Biofeedback
Biofeedback is a technique by which one can monitor and control involuntary activity of the body’s organs
Hypnosis
Hypnosis was defined by Hilgard as an altered state of consciousness
Suggestibility is an ability to be hypnotized
Meditation
Meditation is the use of a variety of techniques to produce a state of consciousness characterized by a sense of detachment
Meditation
Two types of meditation are mindfulness (emptying one’s mind) and concentration (concentrating on images or mantras)
Altering Consciousness
A drug is a chemical substance that alters biological or cognitive processes
Psychoactive drugs alter behaviour, thoughts, and emotions by affecting biochemical reactions in the nervous system
Addictive drug causes a compulsive physiological need and withdrawal symptoms
Altering Consciousness
Substance abuser overuses and relies on drugs to deal with stress and anxiety
Psychological dependence is a compelling desire to use a drug with an inability to inhibit that desire
Altering Consciousness
Withdrawal symptoms are physiological reactions that occur when an addictive drug is no longer administered
Tolerance means higher and higher doses of a drug are needed to produce the same effect
Sedative-Hypnotics
Alcohol depresses brain activity and decreases inhibitions
Alcohol-related problems are medical, social or psychological problems associated with alcohol use
Other sedative-hypnotics include barbiturates, tranquilizers, and opiates
Sedative-Hypnotics
Opiates include opium, morphine, heroin
Their medical uses include pain relief In the brain, opiates occupy endorphin
receptors
Sedative-Hypnotics
Opiates produce high tolerance and dependence in many of those who use them for pleasure
Few people given opiates for pain relief in hospitals become addicted
Stimulants
Psychostimulants are drugs that increase alertness, reduce fatigue, and elevate mood states
Amphetamines produce strong dependence
Cocaine also increases alertness, and rapidly creates positive feelings
Stimulants
Nicotine is the addictive drug in tobacco, and nicotine withdrawal is unpleasant
Nicotine does not have strong tolerance properties, but dependence on it is strong
Psychedelic Drugs
Psychedelics affect mood, thought, memory, judgment, and perception
LSD produces altered perception of visual and auditory stimuli, and changes in time and distance perceptions
Psychedelic Drugs
Marijuana is the dried leaves and flowering tops of the Cannabis Sativa plant
Marijuana affects judgment and coordination, but produces neither tolerance nor dependence