Download - Commercial Structure SOG - Glendale, CA
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Commercial Structure SOG
I. DEFINITIONS
COMMERCIAL STRUCTURE: A commercial structure is defined as a non-residential
structure. Examples include (not limited to) warehouses, factories, retail establishments,
schools, churches and restaurants. The commercial building may also include enclosed
industrial structures. High rise and strip mall structures are not part of this category.
II. OPERATIONS
A. KEYS TO INCIDENT RESOLUTION
1. STOP HORIZONTAL/VERTICAL SPREAD OF FIRE
Rapid investigation to determine the location and scope/potential of the incident
Rapid deployment of initial attack line(s) to locate, extinguish, and confine the fire to the
room/area of origin. Secondary lines may be needed based on conditions
Systematic and coordinated ventilation to support interior operations
2. SEARCH, RESCUE AND EVACUATION
Rapid attack on the fire will limit the need for Rescue
Coordinated & Systematic Search & Rescue
Coordinated & Systematic Evacuation
Relocating building occupants to a “safe” area of refuge
Determine the scope of the evacuation or rescue potential
3. LOGISTICAL SUPPORT & PLANNING
Requesting appropriate resources and outside agencies early
Develop a plan that is appropriate to the anticipated duration of the incident
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B. FIRST ON SCENE - SUMMARY
1. ENROUTE CONSIDERATIONS
Time of day/day of week (Commercial buildings may have 24 hour security or cleaning
crews after hours)
Approach to the scene considering other unit locations and types (opposing apparatus)
Staging locations for apparatus on additional alarms
Hydrant locations
Will command be passed to me? (What are other companies doing on scene?)
Additional resources requested while en route if appropriate (many calls, heavy smoke
showing, strong winds, fire in the urban interface, explosions, etc…)
All incoming units should hold at the corners/intersections until given an
assignment
2. SIZE UP
Make a clear and concise size-up that provides an approximate size and description of
the building type, the type and severity of conditions present, any pertinent additional
findings (placards, hazards, exposures, etc.) and the location of conditions and the
actions being taken. Size up is a continual process throughout the incident to identify
any changes in conditions that would require a change in tactics or strategy for the
incident
Example;E27 is on scene of a large one story commercial tilt-up with smoke showing
from the Charlie side. E27will be attacking the fire with 2 out. All incoming units hold
at the corners.
Example; E27 is on scene of a one story commercial tilt up with nothing showing. E27
will be investigating. All additional units hold at the corners
Example; E25 is on scene of a fully involved one story commercial structure with an
exposure to the Bravo side. E25 is moving to the Bravo side for exposure protection-
this is a defensive fire. All additional units hold at the corners
If feasible attempt to do a 360 of the building and provide an updated size-up whenever
appropriate. If unable to make a full 360 consider sending a company to the rear to
determine if access/egress is present and to report on conditions.
Make additional assignments to arriving companies until relieved of command or
command is passed
On working fires with no rescue problem address Two Out appropriately and verbalize
on the radio. Request additional company(s) in order to provide for RIC. If a company
is in the IDLH and there is no rescue exemption in effect, a company needs to be
assigned RIC
3. STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION- CONSIDERATIONS
These will include risk factors to firefighters, occupants, and property associated with
the particular structure type, and will influence our tactics: Ex: Type, year, interior vs.
exterior hallways and stairwells, common attics, basements, mansards, mezzanines,
lightweight vs. conventional, tilt-ups and others
Locations of Fire Department Connections (FDC)
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Upon discovering a potentially hazardous building construction feature, this information
should be relayed over the radio ASAP
Commercial structures may have many hidden passages and features such as mezzanines.
4. COMPANY ASSIGNMENT - CONSIDERATIONS
Designate Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, and Delta for exterior sides of the structure
Passing Command – (see policy included in addendum)
Designate Divisions for each floor based on fire conditions
Anticipate a common attic when making assignments (if applicable)
Multiple RIG staging points when offensive
Position resources, especially ladder trucks in positions that will be beneficial for both
offensive and defensive (ladder pipes) operations. Re-positioning apparatus during a
working fire is not always possible
Company Operations:
Splitting the crew is defined as accomplishing two different tasks in the IDLH at the
same time. Although conditions may require splitting the crew, such as roof top
ventilation while affecting an immediate need rescue, the tactic is not advisable when
adequate resources are available and conditions dictate
Advantages: Multi-tasking, quickly establish the scope of the incident
Disadvantages: Personnel accountability, lack of supervision by Capt.
