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Boiler Bromide Addition -
A Survey On Bromine Based Mercury Abatement
From Flue Gases at Coal Combustion and Waste Incineration Plants
Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Bernhard W. Vosteen,
Vosteen Consulting GmbH, Cologne (Germany)
VOSTEEN Consulting GmbH Thermal Engineering and Environmental Protection
http://www.vosteen-consulting.de
2010 AICHE Spring Meeting
San Antonio, TX, March 21 - 25, 2010
Session 14: Mercury and Other Trace Elements in Fuel:
Emissions, Control, Measurement
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Agenda
• Introduction
• Industrial Process Development in 2000 - 2002
• Complementary Bench Scale Laboratory Tests in 2002 - 2006
• Fundamental Insights Presented at AQ (IV) in September 2003
• Mercury and Inherent Halogens in US Coals
• Large Scale Applications in Power Generation
• at Coal-fired Units with Wet Flue Gas Cleaning
• Outlook - Bromide Distribution - BOP
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Source: Vosteen et al.: „Mercury-Related Chemistry in Waste Incineration and Thermal Process Flue
Gases“, Air Quality (VI) Conference, Arlington, VA, Sept. 2003
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Clges- bzw. alternativ Brges-Gehalt im Kesselrohgas [mg/m? i. N. tr.]
Hg
met-S
pezie
san
teil i
m K
esselr
oh
gas
na
ch
Wä
sc
he
[H
gm
et/H
gg
es i
n G
ew
.%] Hgmet/Hgges-Speziesanteil
nach primärer Hg-Chlorierung in SVA
(Messwert vom 26.11.2001)
Hgmet/Hgges-Speziesanteil
nach primärer Hg-Chlorierung
und nachfolgender
sekundärer Hg-Bromierung in SVA
(Messwerte vom 26.11.2001)
Bromine > 25 times more effective for Hgmet oxidation than chlorine,
in waste incineration as well as in coal combustion
(BAYER patent applications pending world wide)
Hg Oxidation
by Bromine (HWC)
Hg Oxidation
by Chlorine (HWC)
Brtotal or Cltotal in boiler flue gas (mg/Nm3 dry)
Hg
me
t/H
gto
tal
(weig
ht-
%)
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Bromine Based Mercury Abatement
German Patent DE 10 233 173
(assigned to CURRENTA GmbH & Co. OHG)
European Patent EC 1 386 655
(assigned to CURRENTA GmbH & Co. OHG)
Patents granted also in
Australia, Canada, Korea, Japan, USA, Southafrica,
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ALSTOM Power - Environmental Control Systems,Knoxville/TN, USA,
KNXTM Mercury Control Technologyas Tradename of ALSTOM Power Inc.
Exclusive license for USA and Canada
2500 MWe in commercial application since 2010
Electric Power Research Institute,
Palo Alto/CA, USA,
Limited R&D License for the States
Southern Company Services, Inc.
