CLEAN INDIA MISSION“SWACHCH BHARAT MISSION”
(Rural)
OUTLINE
• Overview of Sanitation in India
• Achievements of Clean India Mission
• Policy Design
• Implementation
• Challenges
• Factors behind success
First Five Year Plan
1954
Central Rural Sanitation Program
1986
Total Sanitation Campaign
1999
Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan
2012
Clean India Mission
2014 -Present
1% Rural
Sanitation
Coverage!
(1981 Census)
Journey of Sanitation
Programs in India
CHALLENGE OF SANITATION
• Linked to vicious cycle of poverty
• 1,20,000 children under the age of five died every year from diarrhea caused by unsafe water and poor sanitation in India (as of 2014, WHO Report)
• Open Defecation linked to malnutrition, stunting in children
• Threat to Female privacy and safety
• Environmental Pollution
• Toxins introduced into eco-system harm aquatic life
• Visual, Olfactory disturbance
• Lack of sewer/drainage system in rural areas
ACHIEVEMENTS OF CLEAN INDIA MISSION (RURAL)
Access to sanitation facilities for each and every person
Accomplished by 2019
150th Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi
38.7
50.85
64.92
84.19
98.28 100
0
25
50
75
100
2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020
Individual Household Toilet Coverage %
Coverage %
ACHIEVEMENTS OF CLEAN INDIA MISSION (RURAL)
• 61.27% increase in HHs with Toilet
• 102.8 million Toilets constructed
• 84,532 Community Sanitation Complexes
• 2,62,734 Villages declared Open-Defecation Free
• Significant reduction on diarrheal deaths observed in ODF Villages
• In the two years since Clean India Mission was launched, the percentage of
under-five children dying from diarrhea came down from 13% to 9% (Global
Health Observatory: WHO)
Sanitation
Health
Improved Productivity
Improved Earnings
Education Unhygienic Conditions
Diseases
Low Productivity
Poverty
Low Awareness
Clean India
Mission
NationalGovernment
State Governments
Districts
Blocks
Villages
Municipalities
Wards
CHALLENGE OF GOVERNANCE IN INDIA
o Population Pressure
o Multiple, overlapping tiers of supervision
o Bureaucratic red-tapism
o Regional variations in language, culture,socio-economic status, governance styles
o Decentralized governance in transition
“1 Unit of Money Spent –> 15% Realized?” 600000
villages!
Divisions
Sub-Divisions
7391.9
million
people!
29
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Base Unit
Prime Minister
Chief Minister
Of State
State Level Apex Committee
State SBM(G) Directorate
District SBM(G) Unit
District Magistrate
Block Program Management Unit
(BPMU)
Block Sanitation Officer
Village Water & Sanitation
Committee (VWSC)
Secretary, Ministry of Rural
Development
Secretary, Ministry of Drinking water and
Sanitation
National Scheme Sanctioning Committee
Monitoring and Evaluation Cell
(NSSO, Registrar-General)
National Resource Centre
Communication Cell
Ministry of I&B, DD, AIR, DAVP, NFDC
Money Given
Directly to
Individual
Clean India Mission Policy Design
Technical
Administrative
Human Resource
Financial
TECHNICAL
o Sustainable Design
o Easy to Build
o Versatile
o Local innovations
o Data analytics & Monitoring systems
FINANCIAL • Projected Total Requirement : USD 15.1
billion
• Resources pooled from multiple programs
• World bank USD 1.5 billion loan agreement
• Corporate donations
• “Swachch Bharat Cess” (till 2017)
• Clean India Fund (CSR donations)
• Three Expenditure Heads:
1. Administrative
2. Awareness Creation 5%
3. Construction Money
2500 2300 2850
6525
10500
13949
0
3000
6000
9000
12000
15000
Annual Allocation for Clean India
Mission (Rural)
(in INR Crore)
ADMINISTRATIVE• Flexibility to States
• Decentralized set-up
• Streamlined Institutional Mechanism
“PM:CM:DM:VM” model
• Rapid Action Learning Units (RALU)
• Compile and disseminate best practices
• Resolve issues/improvise
• Beyond “one size fits all”
• Synergy between government and NGOs
HUMAN RESOURCE
• Strong Focus on Training
• “CLTS Program”
• Financial incentives
• Special team of “Preraks”(consultants)
hired at National, State and District Level
to head PMUs
• Locally sourced Technical staff for District
PMU
• Data Operators
• Grassroot Volunteers
• Trained Masons
IMPLEMENTATION
VILLAGE LEVEL
Pre-triggering
• Awareness Creation
Triggering
• Money Transfer
• Construction
Post-Triggering
• Sustained Use
IMPLEMENTATION
Metric shifted from building toilets to ending open defecation – Behavioral Change
Motivate individuals to build their own
or
Village Elected Body to engage vendors
Mobilizing Local Teams
• Regular Meetings
• Financial Incentives
• Flexible Fund disbursal to villages
Supervision/Coordination
• “War Rooms” at district/block
level
• Village elected body held
accountable
Marketing
• Regular Workshops/Trainings
with stakeholders
• Inter-sectoral linkages established• Gender Empowerment and Female
Dignity
• Mother & Child Health
• Hand-wash educational campaigns in
Schools
• River Ganga revival campaign
IECINFORMATION, EDUC ATION, COMMUNIC ATION
• Stakeholder participation
• Women mobilised
• Recognition to local residents, NGOs, Companies
• Tax Incentives
• Behavior change guidelines, Mass Education guidelines
• Gender sensitive information
• Menstrual Management guidelines 2015
• Gender guidelines 2017
• Brand Ambassadors from various fields
• Commercially Successful Movies, popular songs, marketing campaigns
• Activities: Darwaza Band campaign, Swachch Iconic Places, Local Cleanliness Drives etc
• Large scale events
INDOSAN 2016, Women’s Conclave 2016, National IEC Convention 2016, Swachh Shakti 2017 for a cross section of stakeholders such as Village heads, sanitation workers, motivators, development partners
ISSUES(IMPLEMENTING ON THE GROUND)
• Idenitification of beneficiaries
• Multiple overlapping surveys
• Slow Behavioral Change – ending “freebie culture”
• Funds released in installments: difficult to sustain momentum
• Limited supply of construction material and skilled labor
• Over-Reporting
• Faulty construction
• Village Politics!
• Weak local government
MONITORING AND EVALUATION
• Individual Survey
• Name, Unique ID, Bank Account, Family Details, Contact number
• MIS based reporting
• 2 stage photo uploading
• Geo-Tagging
• Financial MIS
• Third Party random inspections
• Complaint Redressal
• Feedback
FACTORS BEHIND SUCCESS
• Strong leadership
• Dedicated Bureaucracy
• Bottom-Up planning
• Universal Coverage
• Effective IEC drive
• Inter-sectoral linkages
• Clear targets/deliverables
• Incentivizing good performance
ROLE OF DONORS/DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS
• “Development Management” Approach
• Sustainable Designs
• Idenitifying blockages in execution (Role of RALU)
• Capacity Building at local level
• Training of personnel
• Progress Evaluation
• Impact Assessment
• Health Indicators
• Women safety
CHALLENGES REMAIN…
• Sustainability
• Top-down monitoring needs to be replaced with self-regulation
• Towards Solid-Liquid Waste Management
• Waste Collection
• Waste Segregation
• Localized Treatment units
• Recycling
THANK YOU