[email protected] - 8921 6324Level 2, Room No. 5(Near JKEES Office)
The course begin with design methodology, which consists of modeling and design at the gate, register and processor level. Processor and controller design in computer systems will then be learnt. Memory, I/O organization and parallel processing will also be discussed
Pre-requisite : KL2013 (Digital Electronics) & KL2023(Microprocessor and Microcomputers)
1-4
User◦ Understand system capabilities and limitations◦ Make informed decisions◦ Improve communications with information technology
professionals Programmer
◦ Create efficient application software for specific processing needs
Systems Architect or Systems Analyst◦ Specify computer systems and architecture to meet
application requirements◦ Make intelligent decisions about system strategy
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1-5
System Administrator / Manager◦ Install, configure, maintain, and upgrade
computer systems◦ Maximize system availability and efficiency◦ Optimize system performance◦ Ensure system security
Web Services Designer◦ Optimize customer accessibility to Web services◦ Optimize web system configurations◦ Select appropriate data formats, page designs
and scripting languages◦ Design efficient Web pages
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1-6
1-7
• Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards
• Processing: CPU executes the computer program
• Output: monitor, printer, fax machine
• Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1-8
1-9
Hardware◦ Processes data by executing instructions◦ Provides input and output◦ Control input, output and storage components
Software◦ Applications and system software◦ Instructions tell hardware exactly what tasks to perform
and in what order Data
◦ Fundamental representation of facts and observations Communications
◦ Sharing data and processing among different systems
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1-10
Input/Output devices Storage Devices CPU – Central Processing Unit
◦ ALU: arithmetic/logic unit◦ CU: control unit◦ Interface unit
Memory◦ Short-term storage for CPU calculations
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1-11Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Minimum 80%
8.00 - 9.00
9.00 - 10.00
10.00 - 11.00
11.00 - 12.00
12.00 - 1.00
1.00 – 2.00
2.00 - 3.00
3.00 - 4.00
4.00 - 5.00
5.00 - 6.00
6.00 - 7.00
MONDAY
TUESDAYKT4054
BK11
WEDNESDAY Consultation
THURSDAYKT4054
BK1
FRIDAY
Items Weightage
Quizzes / Test 25% - 35%
Assignments / PBL
15% - 25%
Final Exam 40% - 55%
TOTAL 100%
We shall assign you :We shall assign you : Items
Few Quizzes (individual)
TWO Assignments
Mid-Semester Test
Final Exam
• Mano M. Morris, 1993, Computer System Architecture, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall.• Hayes J. P., 1988, Computer Architecture and Organization, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, NewYork.• Protopapas, D.A., 1988, Microcomputer Hardware Design, Prentice Hall, EnglewoodCliffs.• Hamacher V. C., Vranesic Z. G. and Zaky S. G., 1996, Computer Organization, 4 th
Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Author: William StallingsTitle: Computer Organization and ArchitectureEdition: 2010, 8th EditionPublisher: Pearson
NO MAIN TOPICS Chapters
1 Overview & Computer structureSystem level, CPU level, Computer function and interconnection
1-3
2 Memory OrganizationMemory technology, Cache memory, Virtual memory
4-6
3 Processor Design Computer arithmetic including fixed point and floating point, Instruction set, Addressing modes & formats
9,10,11
4 CPUBasic computer design, Hardwire control unit, Micro program control unit, CISC and RISC, Vector processor and
pipeline processor
12-14
5 System OrganizationInterconnection system, I/O system, operating system
7,8,18
1 2 3 94 5 6 7 8 10
11
12
13Week
Course overview & Review; Design
Methods
14
Memory Organization
CPU System organization
Processor Design
Week Date Topics Lecturer
1 12-16 Sep
Course overview & Review; Design Methods
Dr. Nasharuddin
2 19-23 Sep
3 26-30 Sep
4 3-7 Oct Memory Organization
5 10-14 Oct
6 17-21 Oct
Processor Design 7 24-28 Oct
8 31 Oct – 4 Nov
9 14-18 Nov
CPU
Pn. Wan Mimi
10 21-25 Nov
11 28 Nov – 2 Dec
12 5-9 Dec
System organization13 12-16 Dec
14 19-23 Dec
Sem break: 7-11 Nov 2011
Exam starts : 3-20 Jan 2012
No. Course Outcomes (CO)
PO1
PO2
P03
P04
PO5
PO6
PO7
PO8
PO9
P O10
P O11
O12
Teaching Assessment
1 Ability to apply transfer register notation to describe data flow in CPUs (Application)
3 2 2 2 1 2 2 In- class teaching Examination
2 Ability to design micro-programmed control units (Synthesis)
3 2 2 1 2 2 In- class teaching Examination
3 Ability to design datapath logic in CPUs (Synthesis)
3 2 2 2 2 In- class teaching Examination
4 Ability to design ALUs for use in CPUs (Synthesis)
3 2 2 2 In- class teaching Examination
5Ability to explain interrupt operation and exception handling mechanism (Comprehension)
3 2 2 2 In- class teaching Examination
6 Ability to compare main and virtual memory, and cache systems operation (Analysis)
3 2 2 2 2 In- class teaching Examination
http://www.spin.ukm.my
Ability to apply transfer register notation to describe data flow in CPUs Ability to design microprogrammed control units Ability to design datapath logic in CPUs Ability to design ALUs for use in CPUs Ability to explain interrupt operation and exception handling mechanisms Ability to compare main and virtual memory, and cache systems operation
1-22
1642: Blaise Pascal invents a calculating machine
1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that uses punch cards
1800’s: ◦ Charles Babbage attempts to build an analytical
engine (mechanical computer)◦ Augusta Ada Byron develops many of the
fundamental concepts of programming◦ George Boole invents Boolean logic.