Birmingham/AL, USA,
License for units owned by Southern Company
Licensees of Vosteen Consulting GmbH in North America
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Preferred approach towards new patents -
promising even in case of no inventive height
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Agenda
• Introduction
• Industrial Process Development in 2000 - 2002
• Complementary Bench Scale Laboratory Tests in 2002 - 2006
• Fundamental Insights Presented at AQ (IV) in September 2003
• Mercury and Inherent Halogens in US Coals
• Large Scale Applications in Power Generation
• at Coal-fired Units with Wet Flue Gas Cleaning
• Outlook - Bromide Distribution - BOP
![Page 8: Consulting GmbH VOSTEEN€¦ · 2010 AICHE Spring Meeting San Antonio, TX, March 21 - 25, 2010 Session 14: Mercury and Other Trace Elements in Fuel: Emissions, Control, Measurement](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042922/5f6e021c51fc1642fe7cf444/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
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BAYER AG - CURRENTA GmbH & Co. OHG, Germany
... speaking about Hazardous Waste Combustion in 2000
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1
8 9
10
11
12
2
3
4 5
7
16
13
1415
176
Fig. 1
1st Successful Industrial Applications, working since 2001
Hazardous Waste Combustion (HWC)
(4 plants with 30,000. .. 80,000 Nm /h dry)
of CURRENTA GmbH & Co OHG in Leverkusen, Dormagen and Uerdingen
Hg-spiking
(continuous)
Hg-spiking
(continuous)
Hg-CEMs
Hg-spiking
(discontinuous)
Quench
Hg-spiking
(continuously)
Hg-spiking
(continuously)
Hg-CEMs
Hg-SCEM
Hg-spiking
(discontinuously)
Quench
Process Developement with CURRENTA GmbH & Co OHG
(Project leader: Prof. Vosteen)
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Dosierbehälter mit
HCl- stabilisierter
HgCl2- Lösung
Schlauchpumpe
zum Dosieren der
HgCl2- Lösung
wassergekühlte
Dosierlanze am
Kopf der NBK
Spiking Mercury
Continuously and Discontinuously
Pump HgCl2 diluted
Injection-
lance
at top of after burning chamber at bottom of after burning chamber
100 … 20,000 g/Nm dry 500,000 … 80 Mio g/Nm dry
„Hg-bombs“ -> „Hg-clouds“
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Hg Oxidation
by Bromine (HWC)
Hg Oxidation
by Chlorine (HWC)
Hgmet/Hgtotal in the boiler flue gas
versus its Cltotal or Brtotal content
Brtotal or Cltotal in boiler flue gas (mg/Nm3 dry)
Hg
me
t/H
gto
tal
(weig
ht-
%)
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How to prevent emission peaks caused by “hidden mercury” ?
with courtesy of Dr.-Ing. Rico Kanefke
Source: Dr.-Ing. Rico Kanefke, CURRENTA GmbH & Co. OHG |
Storage Tank
CaBr2-Solution
CaBr2 Dosing
Lance at ABC
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Messung
von
Hgges und Hgmet
Messung
von
Hgges und Hgmet
Eindosierung
von HgCl2 und NaCl
Spiking with
HgCl2 and NaBr
CEMs for
Hgtotal and Hgmet
CEMs for
Hgtotal
bituminous
coal
bituminous
coal
air
air
FGD
Further Industrial Demonstration in 2008
PC-fired Wet Bottom Boiler (100 MWtherm; 140,000 Nm /h dry)
of CURRENTA GmbH & Co OHG in Uerdingen
ESP, limestone based wet FGD, tail end DeNOx-SCR
NaBr
NaBr
HgCl
Large Scale Tests at Slag Tap Boiler of Bayer AG - Currenta
in Uerdingen (Germany) in 2001 and 2002
Analysis of dry Mercury Capture by Adsorption at ESP Flyash / UBC
Fly ash samples for
fractional laboratory analysis
Source: Vosteen, Nolte et al.: „Chlorine- and bromine-enhanced Hg sorption on ESP fl ash from a coal-fired slag-tap
boiler and on cement raw meal“, VDI Seminar 431802, September 29 - 30, 2003 in Duesseldorf (Germany)
