Download - Community Interactions And Sucession
![Page 1: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Community InteractionsCommunity Interactions
![Page 2: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Community InteractionsCommunity Interactions
• Powerfully affect an ecosystem• Include:
– Competition– Predation– Symbiosis
![Page 3: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
CompetitionCompetition
• When organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource at the same place and the same time– Resource any necessity to life– Plants and animals compete– Winner and losers
![Page 5: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
QuickTimeª and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Competition can beInterspecies or Intraspecies
![Page 6: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Rules, rules, rulesRules, rules, rules
• Fundamental rule in ecology– Competitive Exclusion Principle
• No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat and the same time
• Prevents competition
![Page 7: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
QuickTimeª and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 8: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
PredationPredation
• Interaction where an organism captures and feeds on another organism
• Predator– Organism that does the killing and eating
• Prey– Organism that is being killed and eaten
(victim)
![Page 9: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
SymbiosisSymbiosis
• Any relationship where two species live closely together
• Symbiosis literally means “living together”
• 3 main types– Parasitism– Mutualism– Commensalism
![Page 15: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
What type of relationship is this?What type of relationship is this?• Who is helping who?
![Page 16: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
MutualismMutualismis a form of symbiosis is a form of symbiosis
• Both species benefit from the relationship
• A Happy couple• Flowers and bees
– Flowers need bees for pollination, bees need flowers nectar
![Page 17: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
An example of An example of mutualism: mutualism:
Ants and aphids Ants and aphids
Ants feed on the honeydew excreted by the aphids, and in exchange, they protect the aphids.
![Page 18: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Flowers provide insects with nectar or food, and insects help flowers by pollinating them.
![Page 19: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
What type of relation ship is going What type of relation ship is going on here?on here?
• Who is helping who?
![Page 21: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
CommensalismCommensalism is a form of symbiosis is a form of symbiosis
• One member of the relationship benefits while the other is neither harmed nor helped
• One-sided• Food or shelter
– Example: Barnacles on a whale
![Page 22: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Commensalism
![Page 23: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
What type of interaction is going on What type of interaction is going on here?here?
Maggots on the the caterpillar
![Page 24: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
ParasitismParasitism• One organism lives on or inside another
organism and harms it• Parasite obtains all or part of its nutrients from
the other organism• Host
– Organism that is harmed in relation ship; the one that provides the nutrients to the parasite
• Parasite– Organism that gets its nutrients from the host
• Do they want to kill their host?– No, because they need them…they will weaken or
hurt the host in some way
![Page 25: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Parasitism
![Page 26: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Parasitism
![Page 27: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
RecapRecap
• What are the three types of interactions in a community?– Competition– Predation– Symbiosis
• What types do we have?– Mutualism– Commensalism– Parasitism
![Page 30: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Ecological SuccessionEcological Succession
• Do all ecosystems stay the same all the time?
• What are some things that cause changes to ecosystems?– Natural and unnatural– Quickly and slowly
![Page 31: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
• Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to human and natural disturbances.
• As an ecosystem changes, older habitants die out and new organisms move in, causing more change
![Page 32: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Ecological SuccessionEcological Succession
• Series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time– Physical environment– Natural disturbance– Human disturbance
![Page 33: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Primary SuccessionPrimary Succession• Succession on land that occurs on
surfaces where no soil exists – Volcanic eruptions– Glaciers melting
![Page 34: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Stages of Primary SuccessionStages of Primary Succession
• Start with no soil, just ash and rock• First species to populate this area
– “pioneer species”– For example, pioneer species on volcanic
rock are lichens (LY-kunz)• Lichens made up of fungus and algae that can
grow on bare rock• When lichens die, they for organic material that
becomes soil…now plants can grow
![Page 37: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Secondary SuccessionSecondary Succession
• Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil
• Natural – hurricane– fires
• Human disturbances– Farming– Forest clearing
![Page 38: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Succession in Marine EcosystemsSuccession in Marine Ecosystems
• Deep and dark• Can succession happen?• 1987 dead whale off of California
– Unique community of organisms living in remains
– Represents stage in succession in an otherwise stable, deep-sea ecosystem
– Whale-fall community
![Page 44: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Whale-Fall SuccessionWhale-Fall Succession• Begins when large whale dies
– Sinks to barren ocean floor– Scavengers and decomposers flock to carcass , our first community
• Amphipods• Hagfish• sharks
• After a year, most tissues have been eaten– Now, second small community of organisms live here– Body is decomposing, releasing nutrients into the water
• Small fishes• Crabs• Snails• worms
• Only skeleton remains…– Third community moves in
• Heterotrophic bacteria• Decompose oil in bones release of chemical compounds• Who uses these chemical compounds?
– Chemoosynthetic autotrophs• In come the crabs, clams, and worms that feed on this bacteria
![Page 46: Community Interactions And Sucession](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020307/559891471a28abeb708b45b4/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Teacher,
Study Chemical reactions, enzymes,
and Chapters 3
and 4