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Control of Gene Expression
Chapter 16Genes and Development
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Proteins can determine the DNA sequence by binding the major groove of DNA.
Proteins binding the minor groove cannot determine the exact sequence of bases.
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Prokaryotic gene regulation
Lac Operon
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Prokaryotic gene regulation
Trp Operon
Biosynthesis of the amino acid typtophan
Therefore, the regulation is the opposite of the lac operon.
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Eukaryotic gene regulation
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Enhancer (DNA sequence)
Activator (protein)
Looping
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1. Nucleosome sliding 2. Remodeled nucleosome
3. Nucleosome displacement 4. Histone replacement
ADP +ATP Pi
ATP -dependentremodeling factor
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Cytoplasm
RNA Polymerase II
microRNA gene
Pri-microRNANucleus
Drosha
Exportin 5
Pre-microRNA
Dicer
Mature miRNA
RISC mRNA
RISC
mRNA cleavage
mRNA
RISC RISC
Inhibition of translation
RNA Polymerase II
microRNA gene
Pri-microRNANucleus
Drosha
Exportin 5
Pre-microRNA
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Exogenous dsRNA, transposon, virus
P P
P P
P
PP
PsiRNAs
+Ago
RISC
Ago
RISC
siRNAin RISC
Cleavage of target mRNA
Repeated cuttingby dicer
mRNA
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DNA
2. RNA splicing Gene expression can be controlled by altering the rate of splicing in eukaryotes. Alternative splicing can produce multiple mRNAs from one gene.
Mature RNA transciptExonsIntrons
5´ cap3´ poly-A tail
Cutintron
RNA polymerase II
3´
5´ Primary RNA transcript
1. Initiation of transcription Most control of gene expression is achieved by regulating the frequency of transcription initiation.
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3. Passage through the nuclear membrane Gene expression can be regulated by controlling access to or efficiency of transport channels.
4. Protein synthesis Many proteins take part in the translation process, and regulation of the availability of any of them alters the rate of gene expression by speeding or slowing protein synthesis.
3´
5´
Smallsubunit
Nuclearpore
5´ capmRNA
Largesubunit
3´ poly-A tail
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5. RNA interference Gene expression is regulated by small RNAs. Protein complexes containing siRNA and miRNA target specific mRNAs for destruction or inhibit their translation.
6. Posttranslational modification Phosphorylation or other chemical modifications can alter the activity of a protein after it is produced.
Completedpolypeptide
chain
RISC
P
P
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