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THE CONTROL OF WEAPONS
OF MASS DESTRUCTIONBY
MIOR ROSLAN BIN MIOR MOHD JAAFAT KSD
MASTER IN DEFENCE AND STRATEGIC STUDIES (UM) ADVANCE
DIPLOMA IN STRATEGIC AND SECURITIES STUDIES (UKM),
DIPLOMA IN STRATEGIC AND SECURITY STUDIES (UKM),DIPLOMA IN ACCOUNTING ADMINISTRATION (UM), DIPLOMA IN
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (MIPM), CERT. IN COMPANY
ADMINISTRATION(IIUM)
DATED : 1 6T H FEBRUARY !11
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COURSE OBJECTIVESHighlight the difference between disarmament and arms control
The role played by arms control during the Cold War
Criticism of arms control by the end of the Cold War
Usefulness of arms control in preserving peace and security in
the post cold war period
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NO FIRST USE: THE NEXT STEP FOR U.S. NUCLEAR POLICY
Historically the Unite States has al!ays retaine
the o"tion o# $sin% n$clear !ea"ons #irst in
con#lict. In &''() ho!e*er) Presient +arac,
O-aa "roise a !orl #ree o# n$clear !ea"ons)
so e/"ectations ran hi%h #or a chan%e in U.S.
n$clear "olicy. The &'0' N$clear Post$re Re*ie!)
ho!e*er) i not ao"t the "olicy o# no #irst $se)
an "olicya,ers isse an i"ortant o""ort$nity
to re$ce the role o# n$clear !ea"ons in U.S.
strate%y.
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IMPOR AN
CONCEP
The term arms race, in its original usage, describes a competition between two
or more parties for the best armed forces. Each party competes to produce
larger numbers of weapons, greater armies, or superior military technology in
a technological escalation. Nowadays the term is commonly used to describe
any competition where there is no absolute goal, only the relative goal of
staying ahead of the other competitors. To e!tend a country"s military powerfaster than another .
#rom $%&$ to $&$&, arms race between several Europeans countries, including 'ermany,
#rance, (ussia, and others too) place. *pecifically, 'ermany"s envy of +ritain"s superior
navy in the run up to world War $ resulted in a costly building competition of
dreadnoughtclass ships. This tense arms race lasted until -une $&$, when, after two
antagonic power blocs were formed because of the rivalry, the World War bro)e out. /fter
the war, a new arms race developed among the victorious /llies. The Washington navaltreaty was only partly able to put an end to the race.
/ nuclear arms race developed during the Cold war a period of high tensions between
the former soviet union and the United *tates of /merica. 0n both sides, perceived
advantages of the adversary 1such as the 22missile gap3 led to large spending on
armaments and the stoc)piling of vast nuclear arsenals
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ARMS CONTROL4efinitions 0f /rm Control
nvolves 2restraint internationally e!ercised upon armaments
policy, whether in respect of the level of armaments, their
character, deployment or use3 Hedly +ull “Control of the Arms
Race “
2/rms control deals with the restraints to be imposed upon the
use of nuclear weapons3 5Spanier and Nogee –” The Politics of
Disarmamenet”
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WHAT ARE WEAPONS OF MASS
DESTRUCTION"
+u6an and Herring define W74 as“weapons of which small numbers can destro life and!or
inanimate " ma#e dead$ ob%ects on a &ast scale &er 'uic#l”
n $&% UN Commission for conventional /rmaments define W74
as
“Atomic e(plosi&e weapons) radioacti&e material weapons) lethal
chemical and biological weapons) and an weapons de&eloped in
the future which characteristics comparable in destructi&e effect
to those atomic bomb or other weapons mentioned abo&e”
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0n /ugust 8, $&9, the United *tates used a massive, atomic
weapon against Hiroshima, -apan.
This atomic bomb, the e:uivalent of ;<,<<< tons of TNT,
flattened the city, )illing tens of thousands of civilians.
While -apan was still trying to comprehend this devastation
three days later, the United *tates struc) again, this time, on
Nagasa)i.
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HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI
AF ER HE A OM BOMB
DES RUC ION IN AUGUS 1#$%
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WEAPONS CONTROL
TREATY DEVELOPMENT
n -uly $&8%, N=T 1Non =roliferation Treaty> was signed by
nuclear countries.