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Fire side bromide addition (internal bromination)is improving Hg-adsorption at fly ash UBC by the factor 2,5
Sorption isothermes of the ESP-fly ash of high LOI (22,3 % UBC)
during test runs in April, 2002
with and without fire side bromide addition to boiler
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Hgtotal-concentration in flue gas behind ESP [ g /Nm? dry]
Hg
-co
nc
en
tra
tio
n i
n E
SP
-fly
as
h
[mg
/kg
]
no bromide addition to boiler
with bromide addition to boiler
170 °C
Hgtotal-concentration in flue gas behind ESP (μg/Nm3 dry)
Source: Vosteen, Nolte et al.: „Chlorine- and bromine-enhanced Hg sorption on ESP flyash from a coal-fired slag-tap
boiler and on cement raw meal“, VDI Seminar 431802, September 29 - 30, 2003 in Duesseldorf (Germany)
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Agenda
• Introduction
• Industrial Process Development in 2000 - 2002
• Complementary Bench Scale Laboratory Tests in 2002 - 2006
• Fundamental Insights Presented at AQ (IV) in September 2003
• Mercury and Inherent Halogens in US Coals
• Large Scale Applications in Power Generation
• at Coal-fired Units with Wet Flue Gas Cleaning
• Outlook - Bromide Distribution - BOP
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Dosing of highly diluted Br2
Thermostated Annular Gap
Reactor
Dosing of Hg(0)
Hovacal Evaporator for HBr
Dosing of Hg2+
CEMs for Hg(0) and Hgtotal
Annular Gap Reactor
Study of Gas Phase Bromination
Diploma Thesis Martin Ziegler (2002)with Prof. Heinz Koeser and Prof. Bernhard Vosteen
at Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
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Gas Mixing and Gas Analyzer Station
Prof. Heinz Koeser and Prof. Bernhard Vosteen
at Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (Germany)
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Molar ratio Br2 / Hg(0) (mol/mol)
Elemental mercury bromination by Br2 at 150 °C in humidified air (20 vol.-% H2O, 21 vol.-% O2) without SO2
Elemental mercury bromination by Br2 at 450 °C in humidified air (20 vol.-% H2O, 21 vol.-% O2) without SO2
Merc
ury
oxid
ation r
ate
(%
)
Br2
without SO2
Elemental mercury (100 μg/Nm3 dry) brominated by Br2 at 150 °C and 450 °C
in humidified air (20 vol.-% H2O, 21 vol.-% O2) without SO2 present
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Molar ratio Br2 / Hg(0) (mol/mol)
Merc
ury
oxid
ation r
ate
(%
)
Br2 without SO2
Br2 with SO2
50 ... 100 mg SO2/Nm3 dry
Elemental mercury (100 μg/Nm3 dry) brominated by Br2 at 150 °C and 450 °C
in humidified air (20 vol.-% H2O, 21 vol.-% O2) without SO2 and with SO2 present
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Molar ratio Br2 / Hg(0) respectively 2HBr/Hg(0) (mol/mol)
Merc
ury
oxid
ation r
ate
(%
)
Br2 and HBr
with SO2
50 ... 100 mg SO2/Nm3 dry
Comparison with Tests at HWC (Vosteen, Kanefke in 2000):
NaBr added at 1100 °C, with 2200 mg SO2/Nm3 dry
Elemental mercury (100 μg/Nm3) brominated by Br2 and HBr at 150°C - 650 °C in
humidified air (20 vol.-% H2O, 21 vol.-% O2) without SO2 and with SO2 present
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commercial SCR-DeNOx-catalysts
0 - 0,53 - 2,5 - 4,5 Ma.-% V2O5
ca. 15 g … 31 g
4 x 4 channels
6,5 … 13 cm long
2 x 0,5 g
Einsatz für
Glasringspaltreakto
r
0 - 2000 g Hg/Nm
crashed
Study of Catalysed Mercury Oxidation
Sandra Straube (2004)with Prof. Heinz Koeser and Prof. Bernhard Vosteen
at Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
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W abenkata lysator (4 x 4 W aben , 12 ,5 cm )
2 ,5 G ew .-% V 2O 5
A V = 10 m /h
160 g H gel
/N m ?
