Download - Cross Layer Design Ppt 4985
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Cross Layer Design-Suparna
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Agenda Introduction
Signaling Methods
Architecture Applications
Issues
Proposed solutions Conclusion & Future Work
References
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What lead to CLD? Advanced applications like VOIP, Web browsing ,
multimedia conferences & video streaming
demanded Widely varying and diverse QoS guarantees
Adaptability to dynamically varying networks & traffic
Modest Buffer requirements
High and effective Capacity utilization
Low processing overhead per packet
Video streaming high bandwidth requirements are coupled with
tight delay constraints
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What lead to CLD? The approach of any layerednetwork is to treat different layersas different entities and performlayer specific operation independentof other layers
TCP is a point-to-point protocol thatsets up a connection bet twoendpoints using a handshake signal,hence it cannot be used in multicastenvironment
QoS was not an issue for the
application using Layered approachfor providing multi vendor interface
FIFO buffers were used for resourcehandling and sharing
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Cross Layer Design CLD is a way of achieving information sharing
between all the layers in order to obtain highestpossible adaptivity of any network.
This is required to meet the challenging Data rates,higher performance gains and Quality of Servicesrequirements for various real time and non real timeapplications.
CLD is a co-operation between multiple layers tocombine the resources and create a network that ishighly adaptive
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Cross Layer Design This approach allows upper layers to better adapt
their strategies to varying link and network
conditions.
This helps to improve the end-to-end performance
given networks resources.
Each layer is characterized by some key parameters,
that are passed to the adjacent layers to help themdetermine the best operation modes that best suit the
current channel, network and application conditions
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Cross Layer Design Wireless Networking
Architecture: Connection Vs
Connectionless
Energy efficient analysis of manets
Traffic theory & protocols
Signal processing
Increasing the spectral efficiency
Reducing Bit Error Rate
Reducing transmission energy
Information Theory
Developing capacity limits
Designing efficient source coding and
channel algorithms
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Cross Layer Signaling Methods Method IPacket headers
Method IIICMP Messages
Method IIILocal Profiles
Method IVNetworks Services
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Method IPacket headers Interlayer signaling pipe stores the cross layer
information of the Headers of theIPv6 packets
It makes use of IP data packets as in-bandmessage carriers
There is no need to use a dedicated message
protocol
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Method IPacket Headers Method IIICMP Messages
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Method IIICMP Messages
A message can be generated at any layer and propagated to
any upper layer, thus a message is transferred using these
holes rather than a pipe as in method I
The messages are propagated through the layers using theInternet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
This is more flexible and efficient method.
But, ICMP encapsulated message have to pass by network
layer even if the signaling is requires between link andapplication layer.
Only upward ICMP messages are reported
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Method IIILocal Profiles
Cross layer information is abstracted from
related layer and stored in separate profiles
within a Mobile Host (MH). Interested layers can select profiles to fetch
desired information.
This is not suitable for time-stringent taskslike real time applications.
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Method IIILocal Profile
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Method IVNetworks Services
Channel and link information from physical
layer and link layer are gathered, abstracted
and managed by WCIWireless channelInformation Servers.
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Method IVNetworks Services
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Some applications of CLD
QoS support in the 3Gpp2 Wireless Systems
AD-HOC networks for real-time video
streaming QoS mapping architecture for video delivery
in wireless network
Multimedia over wireless
Multi hop wireless networks
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Application of CLD in AD-HOC Networks for
Real time Video Streaming
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CLD for Real Time Video Streaming
Link Layer: Adaptive techniques are used to maximize the linkrates under varying channel conditions.
MAC Layer: Assigns time slots, codes or frequency bands toeach links.
Network Layer: Network layer operates jointly with MAC layerto determine the set of network flows that minimizescongestion.
Transport Layer: Congestion-Distortion optimized schedulingis performed to control the transmission and retransmission of
packets. It uses a CoDiO Scheduler which selects the mostimportant packet in terms of video distortion and transmits it inan order that minimizes congestion. It avoids transmittingpackets in large bursts.
Application Layer: It determines the most efficient encodingrate that will suite the given requirements for that application
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Adaptive Link Layer Technique
The data rate of the link is improved by adaptingthe link layer variation to the variation of thechannel like transmitter power, target BER and
Symbol rate. Adapting the Packet length depending on the
SINR and the link layer parameters to optimizethroughput.
