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Deorac is o govent whh e ouc of wer oaes om e po pl,
wo pcat i oitic li itr ct or ni tly u g h r sn taiv e. T
e d eo te eek K ( " pe "powe o
we f e e)
emocacy aeaed e G r se Ahns the 6 e n BC (ee i
oseed e rdle o dca he ision twee ies d oe s
f ve nds uc the tig o hiosohs of e Aq such Pto
d e Te e peie ecr opse e s of eet wee
owe w e by an ivdal (auocrc) o b a op o w (olih e oept of
eoccy was ao as at of chy the bee o a o
ovnt Dg te Aq ot o a u tocacis w e b desoi d
a ns wo o ihout e asent of e peo e mocic f
oen w bt d n p b w pople c a i e
gent pubi i
Th sncton t a te Aqut et s ge s s
so eo o mde era. Ne eeai ve d e e e- � . ·
of o n h s sed en sociated w jo otion o tocrcy wil teoep of r bi o oe caes oiae t ac d sic e mes.
Hr y
he one o eocacy eolv ouh e ees We dng Aii
ever aes lowe thei izs o p eenta l i pbi l te es
oe in la e ae sseni eres wc e· ie he mode
onept ema T e v en if th e ema ilu d e pni e f
lcons, a we p of e ci wme, enes las c, md
xlue o iti . Li k eie e R Re pu blic w emc c r n
tnt w cs of vius wr rt om cv
Md Age fu wa bd o ne rs kn d t pe r dmoraic ricpe. se oma by nb e c
oo pop not hav a he pois d xcld om a.
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Wn oces merg asg r a rdc of ar of gs ore
jtc ty ce mbs o e no , sg (g Maa C 2
Eg)
Pcls wc wee r ld o t oncpt of eoca st p
17 centy, t e Egls Rolto (49 w pep u o
ques te aboute oer ocs The Bll of R at s aop
68 cideraly ree h per f he gish g d arked th gnng
it ch i rta The res f Erop hor conud o le nr he
dsos of absoe ch. cey a osoers e
ecssy orgzg pll ssts t wo t i ac h sic rgts
e eia cc o e bs po on d
hlers e ngt l otse, Vlre Ra wet d
hd w he ed r oe ptica rigs r coo o hee viede r ec le as an laed set roe n gg t
eve ch ee ce r th e "
e Aerc rev f 5 d Frenc eolto f 189 e at gtg rd f
cal we h prd h pepe m the mos sc f gs t he r
Deci Inpece (776 e rec eclao o Rg o (1789)
ncded esenial rcle eaed to e atual gt en d eiced e
ecc e t wre gi b slhd aed Hr th U.S
Cs eied lave Nai ericn litc s le he r
sii ce lay n d eto r
he eocrc s a exst tda Eure er e 19 d 20t n
e e s e a acqe e rig o ce he rretvs d er
gve a he ulc lf (g.: I B wrkn lae se a
re e oti sse at e ed t 9 cntu, h ea ll res we; i e Ud Se woe r te he igh o ve o 190)
2 F g
er co e eeal of gvnt g poltca yes
- o ot hich mo ( K or Q) rs es f go l os h ol t
emes y r monc cal empor. E.: Rm p ol Rm
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Eme s mie, etc oee in me aicla e ocs conlling
ol on oy e e em eor
s e to div d ochis o abolu o cottin oe oe
nde e Ui Kdo, Sa, e Nee, Begi Swede a, d
Seen os o e oce l in x t oda ae oe tou e t
om ble o ontituoa Ho abole onc r t nt g: Sad
A a bia ) n og y ae od u p arat d poa inttuto
as r lamen; thse otis lgisaure e coie ad o pla a
ybolc re g.: Kn go ofB, Sulat ofBe e
A ohy o b iary tiv. W ost o e oito
a hr ee ks ad epos were eete o he d
d o tt hei e h w e c h cin Greek city of
pa ere gs we a or di to e ra In he Mdd Ae
Em of Roa Epe ws e by all onil a e Die
o r v f v or e de k do of
aoda Ma sa .
- grchy i std o a l up lly t it o mpo
a of a or u Sva et reek itis g b ro of
-puy e aiy ( of Co� Tb, et I M
Ages Ra e F e hd b e o
) d Mi w eld by Ho o Sa) we odd to be oices.
