1 © Janice Regan, CMPT 102, Sept. 2006
CMPT 102Introduction to Scientific Computer Programming
Input and Output
© Janice Regan, CMPT 102, Sept. 2006 2
Your first program/* My first C program */ /* make the computer print the string “Hello world” */
/* connect to any necessary libraries */#include <stdio.h>
/* the main function, implements the algorithm to solve the problem*//* the main function may use functions from included libraries */ int main ( ) { printf("Hello, world!\n"); }
© Janice Regan, CMPT 102, Sept. 2006 3
General form for printf printf( “format string”, arg1, arg2, ….); The format string (also called a control string) may
contain text to be printed and conversion fields (instruction on how to print the values)
The control string should have one conversion field for each argument to be printed. If there are too many conversion fields they are printed
with unpredictable results If there are not enough conversion fields, the variables
without conversion fields will be ignored
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printf: Writing results The format string contains text and conversions
Text includes explanations you wish to include in your output, punctuation, and spaces
Conversions are instructions giving the format to print each variable in the print statement.
The contents of your format string will be printed on the output line
Conversion fields will be replaced with the values of the indicated variables using the specified conversion. The conversion type is should be of the same type as the variable
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Example of printf statement/* Print the sum. */ printf("The sum is %12.2f ", sum);
The %12.2f is the conversion, all other characters (including blanks) between the " " will be printed directly to the output line
The %12.2f will be replaced by the value of the variable sum when it prints to the output line
The variable sum will be printed with 2 digits after the decimal place, and using a total of at least 12 characters including the decimal place.
If less than 12 digits (9digits decimal 2 digits) are needed the extra digits will be replaced by blanks
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Using the printf statement/* Print the sum. */ printf("The sum is %12.2f ", sum);
To print 589.733 589.73 (number preceded by 6 blank spaces)
To print 798765.987632 798765.99 (number preceded by 3 blank spaces)
To print 4.58 *1010
4580000000.00 (no preceding blank spaces) If it requires more digits to print the number than is provided by the
conversion the number will be printed in the smallest number of digits possible consistent with the conversion, even if this number is larger than the value specified
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Conversions for printf: 1 A % to indicate the start of the conversion field An optional flag field which may contain
– left justify + prepend + or – space negative numbers printed with a preceding –
positive numbers printed with a preceding blank ) An optional number indicating minimum field width to be
printed (minimum # of characters reserved) An optional period separating the field width from the
precision ( not present for integer types) A optional number indicating the precision or the
number of digits displayed after the decimal in a floating point number
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Conversions for printf: 2 An h or an l indicating short or long A conversion character
d, i, u for integers and unsigned integers f for doubles and floats, c for characters e for exponential format floating point number g for general format, if exponent is <-4 or greater
than the precision uses e otherwise uses f Note: to print a % to your output you must put %% in
your format statement
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Special characters in printf statements There are other strings of characters, called escape
sequences, you can place within your format statement to produce particular results \n newline: move to the next output line \b backspace: move back one space before printing the
next character \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \\ print a \ \? Print a ? \" print a “ \’ print a ‘
Note that a format statement should not contain the character produced by typing <enter>
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Printing Integers: Examples: 1 int int1 = 2468, int2 = 948472, int3 = -75; long int int4 = 286215790L; printf( "%d\n", int1); printf( "%d%d\n", int1, int2); printf( "%+d, %d, %-d, %-d\n", int1, int2, int3, int1); printf( "%8d, % d,\n %8d, %d\n", int1, int2, int3, int4);
24682468948472+2468, 948472, -75, 2468 2468, 948472, -75, 286215790
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Printing Integers: Examples: 2 Things to note from Printing Integers: Examples: 1
When there is no space between conversions, there are no spaces between the printed outputs. This is why second line of output looks like one number instead of two
Anything you wish to appear in the output that is not the value of a variable must appear in the format statement
The number of variables in the variable list must match the number of conversions in the format statement
When we specify a minimum field width (like the 8 in the last printf statement) remember that the sign counts as a digit.