The optimal packet length L is calculated as
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PSNR performance for video Streaming for two
different Networks
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Issue 1:Video Delivery in Wireless Networks
(Link layer, Transport Layer & Application Layer)
Providing better quality of service QoS mappingtechniques so that each video layer is optimallymapped to its corresponding priority class.
There should be a proper coordination mechanismbetween priority transmission system and videoapplications. This is because in transmission layerthe QoS is expressed in terms of probability ofbuffer overflow and the probability of delay
violation at the link layer. Whereas, in Videoapplication layer QoS is measured by mean squarederror (MSE) and Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR).
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Architecture of a cross layer QoS Management
for video delivery over wireless
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QoS Mapping Technique
The QoS mapping and the Adaptation Moduleare the key factors of the cross layer design.
It has to be designed to optimally matchapplication layer QoS and the link(Transmission layer) QoS.
The video application layer QoS and link-
layer QoS are allowed to interact with eachother and adapt along with the wirelesschannel condition.
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GOP structure of MPEG video file
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QoS Mapping Issues
Packets from the same GOP structure have toplaced on the same QoS class.
The video playback frame rate at the end useris F frames/sec. And if the mobile terminalstarts to play back the first video frame ofGOP at time Tp, then for uninterrupted
playback the video frame n in the same GOPshould be received before
Td(n) = Tp + ((n-1)/F)
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Solution: Tree search approach
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Tree approach for optimal Mapping
Find out the number of the video layers and markthem as the stages of the tree
Mark the priority classes as the nodes of the stages
Create all the possible branches in order to accountfor all the accumulated buffer occupancies.
Compute the accumulated distortion reduction toeach mapping and after that the optimal mappingsolution will be the route from the leaf node to thetree root which had the minimum accumulateddistortion reduction.
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Solution for Priority Transmission and
Video Application Module
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Solution for Priority Transmission and
Video Application Module
Video coding module sets up a QoS bound r(t) in terms ofexpected video distortion (PSNR). It then send a transmitrequest (Txreq) to transmission module
Transmission Module offers a set of statistical Qosguarantees for each priority class. The QoS parameters thatprovide the lowest distortion and satisfy the range of videoquality requirement r(t) will be chosen as the QoS parametersfor the transmission.
The transmission module requests the video coding module toadjust itself to the lower value.
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Solution for Priority Transmission and
Video Application Module
The video coding module sends the selected QoSparameters to set up the QoS parameters for eachpriority class of the network. In the next step thetransmission module acknowledges this after set upis complete.
The prioritized video bit stream is uploaded onto thenetwork based on the QoS parameters and the videolayer mapping policy.
Upon the change of the channel service rate,parameters have to rearranged by using the sameprocedure.
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Issue:2 Providing Multi User Gain
In cross Layer Design for wireless networks
on of the important issue is related to
providing multi user gain withoutcompensating for the QoS requirements of the
users.
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CLD Architecture for a Wireless Network
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Scheduler
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Related Issues
How to support real time data users simultaneously
with good QoS, with packet delays not exceeding
given thresholds ?
How to support a mixture of real time and non real
time data users simultaneously with real time user
receiving their desired QoS and non real time users
receiving maximum throughput ? How to fairly allocated Bandwidth among various
user?
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Proposed Solution The optimal scheduling for a wireless networks
consists of N queues and a single server is serving allthe queues.
The arrival process to each of the queues is assumedto be i.i.d (independent n identical distribution)bernoulli process and the channel perceived by eachqueue is also i.i.d ON-OFF process.
Then it has been proved that the policy which
minimizes the number of packets in the system iswhen the server serves the user whose channel is Onand has the longest queue.
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Simulation Results for Traffic Mix Parameters
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Issue: 3
Whenever Cross Layer design is implemented
problems like Time Separation, Stability andunintended interactions between the layers
have to be taken care of.
This issue deals with these problems with thehelp of some examples like Adaptive Rate
MAC Layer.
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Rate Adaptive MAC and Minimum
Hop Routing Problem
The rate adaptive protocol is a simple
variation of IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol.
The idea behind rate-adaptive MAC protocolsis to send data at higher rates when the
channel quality is good. And such higher rates
can be achieved by changing the modulationscheme.
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Rate Adaptive MAC and Minimum
Hop Routing Problem
The transmission rate can be set as requireddepending on the Modulation scheme
The RTS/CTS are always transmitted at Base
rate At receiver, it measures the signal strength and
figures out the maximum rate at which the Datacan be received given that signal strength
This rate is then communicated through CTS Then the transmitter send the subsequent ACK
and DATA packets at this data rate.