A b (a olo: rs publca o "pub a" e s oo o
govn n v y a. Ru r u vde o pr esde t a rbc (g.:
Utd s Fc, t ) l n ub .g.: Gy, al Tur,
et) I a p a b v por exeid by Pre wh s ao
h o st e a e o x t v a in ubc
prnt a a s a doe not ov te on; this s sy done b p
atin as ha of gov. I lie rpb ao, e exci
bc s d acobl to he leisl tve bc (le n t )
- A npali i a t o d b a n ts he of So
dedn p pa tes toy d ipay o onac d e nii of
Le
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- ocr cy o eet wh r eal ower e ds o ego us e
Eg e V t he te Ppe s e he s I hee e e o stte belns o
he Ir le d h the ttle of Aya toll et.
A d c t oship s st whre e u ove bly, o osu pe n t or
the pple I s k sae e ee s cl despt d d l
g e o n t uuly vote ere ve bee ner dashps ouu so
tey he be sve s e pu bs, mo es, ep es, ce, e
Ta s c t oh p wee e stte hls aho o t res o f so e
d seks t y to conol ll es of ubc bt lo volves tsel o the te
e. Oly o polc emes hve bee decbd by pl c lyss beg
o: N Gy d S's oe o
3) Demcracy
Doy o ee hch pe eted o t pe ple d wic e
ep ee t ves of e eole e accng cstuns esblish ed le b
e ce o deocc h m e cae ve ae
c cscs u s e e in h d l h, b o e ens e o a, jc eq ulity of citze d s ubjec s ee f e, te eem
o osp the eeo o soca io e eem t pe t o dec
or cp ema e people re re vve e ecs-mkg ess s
t e p c te de, eq e nly u ee o pio n o ws e
emet of e cnry s ye of e cy s ud ps of zed
eleie e y te m the people p pae po ic l l tou e
electo of erestve The lte gove te coy e e te eoe wo ave
em o oc e
A co s tu o e o he bsic ule rerdg e r oveet s se
u d orgz It gerlly tes t e o sgle de omsg sevr ces
Wie ot te conio o e wo e e a le docen (eg e US
Cou F Cut, t) ere e exeps I B e ee
is s gle ocue clle e csu e severa ws, t es co ce dstoc pes, w, e , se a oo
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prctca tes demc i ipeene tgh he apaon of i epts uc
as san o pows, cecks ae, ec. Te inie sean o owers hls
govee sou e ded into sepae bhes rder to aid e cnceai
f owr o a sge ad A dea seao owes s te dvsn f gvee
nt ee es e legsatve c te exee bc e judcial bc.
- Fi le of a gsae bc: egisat an aopt s e tio h s a e
he of a gilaie rc is say aed a pimen o a
rle o eev ch o efe e las ped b the legsave bc.
resdenta reubcs pesen s at e o e ectve c.
t ol o a ucia br: to eet h as an appl he o eah se
ces a sre o s te e e uca bc
Eac hese chs hud ae ce e ws Ac to ptca
ys e r emor a cl diion of owes des no exis eween
t banc o gove Ce an baces is a rcipe ord c ec
ba o goveen so oro 'd ce he oe bces ai anyoe c
exceeg ts p
Amos e aues saed y e pe b p� f Wee iviizin ae te es I
con asects k c o ecract Iee deocrac vs av bece
einge ee ce as s pe
p pe cnee o ia sem
e ee o e abse In he e eocrac hs a bcme
ld s scl a nm u ous rne, els ee a
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Cc
- The Constiual Mrcy
outoal mo ah a moc of ot i w hc t oer o t
a imted. i om a aot moh in t absolute monarcs o lis o o Th ostn o poeso a o moc al
oga o otuo it ·n o ien. oion i gener i
as a on cdin p n \ch th oitca sste of a st i blt
an s en ogzto o t sstem of oet Ulik Uied
Stt n o os t dos o hav sn e ocu all th conto as
a b o As o l stauts he odd ru, ui ctos cot
cas d g pcde e as onsn
a consi oa o is i hd o pliamnt, \ xs
uho og h wok o t i t oh s Ban
sc t d o ts ot fr r po a
o Pa E o is d of stt n s o t
o; s o nse by d of ove ( m a vou
te of th oc n poa i a s as r
no-paan
T Bs ah
1) Hia Su
Kgo o Get Br d Noe Iad (oo rd to s
no UK) s t ae of idepnet s h ic oris
d, coand Was d o Idh Bs ae d o h glish
os Weh an t oe se UK is a cosoa moacy s
o sa Qe h . was e er no o h u coi:
- oh t e e nqe by the ns 1285 th oc o bew
lnd an oy 136
Political Concepts : 1/ 6/2
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: A of Unio betwn Wa s an Egad.