0,5 m g/N m ? H B r + S O 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Oxid
ati
on
sg
rad
nach
Kat
%
0 ppm SO 2
70 ppm SO 2
700 ppm SO 2
260 °C 290 °C 320 °C 400 °C
Honeycomb catalyst
4 x 4 canals, 12.5 cm long
2,5 weight-% V2O5, AV = 10 m/h
temperature [°C]
achie
ved
oxid
ation
rate
[% o
f H
gtota
l]
Laboratory tests with humid air, 160 g Hgel/Nm dry and only 0.5 mg HBr/Nm3 added
(no NH3 and no NOx)
In contrast to Hg-chlorination, only small influence of temperature and SO2 on enhanced Hg-bromination at SCR catalyst
presented
at EUEC 2006
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Agenda
• Introduction
• Industrial Process Development in 2000 - 2002
• Complementary Bench Scale Laboratory Tests in 2002 - 2006
• Fundamental Insights Presented at AQ (IV) in September 2003
• Mercury and Inherent Halogens in US Coals
• Large Scale Applications in Power Generation
• at Coal-fired Units with Wet Flue Gas Cleaning
• Outlook - Bromide Distribution - BOP
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Chlorine less effective in Hg-oxidation
because Cl2/Cltotal << 1
(e.g. < 4 % in HWC and < 1 % in coal combustion)
SO2 is consuming Cl2 during boiler passage
Source: Vosteen et al.: „Mercury-Related Chemistry in Waste Incineration and Thermal Process Flue Gases“ (Poster)
Air Quality (VI) Conference, Arlington, VA, Sept. 2003
Chlorine Enhanced Hg-Oxidation
Main global reactions
4 HCl + O2 2 H2O + 2 Cl2 Chlorine-Deacon-Reaction
SO2 + Cl2 + H2O SO3 + 2 HCl Chlorine-Griffin-Reaction
SO2 + O2 SO3 SO2/SO3-Konversion
Hg + Cl2 HgCl2 direct Hg-Chlorination*)
individual
Stoptemperatures
680 °C
< 380 °C (boiler exit)
900 °C
580 °C …… 480 °C
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Bromine highly effective in Hg-oxidation
because Br2/Brtotal 1
SO2 is not consuming Br2 during boiler passage
Source: Vosteen et al.: „Mercury-Related Chemistry in Waste Incineration and Thermal Process Flue Gases“ (Poster)
Air Quality (VI) Conference, Arlington, VA, Sept. 2003
Bromine Enhanced Hg-Oxidation
Main global reactions (hypothesis Vosteen)
4 HBr + O2 2 H2O + 2 Br2 Bromine-Deacon-Reaction
SO2 + Br2 + H2O SO3 + 2 HBr Bromine-Griffin-Reaction *)
SO2 + O2 SO3 SO2/SO3-Konversion
Hg+ Br2 HgBr2 direct Hg-Bromination*)
*) The reaction does not procede in the upper boiler temperature range,
but at temperatures < 100 °C , e.g. downstream in WFGD
RG < 0
RG >>> 0
RG << 0
RG << 0
Thermodynamics
![Page 27: Consulting GmbH VOSTEEN€¦ · 2010 AICHE Spring Meeting San Antonio, TX, March 21 - 25, 2010 Session 14: Mercury and Other Trace Elements in Fuel: Emissions, Control, Measurement](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042922/5f6e021c51fc1642fe7cf444/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
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Source: Vosteen et al.: „Mercury-Related Chemistry in Waste Incineration and Thermal Process Flue Gases“ (Poster)
Air Quality (VI) Conference, Arlington, VA, Sept. 2003
Vosteen‘s Stoptemperature Method- to describe kinetics in relation to equilibrium thermodynamics - is based on experiments
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Halogenation of Mercury by Molecular Halogens (if present)
Evaluation of the Gibbs Free Energy of Reaction ( based on Nist, data Chase)
Non-realistic assumptions lead far away from reality -
though thermodynamic calculations behind may be correct.
