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CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURECLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
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Prescribed Learning OutcomesPrescribed Learning OutcomesIt is expected that student will:
*demonstrate awareness of artistic expression as a reflection of the culture in which it was created
*describe how societies preserve identity, transmit culture, and adapt to change
*identify periods of significant cultural achievement
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What is Classical Architecture?
Classical is the term given to time when Greeks and Romans…
…influenced the western world
500 B.C.E. to 500 C.E.
Also called Age of Antiquity
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The Greeks and RomansThe Greeks and RomansClassical architecture
has come to mean…
…the beautifully balanced and harmoniously simple
…architecture of the Greeks and Romans
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Classical Architecture in Classical Architecture in Vancouver…Vancouver…
The Classical style has influenced many buildings in the Vancouver area, including:
The Vancouver Public Library
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Looks similar to the Roman Colosseum…
…the architects even tried to copy the wall that has been restored
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Vancouver Art Gallery, Georgia Street
Federal Building, West Hastings Street
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Seabus South Terminal
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The History of Classical Architecture The History of Classical Architecture is Simple…is Simple…
Greeks developed classical forms
Romans copied and adapted them
Italians of the Renaissance rediscovered it after the Middle Ages
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Best Examples of Classical Best Examples of Classical Architecture…Architecture…
…are Greek Temples
Greeks preferred to work in marble and…
…liked the POST-AND-LINTEL STYLE
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Post-and-Lintel Style…Post-and-Lintel Style…
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Stonehenge in England…Stonehenge in England…
Built in Post-and-Lintel Style
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The Romans…The Romans…
…called the post-and-lintel style “Trabeated”
…from the root word “trabes” which means beam
Romans copied the trabeated format
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Romans also liked Arcuated StyleRomans also liked Arcuated Style
Greeks did not particularly like this style
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Three Classical Orders of Three Classical Orders of Architecture…Architecture…
#1 Doric
#2 Ionic
#3 Corinthian
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Look at the Capital First…Look at the Capital First…
Capital, or top of the column tells you what order the Temple is…
Oldest is Doric used much by Greeks
Romans Preferred Corinthian
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……From the Bottom up!From the Bottom up!
Once you have determined the order of the temple…
You can then begin to examine its 4 parts
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……From the Bottom up!From the Bottom up!Start with steps
Next the entire Next the entire column column
Then horizontal Then horizontal section on top of section on top of columnscolumns
Then the angled Then the angled section on roofsection on roof
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1. Start with the Steps…1. Start with the Steps…
Nimes, France 5 C.E.
Paestum, Italy
Many Greek Temples Many Greek Temples have 3 stepshave 3 steps
Roman Temples tend to have moreRoman Temples tend to have more
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2.2. Next Section is the Column…Next Section is the Column…Most columns have a
base at the bottom
…followed by a shaft…
…finally a capital on top
The only order that usually does not have a base is Doric
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Columns can be…..
Fluted (vertical grooves) Plain or non-fluted
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Doric ColumnsOldest and
simplest order
Usually has no base
Extensively used by Greeks
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Doric Capital
Plain Capital with no design
Looks like a squished eraser
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Ionic CapitalNext order is a bit
more fancy
Has scroll-like volutes that resemble sea shells or ram’s horns
Ionic columns are slimmer and usually fluted
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Corinthian Capital
Last order is the most decorative
Used extensively by the Romans
Leaves are called Acanthus Leaves
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Corinthian Capitals often contain small volutes as well
Acanthus leaf trees grew throughout Italy
Usually has two rows of acanthus leaves
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3.3. Next Section is the Next Section is the Entablature…Entablature…
Sometimes called the Horizontal Entablature
Think of a temple as a table…
columns are the legs
Entablature is the “Table top”
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Entablature consists of…
…Three sections:
1. Architrave
2. Frieze
3. (Horizontal) Cornice
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Entablature
Frieze is often sculpted
Architrave is often plain
Entablature of the Parthenon, Athens, Greece
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St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City, Rome, Italy
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4.4. Next Section is the Next Section is the Pediment…Pediment…
Top section of a classical style temple is called the Pediment
Triangular portion
..usually contain decorative sculpture
National Archives, Washington D.C., USA
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Pediment consists of…
Tympanum which usually contains important sculptures
Sloping Cornice (usually matches horizontal cornice
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Often located on the roof…
Acroterion: sculptures on the front of the temple
Antefixes (singular antefix) found on side
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5.5. Examples of Classical Examples of Classical Architecture…Architecture…
Palazzo Rucellai in Florence, Italy
Classical Corinthian Columns have been incorporated into side of building
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Pantheon, Rome Italy
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Forum, Rome Italy