- In 03 King Jes V of Scolad bm king o E gland h o J m s . Tis
mrkd t egi of Gra Ban Alhouh El ad Sotland t s
ocl un on bn o oies o too c i 70.
0: Act Uon bew Englad S
- As r Irelad, glh cquest be in 169 a w oed by equ d
io. Evn tough th nl ih ki y VI a tyl h g of Iread i
542, o ol o oo p v gld d Ia nd unt te 9 ry
80 A of Un Ga Bn I. Th at mark craon of th
Kng a B d Ild er te F S
2 a pa of N rel chs a udr Biish ue, he ws
uad com Uid no G B d No Ied.
B ih ny s xd oousy h cy wh o oe o
b n a ep ic n th -17 y. t ,
i dy sc tone a a Ba
h Noan : 066-54T Pn: 4- 8
d: 6
S: - 174
e Haoe: 7 9
\Vn dsor: 90
2)The Sift om an b a Cstuolarcy
Brih mo muc vo thoug cui Dpt ct t atmpts
h n Md limi he powrs of he sh orc (.g: Ma
C), t ' l om n asout nh o a itun mchy o k
ac e of 7t c, h h o Rg w a opt .
Political Concepts : 2/ 7/2
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e Maa aa Gra r (215 dout o
gl oc A a t h dva g cosdeed mslv a
o o o rt coice o er dve ri o e K Jo goe
y an a hat o h obes a o ppl. Foog
rio b th o ipott aros of iom he a ed o at docmn a
scie h r of m t a a ad the f law. ddls odo og b ded r o pp tho nce d opport to ded
ese Ma Ca i sst be a s t io t
aw s br o cssly oe e tog i ot
e e bslt po\ o t nsh ochs t aid s o te rol
oa rb stliin a istol cd a as to a ipot
oqe
Te ex pan at a i e o o o oo pce od 00 y
a I b of 1 a !d to n "
,a dou c uat be o e peop ad
o o oa o o ao. oeer t ne i o h k o
s sou a s uces a o frce Pr o e
tx o opose a ene o o co t h ron
(e te n W o Es Reouio) wch te o 6 to 69 o oa to ead n oa
o e repub w tbled s o s e Coo n
raine eisc om to 0 n t e oc a eo th Cae I
t on of e bee k eod i 0 s o s e Restor
e aes I,e ro o rl g o ue but mnc he
ovo b ren d pce s e a d sad l of
Or, o beae jo oas ud e of m L s vn
bea kow h oio Reout
he ll s i 9 s eded e pos o i d r t
e uor of e oh thre lie y th w of pt I o o
k s o oct t ig o bot Pr e eo cing
Th oetio o h la o oya tre.
T g o eoe to eto oa
obi e morh t vy e wio h t of aat
No oy ner lio o m o a s.Political Concepts : 3/ 8/2
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ongs ot mp a nt a e dent onse e pce eedm o
speh Pa nd cd u n t n W of Rg
ary ad b t ostionl m on ch w ogn Pen.
y ddle f e nt, an a a n'
ada owrs; h kn did not rn ao, this wa d by ri r
nsa
En o Ba bn a ctuon nc ne t 1 ntur, ec a
ra dac o at h n o the ny d b o 0
nt o e dp e a polia e (g: Rm A of a
peeo f h p c of t majot te opu nl aqd
h o v saie at Be a a s
f wk r e h.
3) Royal Powers Pv
s d ct x Vn B n tl t
e d rle.He en oh e ha o s nl
prgativs, i h t p. F t h c ed fSat e o te C H as t t of Had
omlt a Dfn te .
C f Nio: nal o zi o f edt at d f a
mat E ngh p u n ie an rme h lon T oa
anzan i pte pola onmic o an a bn
mb
h Bs onah h gvee na ctons sh a
ni h P Mi.
Anin an e ncdin ovn ins jus orn
as ad no y of h of gland
Ong dog Pan.
rvg A t ae a oe et eas A b o
bom a n i cv oal .dn r a nd of oena bsi
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Meg \Vt h Prm r.