5. COMMUNICATION – CONSIDERATIONS
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IS THE CORNERSTONE TO SUCCESSFUL
OPERATIONS! COMMUNICATIONS MUST BE CLEAR, CONCISE, AND DIRECT!
Good communication between those companies assigned to ventilation and interior
companies is imperative in both offensive attack and during defensive strip operations
Multiple TACs may be added to a commercial incident as it escalates
Multiple agencies may be operating on a commercial incident
Communicate benchmark priorities ASAP
Location and scope of the fire
Victim or victims found (how many and what you’re doing or need)
Large
mezzanine
at JoAnn
Fabrics
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Primary search – All Clear or not and what you’re doing or need
Secondary search – All Clear or not and what you’re doing or need
“Knock Down”
6. RESOURCE - CONSIDERATIONS
When fire is confirmed in a commercial structure, request adequate additional alarms
and resources early when needed. (GPD, Air 100, GWP, Air Utility, HazMat, USAR,
etc.)
Try to anticipate needs and request resources based on the current conditions taking
incident potential into consideration. Try not to piecemeal additional resources, if
possible.
7. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
a. MAINTAIN SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
Monitor overhangs, facades, mansards, etc. for fire involvement and extension.
Carefully choose apparatus placement regarding collapse zones
Monitor overhead hazards and large commercial rooftop equipment
Upon discovering a potentially hazardous building construction feature, this
information should be relayed over the radio ASAP
All companies should pay attention to 15 minute contact timer- Especially with
lightweight construction
Commercial fires may require advancing hand lines deep into large areas causing
air management issues. Sufficient resources need to be staged
A maze of aisles may be encountered creating areas for interior collapse and
disorientation
b. CONSIDER WEATHER HAZARDS
Wet surfaces, wind affect on fire and horizontal spread
c. OVERHANGS HAZARDS
Avoid staging personnel under components at risk for collapse
Avoid laddering components at risk for collapse
Consider handlines at risk if stretched under a mansard or other component at
risk for collapse
e. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Verbalize 704 HazMat placard information.
Consider contents that may escalate the fire, toxicity, etc.
f. TRIGGER POINTS
Assume Offensive vs Declare Defensive
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Decision to transition to defensive operations MUST BE MADE EARLY
ENOUGH TO ALLOW FOR FIREFIGHTER EVACUATION.
Make decisions based on construction, attic involvement, hazardous materials,
rescue survivability, conditions not improving or getting worse, etc.
C. TACTICAL OBJECTIVES - REVAS
(Rescue, Exposures, Ventilation, Attack, Salvage)
RESCUE S
1. OBJECTIVES:
The protection of life through Search & Rescue coupled with a rapid, aggressive,
coordinated interior fire attack and ventilation operations
Commercial structures could have large rescue potential.
2. PRIORITIES:
a. RESCUE: HIGHEST FIRE GROUND PRIORITY
A quick, aggressive fire attack coupled with efficient and aggressive ventilation may
be the best way to complete this objective
A risk/viability assessment must be made early to determine the presence and location
of viable victims
If confirmed victims, initiate a search by anchoring to the exterior of the building via a
hose line or rope
Search team should identify/relay their entry point and may consider crew identifiers
attached to tag lines/hose
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Primary search results in one of two communications:
1. “Victim(s) found” w/ Conditions Actions Needs report
Where are you?
How many victims?
2. “All Clear”
Based on conditions, initial actions may be to control & improve
conditions/atmosphere
For multiple rescue problems, victims in the most severely threatened areas
should have priority
Depending on building type and fire location, sheltering occupants in place may
be an option
b. SEARCH & RESCUE - EXTERIOR PRIORITIES
Significant security measures are possible.