Prof. Dr. Bernhard W. Vosteen, November 2009
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Agenda
• Introduction
• Industrial Process Development in 2000 - 2002
• Complementary Bench Scale Laboratory Tests in 2002 - 2006
• Fundamental Insights Presented at AQ (IV) in September 2003
• Mercury and Inherent Halogens in US Coals
• Large Scale Applications in Power Generation
• at Coal-fired Units with Wet Flue Gas Cleaning
• Outlook - Bromide Distribution - BOP
![Page 30: Consulting GmbH VOSTEEN€¦ · 2010 AICHE Spring Meeting San Antonio, TX, March 21 - 25, 2010 Session 14: Mercury and Other Trace Elements in Fuel: Emissions, Control, Measurement](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042922/5f6e021c51fc1642fe7cf444/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
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USGS CoalQual data base - data excerpt from Open-File Report 94-177 (1994)
5000 samples - evaluated by Vosteen Consulting
with courtesy of Prof. Dr. Belkin,
Febr. 20, 2010
Powder River Basin
Northern, Central and Southern
Appalachian
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Agenda
• Introduction
• Industrial Process Development in 2000 - 2002
• Complementary Bench Scale Laboratory Tests in 2002 - 2006
• Fundamental Insights Presented at AQ (IV) in September 2003
• Mercury and Inherent Halogens in US Coals
• Large Scale Applications in Power Generation
• at Coal-fired Units with Wet Flue Gas Cleaning
• Outlook - Bromide Distribution - BOP
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800 MW
BOILER
AIR HEATERS
ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATORS
SCRUBBERS
STACK
ID Fans
TXU Energy’s Monticello Steam Electric Station (793 MWe)
Unit 3 tested in 2005 (DOE/EPRI Project on BCA)
50 % PRB coal and 50 % Tx-Lignite
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Halogen Addition Rate (ppmw in coal, dry)
Re
du
cti
on
of
Ba
se
lin
e E
lem
en
tal
Hg
(% o
f B
as
eli
ne
Hg
(0))
NaCl - PRB
MgCl2 - PRB
CaCl2 - PRB
HCl - PRB
CaBr2 - PRB
NaCl2 - NDL
MgCl2 - NDL
CaCl2 - NDL
SEA2 - NDL
CaCl2 - TxL/PRB
CaBr2 - TxL/PRB
Reduction of Baseline Elemental Mercury
Overview over all sites tested by EPRI in 2002 … 2005 (chlorine) and repectively 2004 … 2005 (bromine)
S
Monticello 3 Limestone 1
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Alabama Power‘s Plant Miller, 4 x 700 MW
Unit 4 tested 2006 (Phase I) and 2008 (Phase II)
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Bromide Injection Rate (ppm Br in coal, dry basis)
Hg
0 C
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
(g
/dN
m3
at
3%
O2)
SCR Inlet
SCR Outlet
ESP Inlet
ESP Outlet
Miller Average Elemental Mercury Concentrations
Measured During Each Bromide Injection Test (October 2006)
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Plant Miller Unit 4 (710 MWe)
Tests Phase II in 2008 with Pilot-WFGD
PRB coal
Pilot-WFGD
X Hg measuring point
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Day in March 2008
25 ppmw Br in PRB-coal, dry basis
Hg
tota
l at
Pilo
t-W
FG
D I
nle
t a
nd
Ou
tle
t
(mg
/N
m3 d
ry,
at
3 V
ol.%
O2)
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License granted in 2008 to WE Power Stations Pleasant Prairie
(2 x 600 MWe Units with SCR, ESP, WFGD in commercial
opperation since January 1st, 2010)
2 x 600 MWe
Base Load
(24 hours/day)
PRB coal
2 x 315 tons/hour
0.11 ppm Hg
KNX (as CaBr2)
25 ppm Br on coal
Hgtotal at stack
< 1 μg/dscm
(both units)
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VOSTEEN Consulting
Power Station WE Pleasant Prairie with SCR, ESP, WFGD
25 ppm Br per Coal only, SCR in service with NH3
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Further Industrial Demonstration in 2008
PC-fired Wet Bottom Boiler (100 MWtherm; 140,000 Nm /h dry)
of CURRENTA GmbH & Co OHG in Uerdingen
ESP, limestone based wet FGD, tail end DeNOx-SCR
Messung
von
Hgges und Hgmet
Messung
von
Hgges und Hgmet
Eindosierung
von HgCl2 und NaCl
Spiking with
HgCl2 and NaBr
CEMs for
Hgtotal and Hgmet
CEMs for
Hgtotal
bituminous
coal
bituminous
coal
air
air
FGD