T rc l p en d c :
Aig \V bd nd dlvd
Hoi pio r bas dr h i of rin e
Rig ors a of sa
Goin on at i o o nts
mr e owe ke r pc o i rcg and
o o k re, t x o up oy Howev,
aio ar one b r i h e o d
gen o Bai i ed i or e Mj' et.
T are o l o o e monr . F a t alys be
ua ol d a o dvi f h o he n
o Br od e bic smbol o an ; it to
au n o so t s f o it ng Brsh e a
e oo e n aii
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c d Cb
he op yem exised Bn ne th emegece olia �es.Te m
- ae of te wo- sst is he re on oe bwee o
jo! ies s p ltca lf
en
min d oe
he t-0 esb tst
bee wo pi: e Wgs ores
e8 ,
e_ ls Ceive 19 cet e Labo oeai es pos-a ero
T g e Toes, wh boh eege t of he 17 ce n , were
ia ae o )
e g e oiiay io rejecd e sou r o Js I
ped te sabm f a cuional m o n c. ey vlve ito ore
pa he be o18-.
Th oies ao e a fton ar o a cal py e e
f e ce ey eprest t oylis res of_ S d voure ·
r h a cubal o e ower o f e
T dal y s a e toda n s t oJ o
s
si n be· -
e d e o. t 9 cu th Wigs vol to he el P d
ie d Cea Py I the begg h 920', Labouy ed t P n maj potc p Bri
Gra E
ena eeti diee polica pes ut p idaes eas e loer
ose o lien Tuhot iisso, he o mes e House
of Coo hv et eie one o e oe o e 2 ao olia ar. e
ae of te p h h wo mo seat Piae a gr el i inved by
vee o gv e ne i ier.
Gena eleci t e·f� of
th
l or
o rp en�vs of eop.
wo en s i te e f o Me f lien (s) Eac M
ep otency a eecto dit we e oe e re
(toy a ese on ava 670 ) he ddate avn a ajrf a nst�q ld M; Tsy�m el� tio s ko h F--
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tho vog Sice eig el elcto ave w by
it by the Lu P .-I te201 l cto, o pa o a ov ral
m jo
seas, eadn to a g iamt ( majot ld oe sle pa)
Ce te Pay s fcd -e to oa lito wt a d pa in or to gvem �
P M
Te Pe Mser the ed f en ad the hed f te eecu rach. H t
tsk r i ben chsn b t c s t ppo m o te e
ad te at
Te : e y icdg t o pot es of e oveet; it icle
d 20 didus ses th te exeut o t e and
c < b i ste ed t
onos te got aser h dpe aencies o the cv
�
Mnise s te d f Majest's oent e ges te cont
tgt wit Ciet. Acg te a t oac t nst_J
e:
o w o c- e rn e stats d gvnt
t s eaes
- ex o e ito
o t ee o aet to cl v p r
t aed es bs hrch Engd e establhes ovel
is d s d setthoica ageda e cre Cait omites t
eet e ocs o he oeet d lt pocy co c et.
cs moc o itles age to b soe H cooses te eriod
hc t dissve aiaet ad a te utimate cson cce e salise
-w ga ecion. sese py diip rs ta mber-o
hs p ccept po vl polces
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Lb
-it
r- te n t 19!ce e inr odctio n of t verl
sed ug r s 1867 1872 d 884 d cln of te r
P. Tre o d oter wr kng s oo pyd a e ro n ts cr ato.
bo Pa b es 22 te � y i
e Lab d:
Lo P is p e le. A t, it was coit t th ocilt doo
e ef tt a g v et to teee io ecomy cog to
Sociis te goet hod co u e eco shoud attp o
e o c n o ee seces (g: ee in, h cre
) Sas oppose o Cpita d Lrm i ta is gist ee d te
ic -notrfc o ovent t e cnoy. Meof e abou y bli Cit le soc nqt hs caled r ore
e o jue lc r s h sn of t �<_e lo
o a iisio he ms ach ql p wa s adiol
_comt d toeopn.
L ce ce Wee
Pvst s o poey om puc t vte ha.
N�7o ope o t to ub hds.
In 1990's he bo y uer ny Bla oert a c sh i deoy B
he te New o t dscbe th w ots of e Lbou I e
e ptsm e lter hs bed sm S pls d ptd polce
-wt csl h lb lo (eg e o h n or sed
pvtiss t exee o oo).