Identify all possible escape routes (windows, doors, balconies, etc)
Illuminate the exits so they are identifiable from the inside
Forcible entry team should create evacuation points
Ladders should be thrown to all above ground windows and balconies
Manage security bars and other systems commonly found at these structures
c. SEARCH & RESCUE - INTERIOR PRIORITIES
Areas most severely threatened (fire floor/room & above fire)
Areas with largest number of victims (known or likely locations)
Time of day: Normal business hours presents highest life hazard, but consider
some companies may work around the clock & 7 days a week, and may use
cleaning crews after hours
Check areas victims may seek for shelter (bathrooms, closets, storage areas, etc)
Check perimeter of each room for victims trying to escape (doors, windows, etc)
Check the remainder of the hazard zone
Check the exposure areas
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Interior security measures may present unconventional problems.
3. RESCUE - RESOURCE CONSIDERATIONS
Anticipate & request resources early. Based on interior conditions and size of building, be
prepared to request multiple companies to facilitate rescue operations
If victims are confirmed, or if RIC is activated, consider requesting additional resources
(alarms) to support rescue operations
Assign an Engine and ambulance as Medical (Group/Division/Branch)
Request two ambulances and stage them in locations that are advantageous for rapid departure
(one for victims, one for fire personnel)
If possible, obtain possible victim information/location from responsible parties
4. SEARCH & RESCUE CONSIDERATIONS
Based on interior conditions and size of building, be prepared to request multiple
companies to facilitate rescue operations
HOSE LINE FOR SEARCH & RESCUE: When possible, take a hose line and TIC for
search & rescue operations on the fire floor, and above the fire floor
DOORS: Close doors to minimize fire spread/damage. Mark doors of searched rooms
SHELTER IN PLACE: Depending on building construction and fire conditions, it may
be better to shelter occupants in place
FORCIBLE ENTRY: May require a rotary saw for entry thru multiple points. Ensure
forcible entry tools are brought interior
MEDICAL: Set up a medical group early in the operation and be prepared to add
resources
5. RAPID INTERVENTION
Firefighter safety –assign Rapid Intervention Group ASAP when operating in the IDLH
Large commercial structures with an offensive mode may require multiple RIC teams
(Rapid Intervention Group-RIG) staged at multiple entry points
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EXPOSURES .
Exposure hose lines allow us to ensure we stay ahead of rapid fire progress and contain fires to the
smallest size possible (i.e. room of origin, floor of origin, building of origin, etc).
1. OBJECTIVES:
Protect life exposures, and Stop horizontal/vertical fire spread
2. PRIORITIES:
a. LIFE EXPOSURE PRIORITIES:
Hose lines between fire & victims
Protect access & egress routes
b. EXPOSURE PRIORITIES – INTERIOR
Office areas
Hazardous Materials
Hallways, Aisles, & Stairwells
Stockpiled goods & materials
Mezzanines
Attic: check as soon as possible for fire extension/hidden fire
Adjacent Rooms & Rooms above Fire: Check as soon as possible. Consider
priority given to downwind units and/or side with the most units. Partition walls
and common attics allow fire to spread easily to the adjacent units. Adjacent units
should be checked as soon as possible for fire extension which includes pulling
ceilings with an attack line ready
Sub Floors: Check for fire below & floor stability
Vertical Openings: Trash chutes, elevator shafts, light wells, etc
Contents: The contents inside a commercial structure may present an increased
hazard(i.e. hazardous materials, water reactive materials, accelerants, unstable
high piled stock, etc). Prioritization of protecting exposures should include
contents that may escalate the fire
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c. EXPOSURE PRIORITIES - EXTERIOR
Overhangs/Mansards (Supported/Unsupported)
Overhangs present two potential dangers: rapid fire spread, and sudden
collapse. Overhangs can be open to the attic and/or run the entire length of
the building, which can allow fire to rapidly spread. Fire inside overhangs
can spread unnoticed, and can suddenly collapse. Ventilation operations
should include opening the back of overhangs to check for fire extension
Loading docks, delivery trucks with trailers, other vehicles
Utilities
Dumpsters
Stock piled goods and materials
Adjacent Structures
In addition to protecting adjacent structures, consider what is burning-
(hazmat, Etc.) and effects of smoke on downwind occupancies, especially
residential. Is there a need to initiate shelter in place or begin evacuation
procedures?
