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Comparative E-Governance Models and Applications:
Developing vs. Developed Countrieswith specific reference to Asia
Vikas NathPresident
The Digital Governance Initiative
www.DigitalGovernance.org
e-Governance Executive Master programme at EPFL Lausanne, Switzerland
9 December 2005
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Let us get out of this classroom…. to get a better understanding of this session….
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Who is the Government for Citizens ?Who are the Citizens for Government ?
WomenCentral
Government
GOVERNMENT CITIZENS
Farmers
Entrepreneur
Taxpayer
Un-Employed
Rural PopulationSenior
Citizens
Media
Courts
HomeMinistry
StateGovernment
Municipality
Police
Customs
AgricultureDepartment
NationalBanks
ExciseDepartment
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E-Governance is about Match- Making: Building Relationships and Trust
Women
USER GROUPS
Farmers
LocalBusinesses
NGO Workers
Un-Employed
CITIZENSSeniorCitizens
LocalMedia
E-
GO
VE
RN
AN
CE
GOVERNMENTSERVICE PROVIDERS
Children
Transport Ministry
LocalMunicipalities
AgricultureDepartment
Home Ministry
Health Department
Department of Youth Employment
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Case A: The pre E-Governance situation
USERS (5) SERVICES (A, B, C, D)
A
D
B
CU1
U2
U3
U5
U4
V4D
V1B
V2C
V1A
V5D
V3D
V= Value of Service being derived by the user U
Total Public Value of Services derived = U1V1 + U2V2 + U3V3 + U4V4 + U5V5
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Case B: Desired post E-Governance situation
USERS (8) SERVICES (A, B, C, D, E, F)
A
E
D
B
C
G
F
U1
U2
U3
U5
U4
Public Value of E-Governance Services
= U1V1 + U2V2 + U3V3 + U4V4 + U5V5 + ….. + UiVj
U6
U7
U8
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A Key Learning: Developing vs Developed Countries E-Governance Model !
ICTs enhances Information Access and Flows… almost automatically in project designs
But creating:Politically and Citizen Relevant E-Governance Models the “Geometry of Information Flows” needs to be RESHAPED within the society.
And this is all the more required in Developing Countries where information asymmetries are higher and channels to access information limited.
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5 Geometrically Sensitive E-Governance Models
• Wider Dissemination Model• Critical Flow Model• Comparative Analysis Model• E-advocacy/ Pressure group model• Interactive-Service Model
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PublicDomain
Information
Wider Public Domain
CITIZENSC
ITIZ
EN
SC
ITIZ
EN
S
• Govt. Laws, Legislations, Notices• Local Govt. Offices and Officials Information• Government Budget, Plans and Expenditures• Key Judicial Decisions: state vs. citizen decisions• Government Tenders, Procurement Notice• Government Employment
Wider Disseminating ModelInformation: Information:
Public Domain Wider Public DomainPublic Domain Wider Public Domain
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ExamplesExamples
Mongolia: Open Government http://open-government.mn
Philippines: Government Online (but not yet!) http://www.gov.ph/directory/
Malaysia: E-Flood Information http://jps.selangor.gov.my
Uzbekistan: Portal of the State of Authority http://www.gov.uz
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MONGOLIA
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MALAYSIA:E-Flood Information DID (JPS) Selangor Statehttp://jps.selangor.ggy.my
1. The system integrates all hydrology data from District DID (JPS) to the Shah Alam Hydrology Unit automatically and in real time.
2. It then provides real-time river monitoring to safequard life and property, and offers flood warnings through SMS.
3. The project simplifies government agency flood rescue operations.
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INDIA: Fish Shoal Movements in the Indian Ocean
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Critical Flow ModelCritical Information:Critical Information:
Private Domain Wider Public DomainPrivate Domain Wider Public Domain
Private Domain Information
Wider DomainWider Domain
• Corruption Information• Enquiry reports, scientific research, impact studies commissioned• Company’s Green Ratings • Human Rights Violations Records• Whistle Blowing
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ExamplesExamplesIndia: Central Vigilance Committee www.cvc.nic.in
Online filing of complaints against public officials and online exposing of names of Corrupted Government Officials.
Bangladesh: Human Rights Portal www.banglarights.net
independent web portal which exposes and challenges discriminations and violations of human rights.
Mexico: Declarenet www.declaranet.gob.mx
Declaranet" allows for on-line filing of income for federal employees.
Bloggers
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INDIA: Central Vigilance Committee
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BANGLADESH: Human Rights Violations
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Comparative Analysis ModelInformation:Information:
Private / Public Domain + Public / Private Domain Private / Public Domain + Public / Private Domain Wider Public Domain Wider Public Domain
Public/PrivateDomain
Wider DomainWider Domain
Public Domain Information
Public/PrivateDomain
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Comparative Analysis Model
• Based on Precedence Information(time line)
• With and Without Information
•Court Rulings / Historical Archive •Tracking Performance Records / Financial Assets Growth of MinistersElectoral Candidates Information
• Bringing out Best / Worst PracticesCases of Corruption, Budget Irregularities
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ExamplesExamplesIndia: National Courts
http://indiancourts.nic.in
Sri Lanka: Comparison of Education Indicators (Kothmale Project)
India: Green Ratings of Chief Ministers/ Comparing Environmental Records of Industries
http://www.cseindia.org
India: Comparative Learning from Disasters
http://www.nic.in
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INDIA: National Courts
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INDIA: Green Rating of Industries / Paper Mills
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Mobilisation and Lobbying Model Building Allies / Networking Networks for Building Allies / Networking Networks for
Concerted ActionConcerted Action
Communities
Virtual CommunityVirtual Community
Networks
Individuals
Interest Groups
Common Common GoalGoal
Real CommunityReal Community
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ExamplesExamples
Planned, Directed, Strategic flow of Information to build strong issue-based Allies / solidarity to complement action in Real World.
