Alberto Pezzi
Director of Clusters unitACCIÓ / Directorate General for IndustryGovernment of Catalonia
Treasurer and member of the Board of Directors - TCI Network
TAEIX WORKSHOP ON IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COSME PROGRAMME -Podgorica, 5th March 2015
CLUSTERS AS A TOOL FOR COMPETITIVENESS
REINFORCEMENT: ITS SUPPORT FRAMEWORK
AT EUROPEAN LEVEL AND THE EXAMPLE OF
CATALONIA
Index
1. Introduction
2. Clusters and competitiveness
3. European support framework for clusters
4. Cluster policy in Catalonia
5. Conclusions: new agendas for clusters and policy makers
This presentation does not represent an official position and shall neither be binding nor construed as institutional commitment by ACCIÓ - Generalitat de Catalunya. The examples it contains should be considered as illustratives.
Index
1. Introduction
2. Clusters and competitiveness
3. European support framework for clusters
4. Cluster policy in Catalonia
5. Conclusions: new agendas for clusters and policy makers
INTRODUCTION
5
Leather tanning workshops in Igualada (Barcelona) begin XVIII centurySource: J. Nadal, Atlas de la Industrialización en España 1750-2000, Barcelona 2003
Barcelona
Igualada
Source: Googlemap. T. Megia, Infforme situació sector cluster pell a IgualadaInforme intern del OPI-SIEInternal report – not published
6
INTRODUCTION
Cluster initiative
“Cluster initiatives are organised
efforts to increase the growth and
competitiveness of clusters withina region, involving cluster firms, government and/or the researchcommunity”
Örjan Sölvell, Göran Lindqvist & Christian Ketels in The Cluster Initiative Greenbook(2003).
Mapping AnlysisImplementation
Institutionalization
Mentoring
Monitoring
Evaluation
POLICY INTERVENTION
Cluster organization
Cluster organizations are entities that are managing and representing a cluster initiative.
A cluster organization does not necessarily have members, but it provides services to the cluster initiative participants.
POLICY INSTRUMENT
The California Wine Cluster
Educational, Research, & Trade
Organizations (e.g. Wine Institute,
UC Davis, Culinary Institutes)
Educational, Research, & Trade
Organizations (e.g. Wine Institute,
UC Davis, Culinary Institutes)
Growers/VineyardsGrowers/Vineyards
Sources: Michael E. Porter. California Wine Institute, Internet search, California State Legislature. Based on research by MBA 1997 students R. Alexander, R. Arney, N. Black, E. Frost, and A. Shivananda.
Wineries/Processing
Facilities
Wineries/Processing
Facilities
GrapestockGrapestock
Fertilizer,
Pesticides,
Herbicides
Fertilizer,
Pesticides,
Herbicides
Grape Harvesting
Equipment
Grape Harvesting
Equipment
Irrigation TechnologyIrrigation Technology
Winemaking
Equipment
Winemaking
Equipment
BarrelsBarrels
LabelsLabels
BottlesBottles
Caps and CorksCaps and Corks
Public Relations
and Advertising
Public Relations
and Advertising
Specialized
Publications
(e.g., Wine
Spectator, Trade
Journal)
Specialized
Publications
(e.g., Wine
Spectator, Trade
Journal)
Food ClusterFood Cluster
Tourism ClusterTourism ClusterCalifornia
Agricultural
Cluster
California
Agricultural
Cluster
State Government Agencies
(e.g., Select Committee on Wine
Production and Economy)
SPONTANEOUSPHENOMENON
Cluster
“Clusters are geographic concentrations
of interconnected companies, specialized suppliers, service providers, firms in related industries, and associated institutions in particular fieldsthat compete but also cooperate”
Michael E. Porter (2008)
7
CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES WORLDWIDE
2001199719921980
Emilia-Romagna
Toscana
(industrial-districts
based policies) ....
CatalunyaEuskadiScotlandChihuahuaArizonaMassachussets
New ZealandChristchurchSonomaCosta RicaMorocco
....
SwedenTurkeyLithuaniaBarcelona 22@
AustriaJordanMéxicoCampecheSouth AfricaPortugal Rhône Alpes....