Neighboring structures provide exposure potential.
3. EXPOSURES - TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
THINK AHEAD - Exposure protection can be better projected if we understand where
the fire is going, how fast it is going and then anticipating how much time hose line
deployment takes. Well-calculated deployment times will allow us to place exposure
lines in the path of a fire instead of getting behind it.
Consider utilizing GPD to evacuate an uninvolved structure at risk, to free Fire resources
for other tasks.
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VENTILATION
1. OBJECTIVES:
Systematic removal of heat, smoke & fire gases from the structure to support interior fire
operations (REVAS), and to stop fire extension
Improve interior environment for rescue and fire operations
Stop horizontal and vertical fire spread
Reduce property damage
2. PRIORITIES
Position truck based on conditions and operational needs
Use aerial ladder whenever possible, and ground ladders as supplements
Perform roof diagnostics early for smoke/fire location, lightweight construction, attic
involvement, A/C units, and any other pertinent hazards. Communicate pertinent info to
the interior companies & the I.C.
Place a heat hole as close to the seat of the fire as safely possible based on conditions
and construction
Consider deploying a protector hose line to the roof (not generally intended for direct
fire attack)
Anticipate the need for defensive strip ventilation
Communicate to command when ventilation is accomplished, and check with interior
companies for changes in conditions
Ideally, a minimum of two ladders per company should be placed to the roof
Consider supplemental P.P.V. ventilation if requirements are met
Requirements:
Know the location of fire
Know the location of all occupants and FF’s inside
Ensure the exit opening for the smoke is the correct size and location
Communicate to all units that PPV is being used and have a staffed charged hose line
in place
Constantly check for hidden fire (attic). The constantly staffed blower should
immediately be shut down if adversely affecting operations
a. SINGLE STORY OR FIRE ON TOP FLOOR
Vertical Ventilation Perform vertical ventilation as close to the fire as safely possible
Open back of overhangs (fascia, mansard, facade, etc) to check for fire
extension
Prepare for strip ventilation as needed.
Horizontal Ventilation Address horizontal ventilation needs coordinated with fire attack crews
Attic
Verify if fire/smoke has extended into the attic
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b. MULTI-STORY FIRE BELOW TOP FLOOR
Horizontal Ventilation Coordinate with interior companies and vent windows/doors/openings to
appropriate involved room(s) to provide horizontal ventilation
Vertical Ventilation
Verify need
Attic
Verify that fire/smoke has not extended into the attic.
3. VENTILATION ASSIGNMENT - CONSIDERATIONS
a. If center hallway refer to center hallway document
b. Open up mansard/fascia from backside of the roof and communicate findings. If fire
is confirmed in the mansard, assign additional resources as needed
c. LADDERS -Areas of strongest support, best route of travel, ideally 2 ladders per
company
d. VENTILATION ASSESSMENT - Determine appropriate tactics
e. ROOF SIZE-UP - Conditions, Location, Safety Concerns, Roof Diagnostics
f. COORDINATE & COMMUNICATE WITH INTERIOR COMPANIES
Smoke/fire conditions & location
Safety concerns: Collapse potential, mansards, A/C units, etc
Conventional or lightweight roof
Fire involvement in the attic
Evaluation of completed actions or progress (have the tactics improved the
interior situation?)
g. POSITVE PRESSURE VENTILATION (Must meet PPV Requirements)
Consider PPV if the heat/smoke path is known and prepared for, and it create a
life or exposure compromise
Consider after knock-down to assist in clearing structure of smoke
4. ROOF OPERATIONS - TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
a. READ THE ROOF - Before stepping off the ladder
(Fire/smoke conditions, roof sagging, ventilators issuing smoke, roof hazards, etc)
b. DETERMINE ESCAPE ROUTES & LADDER LOCATIONS - Ideally two ladders per
company
c. SOUND THE ROOF- Always evaluate the roof integrity before stepping on it, and
along the path of travel
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d. OBTAIN ROOF DIAGNOSTICS
Construction type
Size and direction of members
May need to cut multiple inspection holes if construction changes
e. DETERMINE PATH OF TRAVEL
Use strong areas such as along exterior walls, large beams, etc.