When you want a new output line use a \n after the last thing (character or conversion) you want on the present line
If you put a space after \n you will get a space at the beginning of the next line
Remember the quotation marks around the format statement
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Printing Integers: Examples: 3
unsigned int int2 = 4294900000U, int1 = 12122468U; long int int3=-4567L, int4 = 2086215790L; printf( "%i, %i\n", int1, int2); printf( "%u, %u\n", int1, int2); printf( "%12d, %7d, %10d\n", int3, int3, int4); printf( "%-12d, %+7d, %+10d\n", int3, int3, int4); printf( "% 12d, % 7d, % 10d\n", int3, int3, int4);
12122468, -6729612122468, 4294900000 -4567, -4567, 2086215790-4567 , -4567, +2086215790 -4567, -4567, 2086215790
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Printing Integers: Examples: 4More things to note Printing from Examples %d and %i both print signed integers %u should be used to print unsigned integers. If %d or %i is used to print an unsigned integer then the
correct integer may not be displayed If the unsigned integer is small enough to be represented as a
signed integer of the same length the displayed integer will be the same ( as for 12122468 in the example)
If the unsigned integer is too large, for example the integer 4294900000 in the example, then the number printed will not be the value of the unsigned integer An integer that is ‘too large’ has a 1 in the most significant binary
bit, the sign bit for a signed integer. The integer is displayed as a negative number (sign bit 1) rather
than the larger unsigned integer.
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Printing Integers: Examples: 5
More things to note Printing from Examples The minimum width of a field can be specified
The 7 in %7d A field 7 characters wide will be used to print the integer, the field will be padded
(on the left) with blanks if necessary. The field may be wider than 7 characters if the number requires it
Numbers can be left justified. The – in %-12d This means any padding with blanks happens on the right rather than on the left.
The number is printed with the first digit in the leftmost position You can choose to display + on a positive number and – on a negative
number (Use the + in %+7d or in %+12d ) You can leave a space for a sign, but display it only if it -. (Use the space as
in % 7d )
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Printing float and double variables float flt1 = 1.001, flt2 = 333.333330001, flt3 = -4.5E12; float flt4 = 66.54E-08; printf( "%f, %f, %f\n", flt1, flt2, flt3); printf( "%5.3f, %9.3f\n", flt1, flt2); printf( "%e, %+e, \n %8.4e, %+12.3e\n", flt3, flt4, flt3, flt4); printf( "%g, %g, %g, %g\n", flt1, flt2, flt3, flt4);
1.001000, 333.333344, -4500000079872.0000001.001, 333.333-4.500000e+12, +6.654000e-07, -4.5000e+12, +6.654e-071.001, 333.333, -4.5e+12, 6.654e-07
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Printing float and double variables 2 Float and double variables can be printed as decimal numbers
mmmm.pppppp using the %f conversion the precision or the number of digits after the decimal point can be
specified. If it is not specified it will default to 6. The .3 in %5.3f (3 digits follow the decimal point) is an example of
specifying the precision The width of the field includes the decimal point and sign
Float and double variables can also be printed in exponential form, mmmm.ppppppE±kk The precision works the same as for the decimal format The .4 in %8.4e (4 digits follow the decimal point) is an example of
specifying the precision The width of the field includes the decimal point, the E, the sign and the
sign and digits of the exponent
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Printing Long Double Numbers
long double flt5 = 12345678.123456789L; printf( "%Lf\n ", flt5); printf( "%f\n ", flt5); printf( "%Le\n", flt5); printf( "%e\n", flt5);
12345678.123457 -0.000000 1.234568e+07-7.504921e-18 l
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Print functions printf(“format string”, arg1, arg2, …);
Prints to the standard output
fprintf( file, “format string”, arg1, arg2, ….); Prints to a file
sprintf( buff, “format string”, arg1, arg2, ….); Prints to a buffer
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General form for printf printf( “format string”, arg1, arg2, ….); The format string (also called a control string) may
contain text to be printed and conversion fields (instruction on how to print the values)
The control string should have one conversion field for each argument to be printed. If there are too many conversion fields they are printed
with unpredictable results If there are not enough conversion fields, the variables
without conversion fields will be ignored
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Sending your output to a file printf sends your output to the standard output device,
usually the monitor screen There are two approaches to sending output to a file
Redirection of the output Writing output directly to the file using fprintf
The second approach gives more flexibility You can write part of the output to a file and part to your screen
(output to file, prompts to screen) You can write different parts of your output to different files
(Summary output to one file, detailed output to another) fprintf requires that you identify the file the data is to be
written into
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Redirection of output All information that would normally be written to the
standard output (screen) will be written into file outfile instead ./myprog > outfile
File outfile will be created if it does not exist, then the output will be written into file outfile
The command will fail if outfile already exists ./myprog >> outfile
File outfile will be created if it does not exist, then the output will be written into file outfile
If file outfile already exists the output will be appended to the end of file outfile
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General form for printf fprintf( filep, “format string”, arg1, arg2, ….); The format string (also called a control string) may contain
text to be printed and conversion fields (instruction on how to print the values)
The control string should have one conversion field for each argument to be printed.