FranceEstoniaDenmarkDominican RepublicSloveniaUKMinas Gerais (BR)...
1990 2003 2006
PakistanKazakhstanPoland….
ParaguayRio Negro (AR)Russia….
2013
Aprox. over 1.400 Initiatives at world llevel(USAID)
Over 1.200 cluster organizationat European level (source: ECO -European cluster observatory)
Source: TCI cluster initiatives database, TCI research and practice
Selected regions and countries withcluster-based development initiatives
ILLUSTRATIVE
NOT EXHAUSTIVE
SCOPE: NATIONALREGIONALLOCAL-CITY
INTRODUCTION
TCI Worldwide presence
Index
1. Introduction
2. Clusters and competitiveness
3. European support framework for clusters
4. Cluster policy in Catalonia
5. Conclusions: new agendas for clusters and policy makers
10
CLUSTER
“.. are geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, specializedsuppliers, service providers, firms in related industries” (Michael E. Porter, “On Competition, 1998).
COMPETITIVENESS
Fuente: Michael E. Porter, 1998
Competitiveness(Productivity)
Innovative Capacity
ProsperityProsperity
COMPETITIVENESSCOMPETITIVENESS
(Firm level)
Competitiveness is definedby the productivity withwhich a nation utilizes itshuman, capital and natural resources. (Michael E. Porter, 1990)
CLUSTERS AND COMPETITIVENESS
11
78
63
53
4441
29 29
74
56
33
53
20
1412
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
New products orservices
New technology Market research Research in ownlaboratories
Contracting partners Registeringtrademarks
Applying for patents
Innovation cluster companies IB2006
Innovation companies IB2004
Source: INNOBAROMETER: cluster's role in facilitating innovation in Europe
CLUSTERS AND COMPETITIVENESS
12
Microeconomic Competitiveness
Company
SophisticationClusters
Business
Environment
• Decisions taken by many independent actors
• Action priorities highly context dependent
• High level of interdependence across policy areas
Analysis and action at the level of
• Regions
• Clusters
Social Infrastructure and
Political InstitutionsMacroeconomic Policies
Macroeconomic Competitiveness
• Largely driven by central government decisions
• “Good practice” standards apply universally
• Moderate level of interdependence across policy areas
Source: Dr. C. Ketels, HBS
CLUSTERS AND COMPETITIVENESS
13
Help cluster firms to upgrade their strategies
� Help to identify and choose among different strategic options
� Horizontal cooperation activities among companies
� Promote strategic change at company level
Improve cluster businessenvironment
� Improve support and relatedindustries
� Improve factor conditions: ad hoc training, technological transfer, etc.
� Reinforce sophisticated demand:public procurement, etc.
� Adapt and fine-tune otherhorizontal policies : innovation, entreprenueship, quality, internationalization, etc.
CLUSTERS AND COMPETITIVENESS
Microeconomic Competitiveness
Cluster policies-> better economies of scale in analyzing
and acting
Index
1. Introduction
2. Clusters and competitiveness
3. European support framework for clusters
4. Cluster policy in Catalonia
5. Conclusions: new agendas for clusters and policy makers
15
Some data on clusters in Europe
Over 2.000 regional clusters
38% of European jobs concentrated in clusters
Approximately 1.400 cluster organizations (*)
130 funding schemes specifically dedicated to clusters in 31 countries
Sources: EC, ProInnoEurope, The concept of clusters and cluster policies and their role for competitiveness and innovation: main statistical results and lessons learned, 2008,
(*) European Cluster Observatory, 2011..
EUROPEAN SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR CLUSTERS
16
BEGINNING ‘90: first cluster-based initiatives mainly at regional level
2002-2003: Publication “Regional clusters in Europe” by SMEs Observatory
2006-2009: First generation of cluster-based programs
2008: First EC COM on clusters “Towards world-class clusters in the UE”
2009-2011: ECPG, ECOII, ECA, European Cluster Excellence Initiatives
2012: ECEI main outcomes: ESCA and EFCE
2013: Implementation of specific policies: internationalization, EFCEI
2014: New ECO-II, inclusion of clusters in COSME program
2015: A new European cluster strategy for clusters?