China and #rance refused to sign and other states re?ected
the treaty pon the ground that it fro6e the nuclear status
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KEY POINTSThe late $&<s and early $&9<s saw a growing disillusionmentwith disarmament in dealing with the problems posed by weapons
of mass destruction
The late $&9<s brought 2new thin)ing3 and the development of the
theory of arms control
The aim of arms control was to ma)e the prevailing system wor)more effectively
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KEY POINTS&CONTD
The Cuban 7issile Crisis ushered in a new3 golden age3 of
arms control agreement
+y $&@<s, however, arms control as an approach to peace an
security faced increasing problems
There were continuing difficulties in the $&%<s, which meant
that despite the N# /greement in $&%@ there was growing
feeling that the disadvantage of arms control outweighed the
benefits
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INTERNATIONAL
REGIMES ON WMD
A )ey categories of W74 1Nuclear, +iological, Chemical> plus
the missile delivery systems associated with them, each has
an international regime devoted to their control.
$. The Non=roliferation of Nuclear Weapons 1N=T>9th 7arch
$&@<. $%& members. 0nly ndia, srael, North Borea and=a)istan did not signed.
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INTERNATIONAL REGIMES ON
WMD, CONTD
-; categories of signatories
$. Nuclear Weapons *tates 1+ritain, China, #rance, (ussia
and U*, are committed to 2pursue negotiations in good
faith3 on nuclear disarmament.
;. Non Nuclear Weapon states 1NNW*> agree to forgo
nuclear weapons entirely.
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Chemical Weapons Convention 1CWC>
/ multilateral treaty banning the chemical weapons
*igned in ;&th /pril $&&@
Currently has $8 states partiesThe treaty bans development, ac:uisition or possession of
chemical weapon by signatories,
Their use or preparation for use, the transfer of CW or
encouragement of CW in other states,
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and the destruction CW stoc) pile by signatories
CWC compels states parties possessing the banned
weapons to dismantle their stoc) and set out clear time table
to do it. 1 different from N=T>
f non compliance 0=CW 1organi6ation for the =rohibition of
Chemical weapons> can recommend members to ta)e
punitive action
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+iological Weapons Convention 1+WC>
signed in ;8 7arch $&@9
-$9< states members
t bans development, stoc)piling, ac:uisition, retention, andproduction of biological agents and to!in and all weapons
designed to use them.
1CWC does not ban the use of such weapons.>
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KEY POINTS
The post cold war period saw flurry 1sudden rush> of arms
control agreement
4espite the lessening of hostility between the united states
and russia, however, progress was slow and intermittent
ncreasingly the utility of arms control was perceived to have
declined in the changed international environment which
emerged especially after &D$$
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HE END OF COLD
WAR
United states became dominant power in the world
Countries who feared U* hegemony or intervention in their internal
affairs had an interest in developing their own 2ultimate3 weapons
1north Borea and ran>
The emergence of terrorist groups li)e /leada, with nothing tolose attitude, to further their regional and global ambitions
The biggest fear is weapons of mass destruction proliferated to
wea) states and nonstates actor
This is the new 2geostrategic realities3 of the post cold war
Therefore, the attempts to control weapons of mass destruction faced new
challenges, difficult to bring traditional arms control techni:ues and
principles forward to address the new emerging threats
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The end of cold war has brought about a new set of threats,
although smaller in size, but more numerous and potentially more
acute.
According to CIA Director James Woosley
! it was as if we were struggling with a large dragon for "# years,
$illed it, and then found oursel%es in a &ungle full of poisonous
sna$es'
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THE EMERGENCE OF
COUNTER&PROLIFERATION
Counter=roliferation defined by +utcher as
2 The militar component of non*proliferation) in the same
wa that the militar is a component of foreign polic 3
4efinition +y 4avies
“the acti&ities of the department of Defense across full range
of +S efforts to combat proliferation) including diplomac)
arms control) e(port controls and intelligence collection and
analsis) with particular responsibilit for assuring +S forces
and interest can be protected should the confront and
ad&ersar armed with ,-D or missiles”
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EMERGENCE OF COUNTER&
PROLIFERATION
n ;<< U* -oint Chief of *taff issue a statement on
countering W74 , define nonproliferation as
“ action to pre&ent the proliferation of ,-D b dissuading
or impeding access to) or distributing of sensiti&e
technologies”
"cited arms control and international treaties as rele&ant
acti&ities$
Counterproliferation defined as
2 7ilitary activities ta)en to defeat against the range of W74
ac:uisition, development and employment situation3
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The +ush /dministration published a document in 4ecember
;<<; on W74 strategy. t gave the definition of counter
proliferation with A )ey elements
$. nterdiction of W74 transfers to 2hostile states and
terrorist organi6ations3;. 4eterrence of use,
A. 4efence
The document also states that
2 U* military forces and appropriate civilian agencies musthave the capacity to defend against W74armed adversaries,
including in ta)ing preemptive measures3
