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D ATA M O D E L SC S C 2 5 3 7 / S TA 2 5 5 5 - I N F O R M AT I O N V I S U A L I Z AT I O N
Fanny CHEVALIER
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
Source: http://www.hotbutterstudio.com/
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
T H E I N F O V I S R E F E R E N C E M O D E L
Ed Chi. A Framework for Information visualisation spreadsheets. PhD Thesis, University of Minnesota, 1999.
aka infovis pipeline, data state model [Chi99]
Image from: Card, Mackinlay, and Shneiderman. Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision To Think, Chapter 1. Morgan Kaufmann, 1999
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
T H E I N F O V I S R E F E R E N C E M O D E L
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
Fanny, Thomas Fanny, Géry
Fanny, Nicolas Fanny, Laurent Fanny, Bruno
Fanny, Laëtitia Thomas, Géry
Thomas, Nicolas Laëtitia, Laurent Laëtitia, Mathieu
Laëtitia, Julie Bruno, Mathieu
…
T H E I N F O V I S R E F E R E N C E M O D E L
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
Fanny, Thomas Fanny, Géry
Fanny, Nicolas Fanny, Laurent Fanny, Bruno
Fanny, Laëtitia Thomas, Géry
Thomas, Nicolas Laëtitia, Laurent Laëtitia, Mathieu
Laëtitia, Julie Bruno, Mathieu
…
T H E I N F O V I S R E F E R E N C E M O D E L
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
Fanny, Thomas Fanny, Géry
Fanny, Nicolas Fanny, Laurent Fanny, Bruno
Fanny, Laëtitia Thomas, Géry
Thomas, Nicolas Laëtitia, Laurent Laëtitia, Mathieu
Laëtitia, Julie Bruno, Mathieu
…
T H E I N F O V I S R E F E R E N C E M O D E L
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
Fanny, Thomas Fanny, Géry
Fanny, Nicolas Fanny, Laurent Fanny, Bruno
Fanny, Laëtitia Thomas, Géry
Thomas, Nicolas Laëtitia, Laurent Laëtitia, Mathieu
Laëtitia, Julie Bruno, Mathieu
…
T H E I N F O V I S R E F E R E N C E M O D E L
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
K N O W L E D G E C R I S TA L I Z AT I O N P R O C E S S
WORKING WITH VISUALIZATIONS IS NOT A LINEAR PROCESS
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
Overview first, Zoom and filter, then Details-on-demand.
Ben Shneiderman. The Eyes Have It: A Task by Data Type Taxonomy for Information Visualizations. In Proc. Visual Languages, 336–343, 1996.
T H E V I S U A L I N F O R M AT I O N - S E E K I N G M A N T R A
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
C H A L L E N G E S
• Collect the right data • Choose the right data structure • Not discard important data • Choose the right representation • Develop appropriate interaction mechanisms
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
D ATA T Y P E S
Taxonomies of data types stem from Steven’s scale of measurement
• Nominal (identity) • Ordinal (comparison) • Quantitative (differences, ratios)
See also: S. Card and J. Mackinlay. The Structure of the Information Visualization Design Space. In proc. InfoVis’97, 92–99, 1997.
S.S. Stevens, On the theory of scales of measurements, 1946
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
D ATA T Y P E S
• Nominal (labels) • Fruits: apples, oranges
• Ordinal • Energy class: A, B, C, D, E • Meat quality: grade A, AA, AAA • Can be counted and compared, but not measured
• Quantitative : Interval • No absolute zero (or arbitrary) • E.g., dates, longitude, latitude
• Quantitative : Ratio • Meaningful origin • Physical measures (temperature, mass, length) • Accounts
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
D ATA T Y P E S
• Nominal (labels) • Operations: =, ≠
• Ordinal • Operations: =, ≠, <, >
• Quantitative : Interval • Operations: =, ≠, <, >, -, + • Distance measure possible
• Quantitative : Ratio • Operations : =, ≠, <, >, -, +, x, / • Ratio or proportion measure possible
≠
>
[1989 - 1999] + [2002 - 2012]
10kg / 5kg
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• 1D (linear)
• Temporal
• 2D (map)
• 3D
• nD (relational)
• Tree (hierarchical)
• Network (graphs)
Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
D ATA T Y P E S
Past Future
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
Why is it important?