EUROPEAN SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR CLUSTERS
EUROPEAN SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR CLUSTERS
17
EXCELLENCE INTERNATIONALISATION
ANALYSIS
EMERGING INDUSTRIES
EUROPEAN SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR CLUSTERS: EXCELLENCE
BACKGROUND / MAIN RESULTS
European Secretariat for Cluster Analysis• Over 600 organizations benchmarked with bronze and gold (45) labels
in 35 countries, including Turkey
• 100 benchmarking experts trained
• Labeling scheme as part of some regional and national cluster programs
European Foundation for Cluster Excellence• Elaboration of a new training curricula for Cluster Managers
• Close to 100 participants and 29 already qualified trainers
18
EX
EUROPEAN SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR CLUSTERS: EXCELLENCE
CLUSTER EXCELLENCE PROGRAMME - CFP COS-WP2014-3-04
• Status: CLOSED.
• Budget: 1,25 M. €. Max co-financing per project: 250.000 €.
• Eligibility: minimum 3 cluster organizations from at least 3 COSME countries (EU, EFTA, enlargement and neighborhood countries), registered in the ECCP, at least one participant without ESCA experience
• Objectives: strengthen cluster management excellence and provide more professional business services
• Activities: benchmarking, participation in trainings, services to SMEs, dissemination, impact assessment and follow up.
19
EX
EUROPEAN SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR CLUSTERS: INTERNATIONALIZATION
BACKGROUND / MAIN RESULTS
• Cluster Internationalization Handbook
• European Strategic Cluster Partnerships (ECCPs - 13 )
• European Cluster Collaboration Platform (ECCP) � http://www.clustercollaboration.eu/
• European Cluster Consortia: 6 consortia, 26 cooperation agreements, 27 missions, etc.
• MOUs ECCP with third countries: Brazil, India, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Morocco, Tunisia and Chile
• Match-making cluster missions
20
INT
EUROPEAN SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR CLUSTERS: INTERNATIONALIZATION
CLUSTER INTL PROGRAMME COS-WP-2014-3-03: CLUSTERS GO INTERNATIONAL
• Status: OPEN
• Deadline: March 31st
• Budget: 3,75 M. €.
• Focus: cluster internationalization especially in emerging areas. 2 strands for existing ESCP and new ones.
• Objectives: promote internationalization and cross-sectorial cooperation among clusters from at least 3 COSME countries.
• Activities: partners identification, joint representative abroad, branding strategies, etc.
21
INT
EUROPEAN SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR CLUSTERS: EMERGING INDUSTRIES
BACKGROUND / MAIN RESULTS
• Tactics guide on “Using clusters to address emerging
industries and services”
• European Forum for Cluster and Emerging Industries (EFCEI): EFCEI Expert Group report: “Policy roadmap: actions for new
linkages needed”
• 7 emerging industries identified: Creative industries, Eco, Experience, Maritime, Mobile Services, Mobility and Personalized medicine
• 6 Pilot projects in Emerging Industries (in progress)
• http://www.emergingindustries.eu/ (ECO extension)22
EI
EUROPEAN SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR CLUSTERS: EMERGING INDUSTRIES
23
EI
CLUSTER FACILITATED PROJECTS FOR NEW INDUSTRIAL VALUECHAINS – H2020 INNOSUP-1-2015 -
• Status: OPEN
• Deadline: CFP in 2 phases – 30th April 2015 (1ST Phase)
• Budget: 24,9 M. €. (EU contribution 2,5-5 M.€). 75% of resources for SMEs.
• Focus/objectives: promote cross-border and cross-sectorial collaboration across different regions to stimulate the creation of new globally competitive industrial value chains.
EUROPEAN SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR CLUSTERS: ANALYSIS
24
EUROPEAN CLUSTER OBSERVATORY II
• Start 2006• Obectives: to promote WWC, foster competitiveness and
cross-sectorial cooperation, internationalization of clustersand SMEs
• http://www.clusterobservatory.eu/index.html
ECO
25
http://ec.europa.eu/growth/smes/cluster/observatory/index_en.htm
EU ClusterPanorama
(clustermapping)
EuropeanClusterTrendsReport
EuropeanCluster Confer.
