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CLINICAL RESEARCH: PART 1
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Overview
Clinical research Small-N Designs
Case Studies Single-subject designs
A-B, A-B-A, etc. Multiple baselines Changing Criterion Self-experiments
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Examples of Clinical Research Randomized Controlled Trials Quasi-experimental Designs Small-N designs
Involves attempting to help a single or small number of individuals
Therapy, parenting, animal training, school-based intervention, medicine, sports psychology, self-help
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Rationale for Small-N Designs Critique of large-N designs
Any difference is statistically significant if big enough N Clinical (practical, real-world) significance can
be demonstrated with a single individual Group-level findings may not apply to a
particular individual Health service psychology (e.g., clinical,
counseling, school psychology) is often focused on intervening with individuals
Periodic fluctuations in historical focus on groups vs. individuals
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Case Studies
Detailed account of a single case Examples
Charcot and Freud, Thalidomide, FAS, SSRI-induced suicidality, Lung cancer
Advantages Excellent detail, Useful when a single incident
proves a claim, Focuses attention, facilitating more comprehensive research
Disadvantages Prone to bias, Can facilitate pseudoscience,
Difficult to show internal validity, Poor external validity
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Single-Subject Designs
Study an individual or small sample in detail Like a case study, but much more focus on data
and control, involves tracking outcomes closely and implementing interventions systematically
Terminology A = baseline B = some treatment, manipulation, or intervention C, D, E, etc = other treatments CD = combination of two treatments B1, B2, B3 = variation of same treatment
DV (outcome) measured repeatedly throughout varying phases
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Example Designs
Simple examples A-B A-B-A A-B-A-B
Other examples A-B1-B2-B3 A-B-C-BC A-B1-B2-B3-C-D-B2D-A-B2D
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Frequency of Emotion
Words
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Minutes Spent Reading Each Day
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
A B A B A B A B
BD
I S
core
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Multiple-Baseline Designs Multiple people, settings,
or outcomes - why?
Phase changes typically staggered - why?
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Changing-Criterion Designs (Shaping)
Begin by identifying a goal (outcome, criterion, target behavior) that is too complex to readily achieve
Identify subgoals along the pathway to the goal
Offer a reward when the first subgoal is met
In each subsequent phase, only offer the reward when the next subgoal is met, until finally reaching the goal
Examples: Encouraging reading, training a dog to fetch beer, exercise, behavioral activation, getting a partner/parent/sibling to do something
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Self-Experiments*
Uses Improve a desired outcome in one’s own life Conduct research too meticulous or dangerous for
other participants Examples
Ebbinghaus’ studies of memory LSD, soda water, ABO blood typing, local anesthesia,
antabuse, snake bite vaccinations Mike’s (2012) daily affective forecasting study Barry Marshall (2005): Watch + reaction paper = 1
ELC hour http://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=614
*Note. True “experiments” require random assignment to two or more conditions