The filep identifies the file into which the data is to be written The file pointer, filep, has a special type. FILE The file pointer provides a reference to the desired file To associate the file pointer with the file, the file must be opened
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To open any file we need to know If we will be reading from the file " r" If we will be writing to the file (overwriting existing contents of
the file) "w" If we will be appending our output to the end of an existing file.
"a“ The name (filepath) of the file we wish to ope
filep = fopen("filename", "w") The value of the variable filep is of type FILE *, a
reference to a file. The variable filep is used to reference the file once it has been opened.
The fopen function
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Using the fprintf statement: 1
When you declare variables you must also declare a variable of type FILE which will be used to reference the file within your program FILE * DataFileExp1
Before you can read data from a file you must open it using fopen DataFileExp1 = fopen("filename", "w"); This connects the variable DataFileExp1, known as
a file pointer (it points to or references the file) to the file with name filename
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Using the fprintf statement: 2 Once the file is opened you can read data
fprintf(DataFileExp1, “format string”, arg1, …); This will write arguments arg1, … (with the format specified in
the format string) to the file pointed to by DataFileExp1 (filename).
When you are finished writing to the file you must close the file filename fclose(DataFileExp1); This assures that the last of your data is written into the file (not
left in a buffer)
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Precision of representations in Cshort maximum: 32767 int maximum: 2147483647 long maximum: 2147483647
float precision digits: 6 float maximum exponent: 38float maximum: 3.402823e+38
double precision digits: 15double maximum exponent: 308 double maximum: 1.797693e+308
long precision digits: 18 long maximum exponent: 4932 long maximum: 1.189731e+4932
For the gcc compiler in cygwin
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General form for scanf scanf( “format string”, &arg1, &arg2, ….);
The format string contains characters and conversion fields for the variables to be read
The format string should have one conversion field for each argument to be read.
& is the unary address operator, it tells the computer to print the value read at the address reserved for the variable
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scanf: Reading results The format string contains text and conversions
Text (not blanks or tabs or newlines) must match text in the input stream
Conversions are instructions giving the format to read each variable in the read statement.
The contents of your format string will be read from the standard input (usually the keyboard)
scanf continues reading until all conversions in the format string have been used or until an end of file is received, or until a conflict occurs ( the next character does not match the identifier or the expected text)
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Conversions for scanf: 1 A % to indicate the start of the conversion field An optional assignment suppression character An optional number indicating maximum field
width to be printed An h or an l indicating short or long A conversion character
d, i, u for integers and unsigned integers e, f, g for doubles and float, c for characters, s for a string of characters
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scanf example Consider the input data stream:First test, the 1st input is 3.65, the 2nd is 234, the last is 1.234e-05
This can be read using scanf in the following ways: scanf( “ First a test, the 1st input is %4.2f, the 2nd is
%3d”, the last is %9e”, &flvar1, &intvar2, &expvar3); scanf( “ %*s %*s %*s %*s %*s %*s %4f %*s %*s %*s
%3d %*s %*s %*s %9e”, &flvar1, &intvar2, &expvar3); scanf(“%*31c %f %*11c %3d %12c %9e ”, &flvar1,
&intvar2);
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read functions scanf( “format string”, arg1, arg2, ….);
Reads from the standard input Usually the keyboard
fscanf( file, “format string”, arg1, arg2, ….); Reads from a file
sscanf( buff, “format string”, arg1, arg2, ….); Reads from a buffer
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General form for fscanf fscanf(filep, “format string”, &arg1, &arg2, ...); The filep ( type FILE) references or points to the file
being read from The format string contains characters and conversion
fields for the variables to be read The format string should have one conversion field for
each argument to be read. & is the unary address operator, it tells the computer to
print the value read at the address reserved for the variable
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Using the fscanf statement: 1 When you declare variables you must also
declare a variable of type FILE which will be used to reference the file within your program FILE * DataFileExp1
Before you can read data from a file you must open it using fopen DataFileExp1 = fopen("filename", “r"); This connects the variable DataFileExp1, known as
a file pointer (it points to or references the file) to the file with name filename
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Using the fscanf statement: 2 Once the file is opened you can read data
fscanf(DataFileExp1, “format string”, arg1, …); This will write arguments arg1, … (with the format specified in
the format string) to the file pointed to by DataFileExp1 (filename).
When DataFileExp1 == NULL you have reached the end of the file. You can test for end of file using Flag = feof( DataFileExp1);
If Flag == 1 you are at the end of the file When you are finished writing to the file you must close the file
filename fclose(DataFileExp1);