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Concrete Foundation Master Class
Christchurch -Dene Cook (CPEng)Auckland – Dene Cook (CPEng)
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Residential Concrete Foundations
Topics-1.Why construct in concrete2.Components of a concrete foundation3.Performance requirements from NZ Building Code4.Ground conditions5.Acceptable Solutions (NZS3604)6.Alternative Solutions7.Specific Design (Liquefaction)8.Decorative concrete9.Crack control and good trade practice10.On site quality control11.Questions
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Why concrete?
• Cost effective• Durable• Low height transition between indoor and outdoor• Colour and finish flexibility• Thermal mass• Speed of construction• Quite (no creaking)• Solid- foot traffic not cause vibration• Insulation
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Components of a concrete floor
Global Ground Conditions• Peat• Soft lenses• Liquefaction potential• Land slide
Local ground conditions• Bearing capacity
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Components of a concrete floor
Hardfill-Provides capillary breakBearing capacity under slab.
Sand blindingAchieves correct level (fine tuning)Protection to DPM.
DPME2 compliance- prevention of moisture entering structure.
ReinforcementFlexural and tensile strength to foundations, plus crack control
MeshCrack control of slab
ConcreteWearing surfaceDurability and protection of reinforcementThermal massDecorative effects
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Sometimes seen in floors
• Fibres
Micro syntheticNon structural, reduces plastic shrinkage cracking.
Macro syntheticNon structural, not used in floors
Steel, structural but needs to be combined with standard reinforcing in foundations to provide ductility.
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Performance Requirements
B1 Structures• Objective are-
– Safeguard people from injury caused by structural failure– Safeguard people from loss of amenity caused by structural
behaviour– Protect other property from physical damaged caused by
structural failure
Achieved by– Sufficient reinforcement in foundations– Accurate interpretation of the ground conditions– Using acceptable solutions (NZS3604) or equivalent
performance alternative solutions (eg RibRaft)
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Performance Requirements
B2 Durability• Required to last 50 years (with appropriate maintenance)
as foundations provide structural stability to the building.
Achieved by• Increasing concrete strength for marine environments• Appropriate concrete cover to reinforcement• Follow good construction techniques (NZS3109) to
achieve hard wearing surfaces
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Performance Requirements
E1 Surface water– Safe guard people from injury or illness and other property
from damage caused by surface water– Protect the outfalls of drainage systems.
Achieved by• Appropriate finished floor level (refer E1/AS1)
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Performance Requirements
E2 External Moisture• Objectives
– To safeguard people from illness or injury which could result from external moisture entering the building.
Achieved by• Required use of DPM used to be in
E2/AS1
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Clearances above ground to prevent moisture entering building
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Rebates in edge of floor when using Masonry walls (E2/AS3)
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Performance Requirement
Energy Efficiency -H1 of Building Code
Require R=1.3 for floor
All concrete floors deemed to achieve R 1.3
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Performance Requirements
R1.9 for Heated floors
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New Developments
Edge insulation options
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Near Surface ground conditions
Point (c) has been expanded to include liquefaction
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Good ground
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NZS 3604 -Concrete Strength
Most common
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Must be class E, SE62
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75mm cover
50mm cover
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Rebate
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Alternative Solutions- RibRaft
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Technical Information
All technical information is presented in the Firth RibRaft Floor Systems Manual
Codemark means that for TC1 sites, if you fully follow the manual then no Building Control Authority can refuse a Building Consent.
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RibRaft® Components
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Lower required bearing pressure, can be used on softer sites
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Liquefaction Specific Design solutionsTC1 foundation zoneTC 2 foundation zoneTC3 foundation zone
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TC3 solutions using RibRaft
Slab raised 150mm in less than 3 hours
Firth special concrete mix RP2519TC3
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Decorative Concrete
Decorative Options
• Exposed Aggregate
• Coloured Concrete
• Polished Concrete
• Finishing techniques
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Exposed Aggrgate
Typically used for drives and paths not floors
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Colour
Colour achieved by adding oxides to the concrete
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Concrete has natural variations sometimes get mottled effect
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Acid Etch
Texture
Trowel
(sponge)
Power FloatRoller Finish
Coloured Concrete - Finishes
Most common for floors
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Polished Concrete
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Painted
Stains
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Indoor-Outdoor
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Crack Control and good trade practice
• Early age cracks tend to be due to construction deficiencies
• Late age cracks are usually due to limitations in the joint design
• Cracks caused by heat associated with hydration are typically design and construction issues.
• First question to ask is - when did the cracks first appear?
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Plastic Shrinkage 30 mins - 6 hours
Early Thermal 1 day to 2 weeks
Drying Shrinkage months
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Plastic Shrinkage Cracking
Plastic Shrinkage -30 minutes to 6hrs
While the concrete is still plastic.
Not structurally a problem but may open up later with drying shrinkage
Reduced durability
Drying of top surface caused by loss of water causes it to rip apart
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Restrained Early Thermal ContractionTypical scenario cracks close to saw cuts or straying of saw cuts.Common in Christchurch, less so in Auckland
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Early entry saw
Crack inducers
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Drying Shrinkage
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Typically saw cuts are placed at a spacing of 40 times the slab thickness. Reduce the spacing if the slab is restrained by significant thickenings
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Key points for onsite quality control
Confirm ground conditions assumptions
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DPM in place
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Reinforcement class E, correct grade (300 vs 500) and correct cover
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Correct concrete grade ordered from Plant with current Audit Certificate.
List of Plants at -www.rmcplantaudit.org.nz
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No water added to concrete
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Early Age care plan in place.
Applying anti- evaporate sprays
Early cutting
Curing
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Example of Inspection check list
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Questions?