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Conservative Governments: The Domestic Political Order
Kagan, Ch. 20, pp. 622-628
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ConservatismGeneral beliefs
Obedience to political authority (legitimate monarchy)
Organized religion was crucial to social order (established churches)
Landed aristocracies Hated revolutionary upheavals Unwilling to accept civil liberties, representative
governments (constitutions), or nationalistic aspirations
State> individual – must be ordered and organized (tradition = best organizer)
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The Conservatives Specifically
France: Louis XVIII: keep the throne
England: Tory conservatives (pro Church and king) – preserve Old England
Metternich: leading Germany, Austria, Italy, Central Europe: Habsburg supremacy***
Russia: Alexander I --- too liberal for Met. – can he be converted?
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Maintaining Habsburg Dominance Secure dominance in
Austrian Empire Italy German Confederation (now 39 states)
Why must these minorities not be allowed to develop constitutions?
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Prussian Reform Defeated Frederick William III, Prussia
1817 promised constitution BUT…created Council of State INSTEAD
1819 ultra-conservatives put in charge of military
1823 est. 8 provincial diets▪ dominated by Junkers▪ acted in advisory role only
Monarchy, army and Junkers revive old alliances to stave off nationalists as well as liberals
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Burschenschaften and the Carlsbad Decrees
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Repression in Great Britain Conservative control (Tories) in Great Britain under Lord
Liverpool Post war economic depression – wages fall Corn Laws (1815)▪ Prohibited importation of foreign grain unless domestic price
rose above a certain levels – why is this problematic? 1816 income tax replaced with sales tax Increased movement to suspend Poor Laws
Citizens call for Parliamentary reform (Cobbett, Cartwright, Hunt) 1817 Coercion Acts suspend habeas corpus, cracked down
of “seditious gatherings” 1819 “Peterloo Massacre” St. Peter’s Field – 80,000
Manchester▪ Pro universal suffrage, vs. Corn Laws – Soldiers fire! – 11 die ▪ (typical of conservative Lord Liverpool)
1819 Six Acts = repressive measures vs. radicals 1819, Cato Street Conspiracy
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Bourbon Restoration (Repression) Louis XVIII, 1814-1824
accepted Napoleonic Code; didn’t revoke property
The Charter = bicameral legislature: Chamber of Peers
(appointed) & Chamber of Deputies (elected) White Terror 1820 nephew (Duke de Berri)
assassinated Charles X (aka Count of Artois), 1824-
1830 total absolutist, although promises 1827
to uphold the principle of ministerial responsibility
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Conservative Outcomes
Austria
• ___________
• ___________
• ___________
France
• ___________
• ___________
• ___________
England
• ___________
• ___________
• ___________
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Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815
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Congress of Vienna
Quadruple and then Quintuple Alliances maintain peace and balance of power in
Europe How would this be done?
Principle of Legitimacy Principle of Intervention Holy Alliance? – not so much BUT
Big Five would “interfere” in international disputes prior to Revolutions of 1848
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Congress of Vienna – Congress System
After Vienna, no one acts without consent Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)
Allies withdraw from FranceFrance enters “concert of Europe”
Congress of Troppau (1820)Collective security vs. revolutionAction vs. Spain / Naples (Eng vs. b/c of colonies!!!)
Upholds Principles of Legitimacy & Intervention
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Congress of Vienna – Congress System
Congress of Laibach (1821)Austria authorized to intervene in Naples then Piedmont
Congress of Verona (1822)French army vs. Spanish revolutionaries
Greece – national uprising vs. Turks