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
• The most appropriate visual representation for differentdata types (ordinal, nominal, quantitative) are different
• Different data types are often tied to specific tasks
• temporal data: compare events
• hierarchical data: understand parent-child relationships
But : Each data type (1D, 2D, …) can be represented in multiple ways
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
L I N E A R D ATA
Seesoft [Eick, IEEE TVCG 1992]
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
L I N E A R D ATA
The Document Lens [Robertson & Mackinlay, UIST’93]
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
L I N E A R D ATA
Arc Diagrams [Wattenberg, Infovis 2002] See also: http://www.bewitched.com/song.html
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
G R A P H I C S E M I O L O G Y
Jacques Bertin (1918-2010)
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
V I S U A L VA R I A B L E S ( a k a R e t i n a l v a r i a b l e s )
Size
Value
Texture
Color (Hue)
Orientation
Shape
2D position
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
V I S U A L VA R I A B L E S : AT T R I B U T E S• position
changes in the x, y (z) location • size
changes in length, area or repetition • shape
infinite number of shapes • value
changes from light to dark • orientation
changes in alignment • colour
changes in hue at a given value • texture
variation in pattern • (motion)
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
V I S U A L VA R I A B L E S : C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S• selective
is a change in this variable enough to allow us to select it from a group?
• associativeis a change in this variable enough to allow us to perceive them as a group?
•quantitative is there a numerical reading obtainable from changes in this variable?
• order are changes in this variable perceived as ordered?
• length across how many changes in this variable are distinctions perceptible?
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
P O S I T I O N
selective
associative
quantitative
order
length
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
S I Z E
selective
associative
quantitative
order length
• theoretically infinite but practically limited • association and selection ~5 and distinction ~ 20
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
S H A P E
selective
associative
quantitative
order length
• infinite variations
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
S H A P E
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
S H A P E
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
VA L U E
selective
associative
quantitative
order length
• theoretically infinite but practically limited • association and selection < ~7 and distinction ~10
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
C O L O U R
selective
associative
quantitative
order length
• theoretically infinite but practically limited • association and selection < ~7 and distinction ~10
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
C O L O U R
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
C O L O U R
selective
associative
quantitative
order length
• theoretically infinite but practically limited • association and selection < ~7 and distinction ~10
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
E N C O D I N G
Common advice says use a rainbow scale - Marcus, Murch, Healey - strong problems with rainbows
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Which stands out to you? Do you see a division?
VisualizationVisual Perception & Cognition
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Animation, Embodiment, and Digital Media
Human Experience of Technological Liveliness
Kenny Chow
ISBN: 9781137283085
DOI: 10.1057/9781137283085
Palgrave Macmillan
Please respect intellectual property rightsThis material is copyright and its use is restricted by our standard site license terms andconditions (see http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/connect/info/terms_conditions.html). If youplan to copy, distribute or share in any format including, for the avoidance of doubt, posting onwebsites, you need the express prior permission of Palgrave Macmillan. To request permissionplease contact [email protected].
VisualizationVisual Perception & Cognition
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
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VisualizationVisual Perception & Cognition
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VisualizationVisual Perception & Cognition
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
O R I E N TAT I O N
selective
associative
quantitative
order length
• ~5 in 2D; ? in 3D
?
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
T E X T U R E
selective
associative
quantitative
order length
• ~5 in 2D; ? in 3D
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
T E X T U R E
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
T E X T U R E
Cotton production in Brazil, 1927
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
G U I D E L I N E S F O R M A P P I N G
W. S. Cleveland and R. McGill. Graphical Perception: Theory, Experimentation, and Application to the Development of Graphical Methods. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 79(387). 1984 J. Mackinlay. Automating the Design of Graphical Presentations of Relational Information. ACM Trans. Graph. 5(2): 110–141, 1986.
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Visual Perception & Cognition Visualization
I N F O R M AT I O N V I S U A L I Z AT I O N
Graphics should reveal the data • show the data • not get in the way of the message • avoid distortion • present many numbers in a small space • make large data sets coherent • encourage comparison between data • supply both a broad overview and fine detail • serve a clear purpose
E. TufteVisual Display of Quantitative Information