News & Comunic.
Coming soon
Regional eco-systemscoreboard
Dec 2014 Oct 2014 and 2016 Coming soon
New ECO II phase just launched
EUROPEAN SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR CLUSTERS: ANALYSIS ECO
Fact-driven… Policy action and dissemination
Centro (Portugal) Hamburg (Germany) Lapland (Finland) Nord-Pas de Calais (France) Stockholm (Sweden) West region (Romania)
2015
Index
1. Introduction
2. Clusters and competitiveness
3. European support framework for clusters
4. Cluster policy in Catalonia
5. Conclusions: new agendas for clusters and policy makers
28•28
Population: 7,518.903 (2014)
16% of the Spanish population
Area: 32,106 km2
GDP: € 203 bn (2013)
GDP per capita (ppc 2013): € 27,298
Catalonia: 114
Spain: 95
EU-27: 100
Sources: INE , Eurostat , Idescat
CLUSTER POLICY IN CATALONIA
29
� Catalan productive fabric is very concentrated in clusters (40% of total
industrial turnover).
� Economy mainly composed by SMEs (99%
of total firms).
� Cluster policy allow to intervene on endogenous assets with limited budget.
� Working at cluster level is a good way of structuring strategic dialogue between Government and other stakeholders.
Font: J.M. Hernández, J. Fontrodona, A. Pezzi, Map of industrial production systems in Catalonia, 2005.
CLUSTER POLICY IN CATALONIA
30
Why the case of Catalonia is interesting?
- For its long-haul: almost two decades of experience
- Because it is based on an original methodology
- Because it is a learning by doing experience
THE MICROCLUSTER APPROACH AS THE UNIT OF REFERENCE FOR COMPETITIVENESS REINFORCEMENT INITIATIVES
1993 - 2004I phase
2009 onwardIII phase
2004 - 2009II phase
CONSOLIDATION,INTERNAL SKILL DEVELOPMENT, PROJECT DIVERSIFICATION
EVOLUTION OF CLUSTER CONCEPT,INSTITUTIONALIZATION, AND PROFESIONALIZATION
- Because it is well documented…
CLUSTER POLICY IN CATALONIA
31
MappingScope of the CRI
AnalysisDefinition of Strategic
Challenges
Action planaimed to
strategic change
InstitutionalizationProfessionalizationInternationalization
Evaluation
CLUSTER POLICY IN CATALONIA
Cluster reinforcement initiatives – main milestones
1. To map and understand the business
2. To foster strategic change
3. To identify leadership and establish private-drivengovernance
4. To assuresustainability in the long term
Support to core group:
� Legal counseling and guidance� Advice on CM recruiting
Services to CM:
� Networking� Training� Projects guidance� Internationalization� Interclustering activities� Strategic guidance � …
Diagnostic phase:
� Mapping� Cluster who is who� Competitiveness analysis� Strategic segmentation� International benchmarking� ..