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1-23
1937: Mark I is built (Aiken, Harvard University, IBM).◦ First electronic computer using relays.
1939: ABC is built◦ First fully electronic digital computer. Used vacuum
tubes. 1943-46: ENIAC (Mauchly, Eckert, University of
Pennsylvania). ◦ First general purpose digital computer.
1945: Von Neumann architecture proposed. ◦ Still the standard for present day computers.
1947: Creation of transistor ◦ (Bardeen, Shockley, Brattain, Bell Labs).
1951-2: EDVAC and IAS
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1-24
Babbage’s Analytical Engine ENIAC
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Early computers had no operating systems and were single user systems◦ Programs were entered using switches for each bit or by
plugging wires into a panel 1953-54: First operating system was built by
General Motors Research Laboratories for their IBM 701 computer
Other early systems◦ FORTRAN Monitor System (FMS)◦ IBSYS◦ Share Operating System (SOS)
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1-25
1963: Master Control Program (MCP) by Burroughs. Included many modern OS features.
1964: OS/360 by IBM. Included batch processing of programs.
1962: MIT Project MAC created a time-sharing OS called CTSS. Shortly afterwards, MIT, Bell Labs, and GE developed Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Services).
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1-26
After Bell Labs withdrew from the Multics project, Ken Thompson developed a personal operating system called UNIX using assembly language.
Dennis Ritchie developed the programming language C which was used to rewrite much of UNIX in a high-level language.
UNIX introduced◦ A hierarchical file system◦ The shell concept◦ Document production and formatting◦ Tools for networked and distributed processing
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1-27
1960s: Doug Englebart (Stanford Research Institute)◦ Invented windows and a mouse interface
1970s: Xerox PARC◦ Creates a practical windowing system for the
Dynabook project 1980s: Steve Jobs (Apple)
◦ Developed the Apple Lisa and MacIntosh
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1-28
1982: Stand-alone, single user computer PC-DOS, MS-DOS (disk operating system) Later versions of DOS added
◦ Hierarchical directory file storage◦ File redirection◦ Better memory management
Windowing systems◦ Windows 2.0, Windows 3.1, Windows 95◦ Windows NT, Windows XP, Windows Vista◦ Windows 7
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1-29
1960s and 1970s: users communicated on multiterminal computer systems using talk and email facilities
1971: Ray Tomlinson creates the standard username@hostname email standard
Modems permitted users to login to office systems, electronic bulletin board systems, Compuserve, AOL, and Prodigy
1969: ARPANET begun 1985: First TCP-IP wide area network 1991: Tim Berners Lee develops the concepts that
become the World Wide Web 1993: Max Andreessen develops Mosaic, the first
graphical browserCopyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.1-30
I/O systemProcessor
CompilerOperating
System(Mac OS X)
Application (ex: browser)
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Data path & Control
transistors
MemoryHardware
Software Assembler
Keyboard, Mouse
Disk (where programs, data live whennot running)
Personal Computer
Processor
Computer
Control(“brain”)
Data path(“brawn”)
Memory
(where programs, data live whenrunning)
Devices
Input
Output
Display, Printer
size
Year
Bit
s
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
year size (Mbit)
1980 0.0625
1983 0.25
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
1998 128
2000 256
2002 512
2003 1024
Gordon Moore – co-founder of Intel Increased density of components on chip Number of transistors on a chip will double every
year Since 1970’s development has slowed a little
◦ Number of transistors doubles every 18 months Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged Higher packing density means shorter electrical
paths, giving higher performance Smaller size gives increased flexibility Reduced power and cooling requirements Fewer interconnections increases reliability
Year
Tra
nsi
sto
rs
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
i80386
i4004
i8080
Pentium
i80486
i80286
i80862X transistors/ChipEvery 1.5 years
Called “Moore’s Law”
Alpha 21264: 15 millionPentium Pro: 5.5 millionPowerPC 620: 6.9 millionAlpha 21164: 9.3 millionSparc Ultra: 5.2 million
Moore’s Law
Athlon (K7): 22 Million
Itanium 2: 410 Million
0100200300400500600700800900
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
DEC Alpha 21264/600
DEC Alpha 5/500
DEC Alpha 5/300
DEC Alpha 4/266
IBM POWER 100
1.54X/yr
Intel P4 2000 MHz(Fall 2001)
year
Per
form
ance
mea
sure
Continued rapid improvement in computing◦ 2X every 2.0 years in memory size;
every 1.5 years in processor speed; every 1.0 year in disk capacity;
◦ Moore’s Law enables processor(2X transistors/chip ~1.5 yrs)
