This work was carried out under the
Collaborative Adaptation Research
Initiative in Africa and Asia (CARIAA),
with financial support from the UK
Government’s Department for
International Development (DFID) and
the International Development
Research Centre (IDRC), Canada. The
views expressed in this work are those
of the creators and do no necessarily
represent those of DFID and IDRC or
its Board of Governors.
Website: www.deccma.comTwitter: @deccma
The State of Governance of Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal
GBM Districts of Bangladesh Md. Rashed Alam Bhuiyan & Prodip K. Das
Refugee and Migratory Movements Research Unit (RMMRU)
DECCMA 6th Consortium Workshop, 16-21 January 2017, Southampton, UK
**Mohammad Rashed Alam Bhuiyan, Co investigator, E-mail ID: [email protected]
*Prodip K. Das, Research Assistant, E-mail ID: [email protected]
Introduction
Low-lying southern coastal districts of Bangladesh are vulnerable to
climate change, especially for its huge population density, exposure to
frequent disasters and lack of local adaptive options. Asset loss, resource
constraints, lack of adaptation finance are major stumbling blocks in
people’s effort towards rebuilding and fighting climatic shocks. The
Bangladesh government is committed to address the climate change issues
by framing different policies and action initiatives.
Abstract
This poster examines the governance of adaptations
programs of government, NGOs, and affected
communities of 4 coastal district of Bangladesh. An
assessment is based on peoples’ perception.
Methodology
Multi-hazard mapping
Stakeholder mapping ( 1 National & 2 district level)
13 FGDs from 3 districts
Findings Adaptation initiatives taken by different organizations
Theme Government intervention NGOs Intervention Autonomous AdaptationC
lim
ate
-
Res
ilie
nt
Ph
ysi
cal
Infr
ast
ruct
ure
s
Construction of embankment,
Riverbed management/TRM,
Multi purpose cyclone shelters/schools
Construction of approach roads/culverts, killas
Guchhogram, Asrayon
Climate resilient infrastructure
Cyclone Shelters
Approach road construction
Resettlement project
Climate resilient housing structure
Raising home plinth,
Raising height of tube-well basement,
toilet and pond side
Climate resilient housing structure
Agri
cult
ure
inn
ovati
on
Agricultural seed supply
Economic assistance,
Agricultural subsidies,
Restriction on fishing during reproductive
season
Modern agricultural technologies,
Agricultural seed/HYV seed supply
Short duration cropping
Climate stress tolerant cropping
Farmer Field School (FFS)
Farmers forum, Micro Finance &
Capacity Building (IGA)
Cultivation of vegetable in dikes
Raising seedbed platform
Homestead vegetable gardening
Crop diversification
Fresh water aquaculture
Backyard livestock production
Cash crop cultivation i.e. Soybean
Alt
ern
ati
ve
inco
me
gen
era
tin
g
act
ivit
ies Low interest loan
Economic assistance
Subsidy/grant for livestock production
Government allowances (i.e. VGF)
Micro credit
Livelihood training
Alternative livelihood creation
Integrated fish farming
Animal Husbandry/Poultry Farming
Small and petty business,
Raising livestock (hen, duck)
Changing livelihoods,
Women work outside the home
Mo
bil
ity/M
igra
tio
n
People move to Guchhogram, Asrayon, Char Development
and Settlement Project areas
Provision to the settlers of a legal title to land
In government initiated resettlement Project
under the social and livelihood support
subcomponent NGOs provide micro-finance
services, education training on income-
generating activities and disaster
management, raise awareness for legal rights,
and extend health and family planning
services.
Migration as an income adaptation.
Living on embankments & government Khasland.
Ca
pa
city
bu
ild
ing
mea
sure
s/C
lim
ate
-
Res
ilie
nt
Bio
ph
ysi
cal
or
Gre
en
Infr
ast
ruct
ure
Improving early warning,
Cyclone preparedness etc.
Tree plantation
Mangrove forestation
Awareness building
Training on DRR issues
Advocacy Initiative
Awareness building
Water purification training
Training on agricultural innovation
Livelihood training
Tree plantation
Using Indigenous knowledge to minimize
disaster vulnerability.
Tree plantation as a disaster mitigation strategy
i.e. to reduce temperature rising/oxygen
producer.
Oth
ers
(Hea
lth
&
Sa
nit
ati
on
,
Ed
uca
tio
n) Access to pure drinking water
Free education
Provide sanitary latrine
Installed community clinic/Health centre
Pond Sand Filter (PSF),
Water tank ,
Wash programme
Free education (i.e. BRAC school)
Child food programme
Rain water harvesting
Drink river water using Alum /Fitkri
Reserve rain water adjacent to Killa
Multiple use of rain water
People perception on current state and crisis of Governance of adaptation projects and practices
Government Issues NGO Issues Autonomous
Governance
of
infrastructura
l adaptations
Lack of planning and research on sustainable adaptation
techniques
Inadequate peoples’ participation in planning and implementation
process
Unplanned embankments,
Lack of coordination between and among different public and
private sectors
Mismanagement of the project, i.e. irregular river dredging
Inappropriate and untimely implementation,
Lack of regular maintenance and monitoring mechanism,
Lack of accountability and transparency
Non activeness of local committee
Lack of technical knowledge in a changing situation
Lack of funding and delayed budget disbursement.
