![Page 1: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing an
interdisciplinary research programme
Sustainability Research InstituteSchool of Earth and Environment
![Page 2: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
This leads to a question (or rather a series of questions)…
• Will we have enough food to eat in the future?
• Will climate change destroy the world’s food supply?
• Will we starve?
![Page 6: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Approaching these questions as research…
• Statistical methods used from the top-down.
• Bottom up and more qualitative methods.• Using history as an analogy.
![Page 7: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Statistical “top-down” and quantitative methods
![Page 8: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Progress in modelling climate impacts on food crop production
1980s: Crop models run for different climate scenarios to assess changes in yield
![Page 9: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
•Crop yield changes by 2080s relative to 1961-1990 •Based on a high emission scenario (A2) & for climate model HadCM3/HIRHAM
European Commission (2009). The PESTA Project. Available at http://peseta.jrc.ec.europa.eu/docs/Agriculture.html
![Page 10: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Progress in modelling climate impacts on food crop production
1980s: Crop models run for different climate scenarios to assess changes in yield
2000s: Running ensembles to create a range of projections & for socio-economic scenarios
![Page 11: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Adaptation Strategy
Base-line
Temperature Water Temp+Wat
Per
cent
age
of h
arve
sts
faili
ng o
ver
21st
cent
ury
![Page 12: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Identifying sensitivity to drought
Minor drought Major drought
Drought Index
Cro
p F
ail
ure
In
de
x
Min
or
cro
p l
oss
M
ajo
r cr
op
lo
ss
Sensitive
Resilient
Increasing vulnerability
![Page 13: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Vulnerability trends in China ’s Rice Harvest 1961-2001
Vulnerability index increases over time
Vulnerability index decreases over time
![Page 14: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Vulnerability trends in China’s Wheat Harvest 1961-2001
Vulnerability index increases over time
Vulnerability index decreases over time
![Page 15: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Vulnerability trends 1961-2001
rice
wheat
![Page 16: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Significant socioSignificant socioSignificant socioSignificant socio----economic indicatorseconomic indicatorseconomic indicatorseconomic indicators
Vulnerability Index (direction of Vulnerability Index (direction of Vulnerability Index (direction of Vulnerability Index (direction of relation)relation)relation)relation)
Rice Paddy Rice Paddy Rice Paddy Rice Paddy Wheat Wheat Wheat Wheat
Labour Proportion of population in agriculture
Negative relationNegative relationNegative relationNegative relation
Land Proportion of agricultural land being cultivated
Positive relationPositive relationPositive relationPositive relation
Capital Amount of capital invested in agriculture per capita (rural)
Negative Negative Negative Negative relationrelationrelationrelation
Simelton, E., Fraser, E.D.G., Termansen, M., Forster, P., and Dougill, A. (2009). “Typologies of crop-drought vulnerability.” Environmental Science and Policy, Available on-line.
![Page 17: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Mea
n na
tiona
l cro
p-dr
ough
t vul
nera
bilit
y sc
ore
(199
0-20
06)
![Page 19: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Criticisms
• While sophisticated methodologically, and lending itself to policy recommendations, this approach struggles due to (1) limits to what we know. (2) data quality, scale, and period.
![Page 20: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Approach 2: more qualitative, more economic.
![Page 21: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Understand food security qualitatively and from the “bottom up”
Early 1980s: Focus on ways people obtain food
1990s and 2000s: The “sustainable livelihoods approach” that looks at how different types of capital are used to obtain food during crises (e.g. drought/storm etc.)