(often through combination of other models)
• SMS and Mobile Campaigns- Philippines and Ukraine• Signature Campaign: India (Petition OnlineCorruption)• e-Signature Campaigns: Pakistan• e-Groups on Agriculture• Zimbabwe Kubatana.net (using emails for lobbying)
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INDIA: Demand for Full Inquiry and Justice in Murder of Mr. Satyendra Dubey for his Fight Against Corruption
To: The Prime Minister of India Dec. 1st 2003.
Sub: Demand for Full Inquiry and Justice in Murder of Satyendra Dubey for his Fight Against Corruption.
Dear Mr. Prime Minister,
Satyendra Dubey, a very capable, honest and upright person, was working as a senior engineer of National Highways Authority of India on Golden Quadrilateral project. As can be expected of an honest officer Satyendra did not bend in front of the vice of the system and was actively fighting against corruption.
57640 Total
e-Signatures
Batchmate Sanjeev Sinha, started a petition on www.petitiononline.com and gathered almost 50,000 signatures in a month to force a Criminal Bureau Investigation. The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) even took cognizance of the electronic petition and told Sinha about the progress on the case.
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Service Delivery Model USER SERVICE PROVIDER USER SERVICE PROVIDER
E-GovernmentE-GovernmentE- debatesE- debatesE-ballotsE-ballotsE-procurement of E-procurement of servicesservicesE-administration: E-administration: taxes, parking taxes, parking tickets, licensestickets, licenses
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Selective - Service ModelOnline form processing, individual-identity/ authentication-based Online form processing, individual-identity/ authentication-based
transactions (initiated by thematic government offices)transactions (initiated by thematic government offices)
Service XGovt. Office X
Service YGovt. Office Y
CitizenCitizenAA
CitizenCitizenCC
CitizenCitizenBB
• Applying for selected government Applying for selected government products. Eg: driving license products. Eg: driving license (Transport Ministry), Land registration (Transport Ministry), Land registration certificates (Rural Devlp. Ministry)certificates (Rural Devlp. Ministry)• Payment for goverment services. Eg: Payment for goverment services. Eg: taxes, license fees, custom dutiestaxes, license fees, custom duties• Online votingOnline voting• Online purchase of government Online purchase of government reportsreports• Filing of grievance and queriesFiling of grievance and queries
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ExamplesExamples
Philippines: Online Marriage, Birth Certificates (City of Manila)http://www.cityofmanila.com.ph/service.htm
India: Lokvani Online Complaints (42 Kiosks, Sitapur)http://sitapur.nic.in/lokvani/default.htm
India: Delhi Government Online Complaint Form complaints.mcdonline.gov.in
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PHILIPPINES
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Bhoomi Model, Land Registration, INDIAAll 20 million land records of 6.7 million land owners in 176 blocks of Karnataka has been computerised. And digital records and maps are now Legal Documents admissible for Bank Loans and Dispute Resolutions.
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INDIA (Delhi): Online Complaint Form
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Unifying portal that offers full case handling, decision-making and delivery for diverse services
Service XGovt. Office X
CitizenCitizenAA
CitizenCitizenCC
CitizenCitizenBB
• Citizen-centred model as an entry point to all interactions with the government • Avenues for making online transactions, making payments for range of government services
One-Stop Citizen Portal Model
Service XGovt. Office X
Service XGovt. Office X
Service XGovt. Office X
ON
E – S
TO
P P
OR
TA
L
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ExamplesExamples
Singapore: eCitizen http://www.ecitizen.gov.sg/
India: Andhra Pradesh State Government Portal http://www.esevaonline.com/
UK: DirectGov http://www.direct.gov.uk/Homepage/fs/en (Replaces UK Online)
Malta: Government Information and Services Onlinehttp://www.gov.mt/index.asp?l=2
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SINGAPORE
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Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
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More than 1 reason for E-Government:Do we see any pattern? USA: Part of market-oriented government reform process, to maintain national competitiveness, realize in-depth democracy and enhance citizen satisfaction
UK : To enhance administrative efficiency, effectiveness, and responsiveness
Korea : Part of new growth engine after exponential economic growth
Australia: Reduce gaps between service standards between cities in the vast country
Singapore: Means to become the number-one country in the 21st century by taking advantage of its superior workforce and excellent economic environment
India : To open up government processes and enable greater public access to information
Malaysia: Transform government from bureaucracy to government for common people
Transformation
vs. Efficiency?
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Guidelines for weaving Politically and Citizen Relevant E-Governance Models
What Developed Countries could learn from E-Governance Models in Developing Countries?
Who are our Target groups that we want to reach out to, through Internet?
What are the key information needs of the disadvantaged community?
What are the existing channels by which information reaches to the disadvantaged community?
What is the weakest link in the chain of information flows: from source to the disadvantaged communities?
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For more information:
Vikas Nathfounder
http://www.DigitalGovernance.orghttp://www.DevNetJobs.org
A network of over 2800 individuals with National Networks in India, Ghana, Nigeria and Nepal.
[email protected] http://www.VikasNath.org