EXPLORATIONConquest and Colonies
REASONS FOR EXPLORATION
Spirit of discover and innovation b/c of Renaissance
Money Get rid of middle man (Italian merchants) Faster routes to Asia Prestige Christianize Curiosity
NEW TECHNOLOGIES
Compass Astrolabe Mapmaking
Cartographer Shipbuilding
Deep-draft ships Caravel
PORTUGAL
The first Henry the Navigator Court of sailors Explored African coast Goal= route from
Africa to India Bartolomeu Dias
Cape of Good Hope Vasco Da Gama
Reached Calicut, India
SPAIN
Christopher Columbus Sail west to China Reached the
Caribbean Amerigo Vespucci Ferdinand Magellan
Circumnavigate
EXPLORATION CONTINUES
England John Cabot- Canada Sir Francis Drake-
Western U.S. France
Jacques Cartier- St Lawrence River
Dutch Henry Hudson-
Northwest passage
SPAIN’S EMPIRE
Settled colonies in America
Conquered the Aztecs and Incas
THE CARIBBEAN
First region settled by the Spanish Hispaniola and Cuba
Encomienda system Colonists given land and NA to work land Colonists then had to teach NA about
Christianity NA overworked and mistreated
Europeans brought diseases Smallpox, tuberculosis, measles, etc. NA had no resistance to diseases
CORTES VS. MOCTEZUMA
Hernan Cortes, a conquistador Aztec emperor= Moctezuma II Aztecs
Rich and powerful Not popular among those they conquered Capital= Tenochtitlan
Cortes and unhappy NA soldiers conquered Aztec Empire
HOW DID CORTES DO IT?
Malinche- translator to Cortes
Metal weapons and heavy armor
Horses- NA had never seen horses before
Disease
PIZARRO AND PERU
Wanted wealth from Inca Empire Inca Empire weakened by disease and
new ruler Pizarro asked Atahualpa to convert to
Christianity and give empire to Spain Atahaulpa refused and was killed Pizarro then easily took over the empire
GOVERNING THE AMERICAS
Viceroys- officials to rule in king’s name Mined gold and silver NA population dropped more than 90% Bartolome de Las Casas- didn’t like
treatment of NA Replace NA slaves with African slaves
PORTUGAL AND BRAZIL
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)- imaginary line through Atlantic West of line belonged to Spain East of line belonged to Portugal
Brazil= lots of jungles Made farming difficult Portuguese slow to settle the region
NEW FRANCE
French settled in New France, aka Canada Lots of fish in North Atlantic Fox, lynx, otter, and other furs= hot
commodities in Europe French merely sent small groups of traders Didn’t enslave NA- intermingled French also explored south of Canada
Mississippi River Louisiana
DUTCH EXPLORATION
Looking for trade opportunities New Netherland- Hudson River Valley New Amsterdam- New York City Dutch colonies in America remained
relatively small Dutch focused on developing colonies
in other parts of the world
BRITISH EXPANSION
Jamestown- first English colony
Pilgrims came too in 1620 Plymouth,
Massachusetts English colonists
didn’t get along with NA
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
British started settling on French territory
British did poorly at first
French eventually lost Surrendered Canada
and territory east of the Mississippi
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
Exchanging of plants, animals, and disease
America- potatoes, corn, sweet potatoes, or turkeys
Europe- coffee, oranges, rice, wheat, sheep, or cattle
New foods- healthier Europeans- lived longer
Diseases once again killed millions
MERCANTILISM
Nation’s wealth= nation’s strength/power
Wealth measured by amount of gold and silver
2 ways to get wealth Mining and favorable balance of trade
Emphasis on establishment of colonies Raw materials and new markets
Put restrictions on colonies
CAPITALISM
Economy run by private individuals and companies
Investors willing to take risks Joint-stock companies
Buying shares of stock in a company British East India Company
SLAVE TRADE
Shortage of laborers led to slave trade NA killed by diseases and wars Indentured servants too expensive So, Africans became slaves in America Triangular trade
Goods from Europe to Africa- African slaves to America- American products to Europe
MIDDLE PASSAGE
Slaves jammed into tight quarters
Chained together and dark
3 to 6 weeks 10-20% died on
voyage
COLONIAL SLAVERY
Most slaves worked on plantations Living conditions were harsh Enslaved Africans= property by law
No rights, no freedoms Reaction of slaves
Resisted by preserving culture Religion Rebellions Escape
EFFECTS OF SLAVE TRADE
Millions died Deprived people of their freedoms Future leaders of Africa gone Divided Africans Slave labor boosted American colonies Those culture and descent spread in
Americas
THE END