Using adaptation fund for normal development activities
Lack of wider coverage,
High pricing (Solar energy)
profit centric
Short term project and try to
show case good practice
Lack of resources i.e.
(allocate a land to build
structure to fulfill
community needs),
Lack of coordination and
stimulating leadership.
Crisis of like-mindedness.
Hard to reach consensus
to make any community
effort
Diminishing social
bonding
Agriculture
innovation
Lack of policy coherence, (commercial policy Vs climate change
adaptation strategy)
Lack of inter-ministerial coordination,
Inadequate research i.e. Entrepreneurs are affected by virus in
aquaculture but no initiatives taken for virus prevention
Lack of funding or resources to experiment agricultural
innovations
Inaccessible technologies for cropping saline/drought tolerant
varieties
Lack of reach, People's limited access to adaptation implemented
by Government
Poor communication strategy in terms of informing adaptation
innovations, policies
Absence of crop insurance system
NGO workers know better
about field activities and
provide counseling services
Inadequate production and
marketing,
High pricing, Commercial
approach
Repetition of activities or
schemes and absence of
coordination among the
NGOs.
Fewer naturally grown
resources (firewood,
vegetables, fruit) available to
adaption
Non awareness
Cri
sis
of
go
ver
nan
ce i
n
alt
ern
ati
ve
inco
me
gen
erati
ng a
ctiv
itie
s
Most of these alternative income generating activities are
autonomously initiated
Lack of government priority for alternative livelihood generation
Limited financial support from government
Lack of Subsidy for livestock production
lack of marketing facilities specially for women
High interest rate if anyone
takes micro credit for
income generation
Short term project and try to
show case good practice
Lack of fund
Shortage of skilled
manpower
Mobility/
Migration
No department for monitoring internal migration
No strategy on pro or anti internal migration
No safety net for migrants
Lack of tenure security
Inefficient management in resettlement projects (Migration to
resettlement sites is governed by local administration of
government).
Insecurity in destination
Lack of alternative
livelihood opportunity
Shortage of skilled
manpower
Insecurited left behind
family members of the
migrants
Capacity
building
measures
Lack of operating mechanism to target the marginalised group
Coastal forestation project failing due to no alternative livelihood to
reduce stress on forest
Others Health facilities non availability in remote areas Lack of community
awareness
Successful adaptation activities
Homestead raising , raising plinth
Cyclone Shelter
Homestead vegetable gardening
Aquaculture, Soyabin cultivation
Awareness raising training, CCP
Migration
Women working outside or involvement in
economic activities (NGOs Jobs, or local grocery
stores, tea stalls, tailoring, livestock rearing,
making handicrafts i.e. mat, Katha)
Livestock farming
Asharayon project
0
5
10
15
20
25
Identified adaptations from Stakeholder meeting
Government
NGOs
Autonomous
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Identified adaptations from FGDs
Government
NGOs
Autonomous
Conclusion The role of governance is pivotal in a changing climate and addressing the challenges faced by delta populations.
Though there are some successful model of adaptation implementation i.e. multi-purpose cyclone shelters, CCP, capacity building training but governing style of
country’ many other large scale adaptation activities such as construction of embankment , river management, installation of PSF etc. have had crisis of governance.
Major crisis of governance includes; lack of proper planning and inadequate research, unplanned embankments, lack of coordination within various department of
government, mismanagement of the project, inappropriate and untimely implementation, lack of regular maintenance and proper monitoring mechanism, non involvement
of local people in planning and implementation and lack of funding and delayed budget disbursement.
“We are being informed about the
danger signal through radio or
television. Union Disaster
Management Committee (UDMC)
of Union Parishad under CPP
(Cyclone Preparedness Program)
also informs us. Deputy
Commissioner’s s Office, executive
officers, members of Union
Parishad keeps them busy all the
twenty-four hours during the
disaster. They try hard to bring
people of backwards area to cyclone
center. NGOs are working for
building awareness. They have
taught us how to response in
disaster. They told us to save food,
fresh water. They also gave pot so
that we can save food and water
(FGD: Female, Bagerhat)
We have no work here. What can we do? So
migration is generally helpful for us. Even it
is better to go outside the country by
borrowing money from others. If they repay
the loan within two years, they will have a
bright future. It is very rare that migration
brings bad luck to us.”
(FGD: Soutkhali, Bagerhat, Female)
This embankment has not been maintained or
repaired for a long time. Worse, the prawn
cultivators have set hundreds of pipes that
have weakened the mud shield which easily
collapsed when Aila hit," says Nuru of
Dacope village. The owners of shrimp ponds
(gher) manage to set these illegal gois by
bribing the Bangladesh Water Development
Board (BWDB) officials.“.(SH Meeting
Khulna).