T p bee chczed by s jcon of trita ds
re pui of he trdtioay cloe reip be labour a ade o
I nwavous nrprnaut y a e coomy s wicl
a te o o e cri of e v lo e uece oc ha
B new at t py d the abo of us 4 of e bo
cs wh cude wod: "o fr the prdces by hn n n he ui of in. m qale dion uo om ownehp
h mn d v om e n deal d ifs o
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Soais H o hl ha p s t on pstg h w ls bt so
'd ioe B' wre dl_J.
ET ug
t ouprmin th cl jus t e, imph
o le on eqiy on e a ev emen f l-b r mmber s oy It
ns to em phz the llecv pr s f
oce stly mortn fm�
Its ogns bk o 8 ce . T Conss h successo of i (he
er of e y ae t o Tes).
The Conativ ideoli:
T onave a f g oeive beee e ee
n e, and ecooc dm Accrd t Libr gen soud no
neee to e eco m t sno te roleohe
a oer e eve o -
pua tio suc h ee edon d e a l ca. Te p i i ou o
-sas-rrd tt u,H suor e
x
i t g to-
dial
-
oe o oc Coa ca emsev es y of r
pa ued a dop i p l g s a
e me of ordr, t o so ed e o poect ,
o an agve poc e Coa ve P ho at oc equ is a
a n meo a ca ivs-rent �s
Te pa vu f prvat ersp d p e of r gs. It
vo o a og ov a od n te e o eoo
Coeae a bee eedoul ac b t poces aod y Mge
che. ce s h is iciv deoo, ocal le rogr o ic o
h Brsh Cosave after afhr w
l
ce
d ld o py-n
5 Tatc
w re M se o he U Kgdo m 179 o 199. ch r al ao
Brish Consave Pe Mter h a he a hy dgc aer
'chem s upps cacrd a dsd sae even va e ee
mke enoy pva sa on s eoe es te oo io o ae uio
a etn o e z of e Wefare St of rv t os w one o
mos imort cs of hr oy mak a conas the cnoc
c e precssor.U Tae onsev ot mpe stuatd th buess as
at te ecss stash ces ap oo Br.
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tts of law, defence, orer, i�dusal
elos, Tche so a on goven:
�peeg e nesJ of he oe !1 Se �e ve .I I ; ;
poes ob o Brsh e s e ¥e he e unos (eat toI
on nees) d e Wefe te (to mu ee on e sae).
e bo s l donae· pls, e en yes have wese e
ege o e e Deoat a d olcl e t
e 1980s, he Libeas ee w e l Do P (ceae 8
e e o w we e p o o cil o e of
) hve oe ko e e e
he ee 200 ge eeo, e Conseave ed o overll
j he be eos eee goee e te f lio I I
lel e be QeosMI p an ee o+ _po e e e
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S
Plient s a con cep d fr gest lga tv e auy n s. Togee
te xcuv ad judci l bh, it s one of e bcs of govn t
pn, cd ise, culd be bl wi o chber ( u
c oy p e n chb (o n o s)A y m s a ysm gov e n w ch he xec u tiv e rh s
oab o legisav ranc h (m I ca d bo moncs d
epus I most p l oe repbs t hd of st v
co. Real oe s he a o o h pm e w
to e t e oe m gs e . such sy e st
dv his ecy o pen sde epbcs we e f
ev�J dec y o p
B
Pt s s egi a u U ue ale · -�
W. It os o Moc h House o (ppe s) o u (owe s) Ty oy oy mt t og w t och cls
o Cmmon o e o S Opg f Plen l
appv w ws: on c h Ls oo P n c ass r o
he U Kgdom r r a t . e s o c ton : Pe c
sa p. I c ass w a w s o ssl o hag od aw s Hoe
a tc M o P ln llow acp usms o ps o cge w
i l a p bc supo Te s p govn t d e po b f
ss o t a a hk o e u o e o po
As m b o e E open B s ctd mms o Eope
Pa and eoze Co s
of e
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To ass s: e e of ple il M ese s e
pblic l peg goee lc A is t
need pen, t an oe agenie. pcess o p a
vn i bo ouses Is lc ne s oce e
House Com s n s ce rag I eco ea y
e a w wks is o eae h ise i
cide i t a vot n Te b n psss tu e
Ld he a o Once b ompe is pe cee s n o
Mch r a by wch ps no a a c o plet