Avoid overhangs
Place indicator holes as needed to evaluate changing conditions
f. COMMUNICATE ATTIC INVOLVEMENT- When it is determined that fire is in the
attic, communicate to the IC and interior companies
g. SKYLIGHTS/LIGHTWELLS- Check skylights and light wells for smoke/fire and
only open when appropriate
h. EXIT THE ROOF- After effective ventilation openings have been made, or if
conditions become unsafe, notify the IC and immediately leave the roof
Safety Hazard – Lightweight roofs on newer commercial structures are very common. After the roof
has been opened and the ceiling has been punched, the supporting members are subject to direct
flame impingement. THIS IS A MAJOR SAFETY CONSIDERATION. Make all needed
ventilation openings and exit the roof.
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ATTACK
1. OBJECTIVES
PROTECTION OF LIFE
STOP HORIZONTAL & VERTICAL FIRE SPREAD
SUPPORT AND/OR REINFORCE OTHER OBJECTIVES – REVAS
REDUCE PROPERTY DAMAGE.
2. PRIORITIES
a. ESTABLISH INITIAL ATTACK LINE (Based on fire conditions and location):
Priority is to protect life exposures (Hose between victim & fire, from
uninvolved to involved area). To accomplish this, it may require an aggressive
attack on the fire coordinated with ventilation to improve conditions and
atmosphere
Protect access & egress (hallways and/or adjacent rooms). Consider it may be
necessary for the initial attack line to hold the fire in check until additional lines
are stretched
Priority should be placed on getting the first attack line operating properly with
appropriate size, staffing, and location before stretching additional attack lines
inside
Commercial fires have the potential to produce extremely high BTUs and larger
hand lines or portable monitors may be required to combat these higher heat levels
Utilize heat checks (via hose lines or thermal imagers) in poor visibility during
advance to determine if fire is overhead
b. ADDRESS WATER SUPPLY
“1st in” Engine address it, “2
nd in” Engine ensure it! Consider 2nd Source, FDC
c. PROTECT ACCESS & EGRESS
d. LOCATE, CONFINE, & EXTINGUISH FIRE
Aggressively attack the involved unit/floor involved
Place companies with charged hose lines and pull ceilings in the adjacent units to
check for and stop the horizontal spread of the fire
If multiple stories, and fire is not on the top floor, place companies above the fire
floor with a charged line and sounding tool to check for extension on the upper
floor (Division 2,etc.)
Utilize the TIC to assist in locating seat of the fire
3. HOSE EVOLUTIONS/PLACEMENT - CONSIDERATIONS
a. PULL SUFFICIENT HOSE FOR THE OBJECTIVE
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b. MINIMUM 2 HOSE LINES
One line stretched to locate the seat of the fire as quickly as possible
Second line to back-up the operations of the first crew
Third line to check for extension
c. HOSE LAY
Select the appropriate initial attack hose line based on fire conditions. Consider
the speed and mobility of a 1 ¾” vs. the gpm and penetration of a 2 ½” with a
smooth bore nozzle
With multi-story buildings, a drop-bag or apartment lay may be the quickest and
most efficient hose deployment technique (less hose, bypasses stairwells, etc)
***Always throw a ladder to a window being used for water supply
d. AFTER INITIAL ATTACK LINE IS ESTABLISHED
Stretch additional hose lines to reinforce fire attack, check for extension in
adjacent units, and to protect exposures
Utilize a continuous attack by rotating crews on the nozzle to avoid fire growth
while water is not flowing
For multi-story commercial structures, with fire on 1st floor, deploy hose lines to
floor above to check for extension and primary search
Based on CAN reports, consider a 2 ½” line to back up the initial line
Multiple firefighters may be required to stretch and advance a 2½” hose line
4. PULL CEILINGS
a. AGGRESSIVELY PULL CEILINGS- Check for attic involvement before advancing
deeper into the structure. Don’t pass fire to get fire
b. CEILINGS IN ADJACENT UNITS - Should be pulled ASAP to check for extension
5. CHECK FLOOR INTEGRITY
Sounding tools are necessary as crews advance into structure to accomplish this
6. CONTROL THE DOORS
Close doors to minimize fire spread/damage
7. MULTI-STORY STRUCTURE
Verify there is no fire on first floor before advancing to upper floors. Don't pass fire to
get to fire
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RIC
Unless the rescue exception is in place, RIC should be assigned anytime Firefighters are in the
IDLH, preferably from the first alarm assignment.
