Download - Covalent bond
![Page 1: Covalent bond](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081716/546a7801af79596c268b4e8b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Covalent bond](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081716/546a7801af79596c268b4e8b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
tYPES of bondstYPES of bonds
1.1. Ionic bondIonic bond :Formed by transfer of Formed by transfer of electronselectrons
2.2. Covalent bond:Covalent bond: Formed by ormed by sharing electronssharing electrons
3.3. Metallic bond:Metallic bond: Delocalization of Delocalization of electrons over large area of covalent electrons over large area of covalent bondbond
![Page 3: Covalent bond](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081716/546a7801af79596c268b4e8b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
IONic Bonding
• Electrons are transferred between valence shells of atoms
• Ionic compounds are made of ions
• Ionic compounds are called Salts or Crystals
NOT MOLECULES
![Page 4: Covalent bond](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081716/546a7801af79596c268b4e8b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Covalent BondingCovalent Bonding
Covalent compounds form by sharing electrons to attain a noble gas electron configuration
Regardless of the type of bond, the Octet Rule still must be obeyed (8 valence electrons)
![Page 5: Covalent bond](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081716/546a7801af79596c268b4e8b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Types of covalent bonds
• Non Polar covalent bond:
This type of bond is This type of bond is formed when electrons are formed when electrons are shared equally…shared equally…
• Polar covalent bond:
This type of bond is This type of bond is formed due to un equal formed due to un equal sharing of electronssharing of electrons..
![Page 6: Covalent bond](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081716/546a7801af79596c268b4e8b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
.
Oxygen AtomOxygen Atom Oxygen AtomOxygen Atom
Oxygen Molecule (OOxygen Molecule (O22))
Non polar covalent bond – Equal sharing of electrons
![Page 7: Covalent bond](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081716/546a7801af79596c268b4e8b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Other cases of Other cases of covalent bondcovalent bond
• DOUBLE bond – atoms that share two e- pairs
(4 e-)
O O• TRIPLE bond
– atoms that share three e- pairs (6 e-)
N N
![Page 8: Covalent bond](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081716/546a7801af79596c268b4e8b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Methane CHMethane CH44
• This is the finished Lewis dot This is the finished Lewis dot structure structure
How did we get here?How did we get here?
![Page 9: Covalent bond](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081716/546a7801af79596c268b4e8b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Steps or formation of Steps or formation of Covalent bondCovalent bond
• Step 1– count total valence e- involved
• Step 2– connect the central atom (usually the first
in the formula) to the others with single bonds
• Step 3– complete valence shells of outer atoms
• Step 4– add any extra e- to central atom
IF the central atom has 8 valence e- surrounding it . . YOU’RE DONE!
![Page 10: Covalent bond](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081716/546a7801af79596c268b4e8b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Sometimes . . .
• You only have two atoms, so there is no central atom, but follow the same rules.
• Check & Share to make sure all the atoms are “happy”.
Cl2 Br2 H2 O2 N2 HCl
![Page 11: Covalent bond](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081716/546a7801af79596c268b4e8b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Properties of Molecular Substances
Physical propertiesPhysical properties Covalent compoundsCovalent compounds
States (at room temperature)States (at room temperature) Liquid & gasLiquid & gas
Electrical conductivityElectrical conductivity Usually noneUsually none
Boiling point and Melting pointBoiling point and Melting point Varies, but usually lower than Varies, but usually lower than ionic compoundsionic compounds
Solubility in waterSolubility in water Varies, but usually lower than Varies, but usually lower than ionic compoundsionic compounds
Thermal conductivityThermal conductivity Usually lowUsually low
Covalent bonding
![Page 12: Covalent bond](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081716/546a7801af79596c268b4e8b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Done byP.Dhanush,Tenth class.Narayana e.techno