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KEY POINTS
*trategic response against W74 proliferation are
those involving military means. /lso
means3counterproliferation3
2Counterproliferation3 is of interest during thepostcold war period because of the emergence of
smaller potentially more immediate threat and a
sense that arms control may be of limited use
Concern about proliferation of W74, especiallynuclear weapons, is significantly driven by a
concern that they may be used to deter U*led
intervention
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HE DIPLOMA IC OP ION :
S RA EGIC RESPONSES WI HHELD
=reventive strategies are directed at the process
of proliferation, and aim to stop the development
or ac:uisition of W74
=reemptive strategies are directed at the deployedweapons and Dor facilities, the aim is to prevent
their use in war
The dilemma over North Borea and ran has been
whether to continue with diplomatic initiatives orwhether to pursue a preventive or preemptive
strategy
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THE CHALLENGES OF COUNTER&
PROLIFERATION
There are several problems and dilemmas associated with
military response to proliferation
Concerning the definition of 2counterproliferation3
#inding a 2political3 logic into which preventive or
preemptive action can be fitted has not always been easy
=reemptive operations tend to find their rationale and
legitimacy in the conte!t of an ongoing war
*uch as the $&&$ 'ulf War
=reventive operations find their ?ustifying logic in theinternational norm surrounding W74, eg the =roliferation
*ecurity nitiative
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VIEWS ON ARMS
CON ROL
#rom the cold war e!perience, arms control agreement had play
some role in contributing to international security
/rms control is rarely of decisive importance and it is not a solution
in its own right
/rms control has traditionally been a fundamentally conservativepolicy. ts aim is to introduce some measures of predictability into
an adversarial relationship
Therefore, arms control cannot by itself create stability or peace
/rms control in controlling weapons is only a means to an ends,
not an ends in itself
/rms control relies on the assumption that adversarial states see a
mutual interest in avoiding outright conflict
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VIEWS ON ARMS
CON ROL
/rms control was wor)able during the cold
war because there was real confrontation
Now without confrontation, arms control is no
longer re:uire to in?ect stability orpredictability into a conflict
/rms control now comes to means about how
to eliminate surplus military capability i.e.
ageing cold war arsenal. Therefore no longer
re:uired formal verified treaties
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MILI ARY DRIVEN RESPONSES
O PROLIFERA ION
+ecame prominence because of the growing concerns about
the declining effectiveness of deterrence and of non
proliferation efforts
Now is about counterproliferation option 5 preventive and
preemptive war The approach re:uires international political legitimacy if it
is to succeed i.e. to provide hard evidence that W74 are a
reality or an imminent threat
4ue to the difficulties of implementing forceful counter
proliferation, international community have renewed interest
in arms control
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FROM COUN ER&PROLIFERA ION
BACK O ARMS CON ROL
4ue to the difficulties of implementing forceful counterproliferation,
international community have renewed interest in arms control
The arms control has broader strategy with the intention to
-Enhanced the nonproliferation regimes
-(enewed interest in traditional bilateral and multilateral arms control measures
-Counterproliferation arrangement through networ) of partnership activitiesuse as a 2tool)it3 against state or non stateactors intent to proliferate W74
1=roliferation *ecurity nitiatives, UN (esolution $9<, 'lobal initiative to
combat Nuclear Terrorism, The 'lobal Nuclear energy partnership, and the
cooperative Threat (eduction =rogram>
The emergence of 2 The New /bolitionist3 1'eorge *hult6, William =erry, Henry
Bissinger, *am Nunn> which called for urgent action to stop depending onnuclear weapons in order to prevent further proliferation in dangerous hands.
The necessity to bring in into force the comprehensive Test +an Treaty, #issile
7aterial Cutoff Treaty, and further cuts in offensive strategic capabilities of U*
and (ussia.
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Whether traditional arms control can
reemerge to maintain international
security and control W74 remains
unclear although there some positive
signs especially from the 0bama
administration.
The 2 return to arms control 2 still
faces ma?or challenges
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E'TRACT FROM PRESIDENT OBAMA SPEEACH
IN PRAUE CASTLE , %TH APRIL !!#
The cold war has disappeared but thousand of W74 have
not,
The threat of global nuclear war has gone but the ris) of
nuclear attac) has gone up
7ore nations has ac:uired these weapons.
We are destined to live in a world with more nations with the
tools of destruction
Having a deadly enemies
f the spread nuclear weapons is inevitable, than the use ofnuclear weapon is inevitable
Therefore, /merica is committed to see) the peace and
security of the world without nuclear weapons
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CONCLUSION
There is no single approach to the problem of controlling
weapons of mass destruction1disarmament, arms control or
counterproliferation>
/rms control 1traditional treaties and new partnership
arrangement> are not panacea 1solution to social eveil>4espite the imperfection of arms control arrangement, if
more consistently applied, verified and policed , can provide
preventive barriers