1. Have a clear plan, be in proper PPE, be on the right TAC
2. Soften the building
3. Put up multiple ladders including windows being utilized for hose lays and one to the
window of the involved unit(s) and notify Fire Attack they are in place
UTILITIES
Utilities should be addressed as soon as possible in the incident. Commercial buildings may carry
high voltage and large diameter feeds creating increased hazards. If possible, the utilities should
only be shut down to the units involved. Large buildings may have multiple electrical panels and it
may be necessary to contact GWP to assist in utility management.
SALVAGE
1. OBJECTIVE
(Minimize property loss- start ASAP) A quick, aggressive fire attack coupled with
effective ventilation on the fire is the best way to reduce fire loss through reduced water,
smoke and heat damage, but salvage operations will limit further damage and should
begin as soon as possible
2. PRIORITIES
a. MINIMIZE FIRE & SMOKE DAMAGE
(Rapid fire attack coordinated with Ventilation, Control the doors)
b. MINIMIZE WATER DAMAGE
(Nozzle control, Channel Water, Cover/Remove Contents)
3. TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
a. ATTIC FIRES
Salvage should be addressed early with attic fires. If the fire is isolated and
compartmentalized to the attic, begin salvage operations prior to pulling the
ceiling and extinguishment (Coordinate with roof operations)
Begin salvage operation at or near the office area
Utilize salvage covers, floor runners, plastic visqueen to cover files, computers
Coordinate & utilize PPV provided conditions meet criteria
Given the resources begin de-watering operations at earliest opportunity
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b. NOZZLE CONTROL
Good nozzle control can minimize water damage.
c. COVER / REMOVE CONTENTS
Covering and/or removal of property should begin as soon as possible
Begin salvage operations as close to the fire as possible
Secondary salvage operations are the floor below the fire with a priority of
preventing water damage extending beyond this floor
d. CONTROL WATER FLOW
Channel or divert water to drains or outside openings when possible
On knock down, shut off and drain sprinkler system, and replace heads
4. OVERHAUL
Should be started after arson investigation
It’s NOT out until it’s cold and wet
Consider foam
Secure the building (Get assistance from the IC of GPD if needed)
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D. TYPICAL ASSIGNMENTS & PRIORITIES
Based on Size-Up & CAN Reports.
1. FIRST ALARM ASSIGNMENTS (Not limited to the following)
1st company on scene: (Truck or Engine Company)
Size-up
Assumes IC/order resources
Hot lap (360 of structure)
Assigns incoming units
If passing command, passes command to:
1st in truck company, unless unable to assume
2nd in engine company, unless unable to assume
2nd in truck company
1st Engine
Water supply (Wet or Dry) lay in your own supply line(s)
Fire attack and primary search
Rescue
2nd
Engine
Be prepared to assume command if passed
Assist with water supply if needed
Back up fire attack / primary search
Additional hand line positioned per fire attack direction
Exposures (Extension above and to adjacent units)
Assist with search / rescue (shelter in place?)
3rd
Engine
RIC
Back up fire attack / primary search
Additional hand line positioned per fire attack direction
Exposures (Extension above and to adjacent units)
Assist with search / rescue (shelter in place?)
Medical
1st Truck
Be prepared to assume command
Ventilation / Investigation
Forcible Entry
Search
Rescue
Evacuation / Shelter in place
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2nd
Truck
Be prepared to assume command
Spot for potential defensive operations
Additional ladders/protection line to the roof
Ventilation
Forcible Entry
Search
Rescue
Evacuation / Shelter in place
RIC
Utilities
Salvage
2. SECOND ALARM ASSIGNMENT
1st Engine
RIC
Medical
Exposures