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Corruption Prevention
and the
OECD Anti-Bribery Instruments
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William Loo
Anti-Corruption Division
Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
OECD
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Overview
OECD Anti-Bribery Instruments
Monitoring implementation
Specific examples
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OECD Anti-Bribery Instruments
OECD Anti-Bribery Convention (in force since 1999)
Revised Recommendation of the OECD Council on Combating Bribery in International Business Transactions (adopted in 1997)
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Focus of OECD Anti-Bribery
Instruments
Bribery of foreign public officials
Giving of bribes (supply side)
International business transactions
Prevent companies in OECD from bribing an official of a government in Asia-Pacific
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OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
Preamble recognises:
“The role of governments in the prevention of solicitation of bribes from individuals and enterprises in international business transactions”
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1997 Revised Recommendation
I. RECOMMENDS that Member countries take effective measures to deter, prevent and combat the bribery of foreign public officials in connection with international business transactions.
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1997 Revised Recommendation
V. RECOMMENDS that Member countries take the steps necessary so that laws, rules and practices with respect to accountingrequirements, external audit and internal company controls are in line with the following principles and are fully used in order to prevent and detect bribery of foreign public officials in international business.
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Monitoring Implementation of
OECD Anti-Bribery Instruments
Peer review
Working Group on Bribery
Covers both Convention and 1997 Revised Recommendation
Phase 2 (2001) specifically addresses prevention
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Corruption Prevention in
Phase 2 Monitoring
General public
Business sector (companies and business organisations)
Relevant professionals: lawyers, accountants, auditors
Government: tax, AML, export credit9
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Example: Foreign Bribery
Information and Awareness Pack
Attorney-General’s Department Australia
8 Fact Sheets (offence, reporting, suspicious transactions)
Brochure, poster & PowerPoint
www.ag.gov.au/agd/WWW/ncphome.nsf/AllDocs/85137C0EBEA67923CA25731B0083B25F?OpenDocument
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Example: METI Guidelines to
Prevent Foreign Bribery
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan
Design of internal control programme
Programme implementation
www.meti.go.jp/english/information/downloadfiles/briberye2.pdf
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Example: Business Anti-Corruption
Portal
Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, UK
Targets business, especially SMEs
Anti-corruption policies, due diligence tools
Over 50 country profiles (15 in Asia-Pacific)
www.business-anti-corruption.com 12
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Example: OECD Bribery Awareness
Handbook for Tax Examiners
Indicators of fraud or bribery
Investigative techniques (who to interview; questionnaire)
Tax examiners and professionals
Translated into local language www.oecd.org/document/39/0,3343,en_2649_34551_37111335_1_1_1_1
,00.html
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Example: Opinion Procedure
Pre-assessment of transaction
U.S. Department of Justice (Foreign Corrupt Practices Act)
Korea Ministry of Justice (Foreign Bribery Prevention Act)
Gray areas
Process initiated by companies
Defence at trial14
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Future Directions
Small and medium sized enterprises
Insufficient resources to develop compliance programmes
Difficult for government to reach
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Future Directions (2)
Corporate compliance programmes
Actual implementation, not paper programmes
Definitions and benchmark
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