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Climate Change Management in Marine Ecosystems:
Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia
Ken Schiff Southern California Coastal Water Research Project
www.SCCWRP.org
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“The Other CO2 Problem”
Feely et al. (2009)
pH data from the Hawaii Ocean Time Series Station (HOTS)
Atmospheric CO2 data from Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii
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O H C
O
O 2. Reacts with water
to form bicarbonate ion
O C O
1. Dissolves in the ocean
H+ and hydrogen ion
3. Most of the hydrogen ions react with carbonate ions to form
bicarbonate ion O H C
O
O H+
O C
O
O
CO2
H2O
HCO3-
HCO3-
CO32-
Effect of Adding CO2 to Seawater
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phot
os: D
avid
Litt
schw
ager
N
atio
nal G
eogr
aphi
c Soc
iety
Organisms under acidified conditions
Healthy Organisms
Pter
opod
U
rchi
n Se
a st
ar
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The Problem is Going to Get Worse
Feely et al. (2009)
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West Coast Susceptibility
Deep, cold water = lower pH, low oxygen (hypoxia), high nutirents
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Feely et al. (2008)
West Coast map of depth to Corrosive water (Ω < 1)
The Problem is Today
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Dissolved Oxygen Offshore California
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2. Taken up by algae;
N P
1. Discharge to coastal waters
3. Algae die and sink
4. Dead Algae are respired at depth; consuming O2 and producing CO2
O C
O
Nutrients
Algae
Algal Bloom
CO2
Heterotrophs
Anthropogenic Contributions Can Exacerbate Acidification
N P
fueling algal blooms
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Understanding OA Resiliency • Are local anthropogenic nutrient loads
sufficient to generate algal blooms?
• Can we measure associated changes in pH? – Biological impacts?
• Will reductions in local anthropogenic
nutrients minimize changes in pH due to global CO2 sources?
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Chl
orop
hyll (
mg
m-3
)
PC
SDEN
SCRSP
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Old Technology Limits pH Measurements
• Traditional glass electrode sensors >0.5 pH units
• Trying to measure changes in <0.2 pH units
• New Isfet sensors measure pH <0.1 units
- Ocean X-Prize achieving pH<0.05
∆pH
Count
pH (mCP - ISFET)
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Cou
nt
0
5
10
15
20
25
30All SitesMost Experienced Sites
∆pH
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Changing Depth Distribution of White Sea Urchin
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Surface Current Mapping in Real Time Using High Frequency Radar
www.sccoos.org 16June2015
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Understanding OA Resiliency • Local anthropogenic nutrient loads appear
sufficient to generate algal blooms
• Testing new technology sensitive enough to assess changes in pH
• Linked oceanographic-biogeochemical models will be used to virtually assess management strategies
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Example Map of Bight’13 Nutrient Sampling Sites
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What is pH?
• pH is the measure “power” of the hydrogen [H+] ion in solution
• Practically it is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution • The more H+ the more ACIDIC
and the LOWER the pH • The less H+ the more BASIC and
the HIGHER the pH