CaBr
CaBr
PRAVO
HgCl
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VOSTEEN Consulting
pp
mw
Br
pe
r co
al
Hg
at
sta
ck
(g
/Nm
dry
)
10
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pp
mw
Br
pe
r co
al
Hg
at
sta
ck
(g
/Nm
dry
)
10
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PRAVO®
is a registered trade mark of Vosteen Consulting,standing for the inorganic precipitation agent
containing polysulfide, thiosulfate and bromide
Patents on the combined application of KNX and PRAVO are pending
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VOSTEEN Consulting
In co-operation with Evonik Indstry Services GmbH, Essen:
Combination of two established technologies:
„CaBr2 to Coal” and “PAC to WFGD”,
with subseqquent Selective Mercury Precipitation
Large scale demonstrations in 2009 and 2010
at two Evonik power plants of different design
(w/o and with highdust SCR)
VOSTEEN Consulting GmbH Thermal Engineering and Environmental Protection
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DeNOx
WFGD
ESP
CaBr2
1st Hydro-
cyclone2nd Hydro-
cyclone
Hg-free Gypsum
Stack
PAC
Low-Hg Sludge Fraction
Enhanced Mercury AbatementCaBr2 to Coal and PAC to WFGD
with Selective Mercury Precipitation in WWT
Hg-rich
sludge
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Enhanced Mercury AbatementCaBr2 to Coal and PAC to WFGD
with Selective Mercury Precipitation in WWT
Boiler B
DeNOx
WFGD
ESP
Bituminous
Coal (mixture)
PAC
1st Hydro-
cyclone2nd Hydro-
cyclone
Hg-frtee Gypsum
Hg-rich
sludge
Low-Hg Sludge Fraction
Stack
CaBr2
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3
1 CaBr2 - IPC with 3 pumps
2 Hg measuring station (Lumex)
3 PAC Dosing2
1
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μg/Nm3 dry
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μg/Nm3 dry
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Agenda
• Introduction
• Industrial Process Development in 2000 - 2002
• Complementary Bench Scale Laboratory Tests in 2002 - 2006
• Fundamental Insights Presented at AQ (IV) in September 2003
• Mercury and Inherent Halogens in US Coals
• Large Scale Applications in Power Generation
• at Coal-fired Units with Wet Flue Gas Cleaning
• Outlook - Bromide Distribution - BOP
![Page 62: Consulting GmbH VOSTEEN€¦ · 2010 AICHE Spring Meeting San Antonio, TX, March 21 - 25, 2010 Session 14: Mercury and Other Trace Elements in Fuel: Emissions, Control, Measurement](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042922/5f6e021c51fc1642fe7cf444/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
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Final meeting after 3 weeks of highly successful testing:
Only 28 ppmw Bromine (as CaBr2) necessary for 95 % mercury oxidation
Former plannings (PAC, tail end bag filter) skipped
in favor of the „German technology“
Dr. Larry S. Monroe
Mark S. Berry
(Southern Company)
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KNXTM Coal Additive –
drums and pumps in a full scale test
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Bromide solution to coal band feeder
![Page 68: Consulting GmbH VOSTEEN€¦ · 2010 AICHE Spring Meeting San Antonio, TX, March 21 - 25, 2010 Session 14: Mercury and Other Trace Elements in Fuel: Emissions, Control, Measurement](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042922/5f6e021c51fc1642fe7cf444/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
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Choose to feed bromide solution to
pulverizers F and G
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Particle trajectories in a Lignite Boiler
(20 m x 20 m x 75 m)
- tangentially fired
- lignite design (pulverizers feed vertical burner row)
- bad internal mixing, i.e. strands of gas
and particles
Three-Dimensional Evaluation (1996)
with courtesy of
Prof. Dr. techn. Reinhard Leithner,
Institute for Thermal and Fuel Technologies ,
Technical University Braunschweig (Germany)
Danger of insufficient bromide pre-distribution
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Thanks for Your Attention.
Questions?