5 classic components of all computers Control Data path Memory Input Output
Capacity Speed (latency)Logic 2x in 3 years 2x in 3 yearsDRAM 4x in 3 years 2x in 10 yearsDisk 4x in 3 years 2x in 10 years
BIG◦ LaCie the first to offer consumer-level 1.6
Terabyte disk!◦ Cost ? ~ US$2,000◦ Weighs 11 pounds!◦ 5 1/4” form-factor
SMALL◦ Pretec is soon offering a 12GB CompactFlash card◦ Size of a silver dollar◦ Cost ? ~ US$15,000 www.lacie.com/products/product.htm?id=10129 www.engadget.com/entry/4463693158281236/
1946: ENIAC, us Army, 18,000 Vacuum Tubes 1949: UNIVAC I, $250K, 48 systems sold 1954: IBM 701, Core Memory 1957: Moving Head Disk 1958: Transistor, FORTRAN, ALGOL, CDC &
DEC Founded 1964: IBM 360, CDC 6600, DEC PDP-8 1969: UNIX 1970: FLOPPY DISK 1981: IBM PC, 1st Successful Portable
(Osborne1) 1986: Connection Machine, MAX Headroom Debut
Generation
Evolutionary
Parallelism
Year Logic Storage Prog. Lang. O/S54 Tubes core (8 ms)58 Transistor (10µs) FORTRAN60 ALGOL, COBOL Batch64 Hybrid (1µs) thin film (200ns) Lisp, APL, Basic66 IC (100ns) PL/1, Simula,C67 Multiprog.71 LSI (10ns) 1k DRAM Object Oriented Virtual Mode
73 (8-bit µP)75 (16-bit µP) 4k DRAM78 VLSI (10ns) 16k DRAM Networks80 64k DRAM84 (32-bit µP) 256k DRAM ADA87 ULSI 1M DRAM89 GAs 4M DRAM C++92 (64-bit µP) 16M DRAM Fortran 90
Computer Architecture is the design of computers, including their instruction sets, hardware components, and system organization [Patterson].
Two essential parts of computer architecture: ◦ Instruction-set Architecture (ISA)
◦ Hardware-system Architecture (HSA)
The instruction set architecture of a computer includes anything a programmer would need to know to make the computer run correctly. This include:◦ (a) The number and types of registers◦ (b) Instruction set (what operations can be performed?)◦ (c) Instruction format (how are they specified?)◦ (d) Addressing mode (how is data obtained? - direct vs.
indirect)◦ (e) Exception handling (what happens when something
goes wrong?) Instruction-set architecture includes the specifications that
determine how machine-language programs will interact with the computer. That is, in general, two computers with the same ISA will run the same programs. This is the notion of a computer-family architecture.
The Hardware-system architecture deals with the computer's major hardware subsystems, including central processing unit (CPU), its storage system, and its input-output system.
The computer hardware design determines the implementation of the various computer components. This includes◦ (a) Capabilities and performance of the functional units
(e.g., registers, ALUs, shifters) ◦ (b) Methods for connecting the functional units (e.g., data
bus)◦ (c) Control logic for the functional units
Typically, the computer hardware is designed based on the instruction set architecture.
A successful ISA generally has many implementations (a computer-family) which are different in their HSA.
Compatibility is the ability of different computers to run the same programs. ◦ Upward compatibility allows high-performance
members of a family to run the same program as do the low-performance members
◦ Downward compatibility is not always possible, since high-performance family members often have features not available on lower-performance members.
Computer Architecture◦ Architecture is those attributes visible to the
programmer◦ Instruction set, number of bits used for data
representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.
◦ e.g. Is there a multiply instruction? Computer Organization
◦ Organization is how features are implemented to realize the architecture
◦ Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.◦ e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by
repeated addition?
Computer manufactures offer several models with the same architecture but with different organization
Example :-◦IBM System/370 family share the same architecture
◦Intel x86 family share the same architecture
Provides compatibility
Computer is a complex system Best way to describe is through hierarchical
flow The system can be divided into
subcomponents until the lowest level At each level, the components can be
described with structure and function Structure
◦ The way the components are interrelated Function
◦ The operation of each component as part of the structure
Computer
Main Memory
Input / Output
SystemInterconnection
Peripherals
Communicationlines
CentralProcessing Unit
Computer
Computer Arithmeticand Login Unit
ControlUnit
Internal CPUInterconnection
Registers
CPU
I/O
Memory
SystemBus
CPU
CPU
ControlMemory
Control Unit Registers and Decoders
Sequencing Logic
ControlUnit
ALU
Registers
InternalBus
Control Unit
Computer
Computer
CPU
I/O
Memory
SystemBus
CPU
ControlUnit
ALU
Registers
InternalBus
ControlMemory
Control Unit Registers and Decoders
SequencingLogin
Control UnitTop-down
Basic function of a computer ◦ Data processing◦ Data storage◦ Data movement◦ Control
Data movement Data storage Data processingFrom/to storage
Data processingFrom/to I/O