ACTIVITIES / SERVICES DELIVERED BY ACCIÓ - DGI
Cooperative projects:
� Operation efficiency improvement
� Workshops� New strategic options
Raw materials Technology Products Strategy Final market
Productive process
CR
OSS
-SEC
TOR
IAL
MU
LTIP
RO
DU
CT
Water treatment
Kids cluster
Habitat
BeautySport
Fashion
Railway
Fish Farming
Biotech
ICT
Optics and photonics
Agricultural machineryMotorcycle
Gourmet food
GROUPING FACTOR
+
-
TRADITIONAL CLUSTERINITIATIVES
EMERGING CLUSTERSINITIATIVES
“NEW GENERATION “CLUSTER INITIATIVES
Type of cluster initiatives in Catalonia
32
Pork meat
Advanced materials
CLUSTER POLICY IN CATALONIA ILLUSTRATIVE
33
CLUSTER POLICY IN CATALONIA
Main features of Catalan cluster policy
� Cluster as a flexible tool for competitiveness reinforcement initiatives
� Government as initiator / catalyst, but private leadership in the mid-long term
� Limited budget concentrated in providing services to cluster managers with a special focus on training, internationalization and inter-clustering activities
� New Catalonia Cluster program launched by the Government for rationalize Catalan cluster scenario
CLUSTER POLICY IN CATALONIA
Main challenges and opportunities in clusterpolicy in Catalonia (… and elsewhere)
RATIONALIZATION OF CLUSTER INIATIATIVES
CLUSTER POLICY IN CATALONIA
35
Main admission criteria:
1. Critical mass & scope (# firms, aggregate turnover, regional scope)
2. Governance & professionalization (bronze label, private leadership, not for profit)
3. Strategy / policy alignment
20 cluster organizations
already in
10-12 possible new
entries in the short
term
POLICYCONTINUITY
AND SUSTAINABILIITY
INTERNATIONALI-ZATION AND
CAPACITATION OF CLUSTER
ORGANIZATIONS
SECTOR PRIORIZATION
AND RISDESIGN
MANUFACTURING
HEALTH INDUSTRY
SUSTAINABLEMOBILITY
INDUSTRIALSYSTEMS
ENERGYAND NATURAL
RESOURCES
FOOD
EXPENRIECED-BASEDINDUSTRIES
Industrial legacy
Quality of life
Green Economy
FINE TUNING WITH OTHER HORIZONTAL
POLICIES
MEDI AMBIENT
ENERGIA
INNOVACIÓ
INTERNACIONALITZACIÓ
FINANÇAMENT
SIMPLIFICACIÓ ADMINISTRATIVA
CLUSTERS I ESTRATÈGIA
CAPTACIÓ INVERSIONS
PROG. REACTIVACIÓ INDUSTRIAL
EMPRENEDORIA
FORMACIÓ (Universitats i FP)
INFRAESTRUC. (transport i logística)
PE1
-A
LIM
ENTA
CIÓ
PE2
-EN
ERG
IA I
REC
UR
SOS
PE3
-SI
STEM
ES IN
DU
STR
IALS
PE4
-IN
D. R
ELA
CIO
NA
DES
A
MB
EL
DIS
SEN
YP
E5-
IND
. MO
BIL
ITA
T SO
STEN
IBLE
PE6
-IN
DÚ
STR
IES
DE
LA
SALU
TP
E7-
IND
. BA
SAD
ES E
N
L’EX
PER
IÈN
CIA
CO
MP
ETITIVITA
TSU
PO
RT
A L’EM
PR
ESA CO
ND
ICIO
NS
D’EN
TOR
N
CLUSTER POLICY IN CATALONIA
Main challenges and opportunities in clusterpolicy in Catalonia (… and elsewhere)
RATIONALIZATION OF CLUSTER INIATIATIVES
TAPPING ON SYNERGIES AND
K-SHARINGAROUND
CLUSTERING
RENEWING CLUSTER
PORTFOLIO THROUGHEMERGING ACTIVITIES
Index
1. Introduction
2. Clusters and competitiveness
3. European support framework for clusters
4. Cluster policy in Catalonia
5. Conclusions: new agendas for clusters and policy makers
38
CONCLUSIONS
CLUSTER APPROACH TO ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT FOCUSES ON BUILDING ON EXISTING CAPABILITIES AND DEVELOPING
ENDOGENOUS ASSETS.
CLUSTER INITIATIVES SHOULD BE INTENDED IN A FLEXIBLE WAY ADAPTABLE TO EACH CONTEXT AND FOCUSSING ON CREATING SHARED
VALUES AT LOCAL AND GLOBAL LEVEL.
THE CLUSTER IS ALWAYS THE TOOL AND NOT THE END FOR STRENGHEN COMPETITIVENESS IN A MORE EFFICIENT WAY
“It is not the ingredients, but the recipe..”
AnneLee Saxenian, 1994
Alberto [email protected]
ACCIÓ clustersacc10.cat/ACC1O/cat/estrategia-empresarial/clusters/
TCI Network tci-network.org
Main reference material:
- Cluster and Competitiveness: the case of Catalonia (1993-2010)
http://www.gencat.cat/diue/doc/doc_11907125_3.pdf (EN version)- Where the cluster winds are blowing in Europe
www.eca-tactics.eu/page/tactics-final-reports
39