![Page 22: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Pastoral Botswana
![Page 24: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Private Ranch (Left) versus Communal Grazing Land (Right)
![Page 25: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Bush Encroached System
![Page 26: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Method: system dynamics modelling
![Page 27: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Controversial modelling
Conventional social sciences
1. Establish problem and boundaries of system.
2. Interview experts or stakeholders to establish a narrative that explains the system.
3. Analyse narrative using a flow chart or “mind map”.
4. Stop here, and reflect if you can make recommendations.
5. Explore each relationship within the system, and decide whether relationships are linear or non-linear, their slope, etc
6. Use computers to run different simulations of the model to explore scenarios.
![Page 28: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
More private land
Establishing bore holes
Increased grazing densities
Government policy to privatize land
Market growth
Bush encroachment
Forage
Imported feed
Number of cows
Rainfall
Income Ability to move cows to neighbour-
-
![Page 29: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Using models to explore implications of stakeholder recommendations … (a) A baseline showing effect of
climate change
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94
Rel
ativ
e V
alue
Private herd
Communal herd
Baseline
Baseline
Time in “Model Iterations” ~ years
![Page 30: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The effect of “Agricultural Best Management” scenario to help reduce impact of climate change
Rel
ativ
e V
alue
Private herd
Communal herd
Best Management
Baseline
Best ManagementBaseline
A significant
rise
No real change0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
1 4 7 1013 1619 2225 2831 34 3740 4346 4952 5558 6164 6770 73 7679 8285 8891 94
Time in “Model Iterations” ~ years
![Page 31: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Pro-poor land reform scenario
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94
Rel
ativ
e V
alue
Private herd
Communal herd
Land reform
Land reform
Land reform
Baseline
A significant
drop
A significant
rise
Time in “Model Iterations” ~ years
![Page 32: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
One implication (of this model)
• Enacting pro-poor land reform is more effective at helping communal farmers maintain incomes in light of climate change than promoting agricultural best management.
• Outputs of the model should be used to stimulate discussion rather than direct policy.
• All our case studies will be published as part of a special issue in Ecology and Society that will be out in late 2010.
![Page 33: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Criticism of this approach
• Still very small scale and difficult to generalize.
• Models may look accurate but really they aren’t.
• Difficult to validate or test models.
![Page 34: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
A Final Approach: Historic Analysis
• Fall of the Maya Civilization (circa 800)• Collapse of Medieval Civilization (circa
1300)• Fall of Rome (Circa 300)• And famines in both “global” versus a local
food systems – in the 19th century.
![Page 35: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~marl/images/Tikal.JPG
![Page 36: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
http://www.yorku.ca/kdenning/vikings/greenland4greathall.jpeg
![Page 37: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
http://www.romalitorale.org/gallery/ostia_scavi_1.jpg
![Page 38: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
http://www.internationalyearofthepotato.ie/images/irish_potato_famine_bridget_odonnel_smaller.jpg
![Page 39: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1367/536844657_e0bc02a6a3.jpg
![Page 40: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The “good weather” trap.
![Page 41: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The “farmer specialization” trap
Allegory of Good Government by Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Sie nna, (c.1290 – c.1348)
![Page 42: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
http://it.stlawu.edu/~ptalag37/images/new/ireland/images/Untitled-22_jpg.jpg
![Page 43: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
http://www.garwood-voigt.com/catalogues/20816TeaBritishIndia.JPG
![Page 44: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
http://static.colourlovers.com/uploads/2008/04/582429985_05ac0e0d55.jpg
![Page 45: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
The poor and marginalized trap
![Page 46: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making of the third world, London, Verso.
![Page 47: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
“[Any policy to] mitigate the effects of famine …serve but to enhance the evils resulting from overpopulation”
– Sir Evelyn Baring (then England’s finance minister referring to the 1876-79 famine in India)
![Page 48: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
http://www.rootsweb.com/~irlker/images/glenevict.jpg
![Page 49: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Of course, we’ve made these same three mistakes today…
![Page 51: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
“Beddington said a major technological push is needed to develop renewable energy supplies, boost crop yields and better utilize existing water supplies.”
![Page 53: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
To me this is too much techno-centrism.
• We need multi-integrated, and trans disciplinary research to approach this problem from a holistic perspective.
![Page 54: Climate Resilient Societies and Global Food Security: developing … · 2017-05-07 · Photo from cover of: Davis, M. (2001) Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño famines and the making](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070900/5f39ce8c536eda376c1c20cf/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
For more information, copies of papers, etc.:
Evan Fraser ( [email protected] )
Sustainability Research InstituteSchool of Earth and Environment