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Plain IEEE 802.11 protocol
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Rate Adaptive Mac Protocol Using minimum Hop Routing Protocol with higher layers
protocol like Destination Sequenced Distance Vector(DSDV), then it had some undesirable effects.
DSDV builds routing tables by sending hello packets to
neighbors. Hello packets are broadcast packets that containcumulative routing information.
Since hello packets are broadcast packets, they are sent at thebase rate, and thus have a large range.
Minimum-hop routing thus chooses the longest possible hops
on the path, which causes low received signal strength, whichin turn implies a low data rate.
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Destination Sequence Distant Vector
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Comparison of Adaptive Rate MAC and Plain
IEEE 802.11
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Conclusion & Future Work
CLD is one of the most rapidly growing technologies which
involves cooperation and state information sharing between all
layers, thus bringing a revolutionary approach.
CLD creates some interactions between the layers. Some of these
are intentional but some are unintentional resulting into the poor
performance of the system which is contradictory to why CLD is
used in first place?
As the CLD architecture is not a modular one, everything is
interconnected to other, more complex algorithms have to bedesigned.
A system wide CLD can lead to spaghetti implementations
which in turn will hamper further innovations and it becomes
difficult to maintain.
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Questions?
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References Introduction:
http://www.iet.ntnu.no/projects/cuban/archive/1812041.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdf
Architecture:
http://www.stanford.edu/~esetton/Wcomm.pdf
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7742/32173/01497859.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1497859&isnumber=32173
issue:1http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/9692/30597/01417549.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1417549&isnumber=30597
http://140.98.193.112/iel5/49/28068/01254584.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1254584&isnumber=28068
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xplore.ieee.org/iel5/7742/32173/01497859.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1497859&isnumber=32173http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7742/32173/01497859.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1497859&isnumber=32173http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7742/32173/01497859.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1497859&isnumber=32173http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7742/32173/01497859.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1497859&isnumber=32173http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7742/32173/01497859.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1497859&isnumber=32173http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7742/32173/01497859.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1497859&isnumber=32173http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7742/32173/01497859.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1497859&isnumber=32173http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7742/32173/01497859.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1497859&isnumber=32173http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7742/32173/01497859.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1497859&isnumber=32173http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7742/32173/01497859.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1497859&isnumber=32173http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7742/32173/01497859.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1497859&isnumber=32173http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7742/32173/01497859.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1497859&isnumber=32173http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7742/32173/01497859.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1497859&isnumber=32173http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7742/32173/01497859.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1497859&isnumber=32173http://www.stanford.edu/~esetton/Wcomm.pdfhttp://www.stanford.edu/~esetton/Wcomm.pdfhttp://www.stanford.edu/~esetton/Wcomm.pdfhttp://www.stanford.edu/~esetton/Wcomm.pdfhttp://www.stanford.edu/~esetton/Wcomm.pdfhttp://www.stanford.edu/~esetton/Wcomm.pdfhttp://www.stanford.edu/~esetton/Wcomm.pdfhttp://www.stanford.edu/~esetton/Wcomm.pdfhttp://www.stanford.edu/~esetton/Wcomm.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdfhttp://www.iet.ntnu.no/projects/cuban/archive/1812041.pdfhttp://www.iet.ntnu.no/projects/cuban/archive/1812041.pdfhttp://www.iet.ntnu.no/projects/cuban/archive/1812041.pdfhttp://www.iet.ntnu.no/projects/cuban/archive/1812041.pdfhttp://www.iet.ntnu.no/projects/cuban/archive/1812041.pdfhttp://www.iet.ntnu.no/projects/cuban/archive/1812041.pdfhttp://www.iet.ntnu.no/projects/cuban/archive/1812041.pdfhttp://www.iet.ntnu.no/projects/cuban/archive/1812041.pdfhttp://www.iet.ntnu.no/projects/cuban/archive/1812041.pdfhttp://www.iet.ntnu.no/projects/cuban/archive/1812041.pdfhttp://www.iet.ntnu.no/projects/cuban/archive/1812041.pdfhttp://www.iet.ntnu.no/projects/cuban/archive/1812041.pdf 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References Issue2:
http://140.98.193.112/iel5/49/28068/01254584.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1254584&isn
umber=28068
http://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%2
0paper.pdf
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/35/27698/01235598.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1235598&
isnumber=27698
Issue3:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7742/30466/01404568.pdf?tp=&arnumber=140456
8&is%20%20%20number=30
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