 2008 Spain installed 2.5 GWp out of global 5.5GWp.Current installed base circa 15 GW.
CPV Iberian peninsula leading.
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CONCENTRATING SOLAR THERMAL ELECTRICITY
TECHNOLOGIES
Parabolic Trough
Compact LinearFresnel
Power Tower
Parabolic Dish
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CONC SOLAR THERMAL ELECTRICITY TECHNOLOGIES
Kramer JunctionCOMPACT
LINEARFRESNEL
REFLECTOR
Main player:
Ausra, (USA / Australia)
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CONC SOLAR THERMAL ELECTRICITY TECHNOLOGIES
Kramer Junction
POWER TOWER
Main players:
eSolar, BrightSource
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CONC SOLAR THERMAL ELECTRICITY TECHNOLOGIES
STORAGE
Power supply from a CSP plant can be scheduled and can
continue after dark. Up to 8000 full power hours per year.
Thermal
Molten salt
Concrete, Graphite
Phase change
Thermo-chemical
Ammonia (Wizard Power, Australia)
Magnesium Hydride (BSR Solar, Germany)
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CONC SOLAR THERMAL ELECTRICITY TECHNOLOGIESThermal storage Andasol 1
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CONC SOLAR THERMAL ELECTRICITY TECHNOLOGIESCooling
Wet Cooling
Uses 3.5 meters3
water perMWh
Dry Cooling
Reduces plant waterconsumption by 90%
but loss of efficiencyincreases cost of electricity by10%
Hybrids being developed
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CONC SOLAR THERMAL ELECTRICITY TECHNOLOGIES
TRANSMISSION
HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT (HVDC)
Up to 800kV
3% loss per 1000km
Only viable system for undersea cables
Cheaper than HVAC for long distances (like over about
600 800 kilometres) Interconnects and decouples national grids
90% of global population live within 2700 km of a
desert
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CONC SOLAR THERMAL ELECTRICITY TECHNOLOGIES
HVDC vs HVAC
Corridor widths (looking down the cables)
Fewer conductors
Smaller cables
Less land
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GLOBAL HVDC TRANSMISSION
Total capacity > 75 GW in more than 90 projects, Total Length >
25,000 milesConnect renewable power sources like hydropower or geothermalpower with distant centres of demand
Interconnect countries over sea (e.g. UK-France, Baltic Cable, Italy-
Greece, Sardinia)
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DESERTEC CONCEPT
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DESERTEC CONCEPT
TREC Trans Mediterranean Energy Cooperation
German Aerospace Centre (DLR) TRANSCSP and MED CSP
reportsPlan for 100GW of exportable solar power (above the needs ofsunbelt countries) by 2050
Improve the resilience and security of Europe's electricity supplies,and avoid any new nuclear in Europe
Costs 400 billion Euros over 30 years, only 10 billion of Govtsubsidies
Multiple undersea HVDC cables linking MENA and EU. Twenty 5GW interconnectors in 2050
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MEDITERRANEAN SOLAR PLAN
EU & N. African initiative Union for the Mediterranean
(French-Egyptian co-presidency - Economic and security
collaboration)MSP announced in mid 2008
20GW new RE capacity to be installed by 2020 with 15% forexport to EU
MSP to provide start up support for sunbelt countries:
carbon funding and concessional loans
access to European market RE prices
new public policies to address non economic barriers
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CSP GLOBAL PICTURE
USA most active market, State RE targets driving investments.SW deserts prime resource. Start up manufacturers
BrightSource, sSolar, AusraGermany technology suppliers: Solar Millennium, MAN.
Architects and researchers: DLR and MSP.
France architects and political supporters: MSP
Spain most active EU market, 500MW CSP in planning.Abengoa and Acciona. Researchers.
Australia perfect climate, high energy and water demand. Local
developers Ausra, Wizard Power, Acquasol. Retrofitting CSP tocoal plants. 50x50 km area would meet 2020 electricity demand
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CSP GLOBAL PICTURE
Jordan supporter of DESERTEC concept, high desalinationdemand
Abu Dhabi MASDAR SHAMS 1 100MW CSP in constructionEgypt site of first CSP plant in 1920s, MSP supporter
Morocco co-fired CSP in construction. Recently announced $9Bplan for 2,000 MW of CSP by 2020.
Tunisia NUR Energie working on scheme targeted at 2,000MW,mainly for export to Italy. Using a tower system by BrightSource
Algeria co-fired CSP in construction, exploring undersea cable
connection to GermanyChina ample desert resources, local company Solar ETC.
Building 1.5MW CSP Tower for 2010, 150 MW of CSP by 2015.
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