e Law g prces (o o c o it)
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o l ee a and eo h a eod If o
e e c nd ou ung e eecta s t app h to
od w. D d or a Geea e
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e Lrd
o s esi o by he r hcr o is th p of e o
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Cmpsiion:
L pit: Archbisops of Catb a Y h Bih of Lnd
D Wcese d 24 or b f e Ch f Egld
rd Tera A er pers ess (ose wo h rc e t
b b). 80
3 A h p w ha r poa b vic naion. (350-40)
oeri v i he ti) on te avice P ter
apd vic he tae, or b eca t rm ws a c
o t i the H o o (o i i iu ei ve y
Fuctn the Lrd
o
Dan cto e or h prt d deg ion
wc y b ue ck e esai p ye o
gov o ha ve a en l b. U 91 e Lo b o jt ls
pased e � Sc e e !q a y�_be_ ch_!g
faci
l so andv- ny b l la lela (ice 9 r mr oe
i bu o
T Hou of Lord cts a a s eg a gt hasy leslaion by t Cmn ad play a
coniderable roe a powe govns hi i osib bea e he a
a ue of crobe w n bog o a y poli tcal pa Th er s a nom
Coneati aj i te l me p. pe ondera vor of e
Co iv y becus e edit s s ympze wt
Cnsa ti v P
T Bse f omns
Te oce i te Ser o eeced b M t esde oe e o
Te s
ooo
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Houe of Co s cted by vs ug (ots) o rep e s n te Bts
Piant; o o 69 s: 9 s e r Engl 40 Wles, 72 r Scotld
d 8 r Noe Iad.
Fus of e o Coms:
1 se Fo
2 Sct o tie one maj con o e House o Coo to s e
p b pposo o gov e t's ckhers. e ae or i s
a mo t a po) oed by a er o a mem ber of e. spear
poo t qetio a su bjc f deba e. Twey opt h sss o e
oi h ubj a
3. Qeon hed a b o ec day tg f 5 o Mony, Tud,
Weday d y Mser w 's queion On o aoos ea w k
P Mi os n l mt Pr utio e a
s f ; e e o a a p
kbr
4. Sele t Coes: , a ee c co se w cte o exe a
&oven a a oc m wch ge
oie av etasd y ho u ; y a on
r u das xao f
poc, x d adto epo her u d recon
e a woe
T a ao o o e Ho o oo esed e La or
r C meer a b d por o o pos
ove oc d o e p d t o w. oay mo
ly o o vg se o e os e Coo
op, hc e rel o cn has geed f e
d d ce of o p
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: a p
Te o r d ' is dee T Of D a ch of e major dvons
of m wt distinct physca chactrists; te ct or conct of diion nt
acs. e " r ce s o n u sed pesely d tht n
(xps te ogs, evelomet, cutoms d beles of md)
is no csca o or eoogy Aordig to on
t h n to v ao o u as a oun
a b mo ba
e clur f th eys.
f h
n hi e o pmd t tt e kd i
s o a ' ogn of ,
giu, bhvol f ona o oer goup .
slgic poy
ng mo a gv no ss
ner m _ a b
o u du eoen t ea a pliticl w
iory ou ud u
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ee n es u supo of race. I of
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ae
of h So t Wh, N c c co o
Social And Cultural Concepts : 1/5 20/2
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ous h mg ae cens o vi d e o om p eopl e l
od wo e, B at str out m f
sto It also nvaded r s w e sss v pae
166
Mot f rii toay t f ppl o v s g
vo ng e q d Mddl A Hovr my f e
esc o opl h ve iatd Br u n, seally
p ho e o e Bts os r e f S World . e
rh o b ce tc o
nt d r ce e g e U
I
) v
B C
43, e Ro Empror Cs ad m r a Ro ro
T R d o e t hd a, b tw a l.
C s o o Ro E bg Ci to e
pT d n 0 a long o of vasion by Nd
e o G a S
-Th Angls, Saxons d J eg o e h h to the eht ce d
Age ga Eg i e e a dc a ne u l o
Bh om d ar d Ao-Sx -Sx E
oe of h e m vl ri n E wit o r gais e s o aicu .
T V c o cdv E
- ss o B ok a 0 Duk Wlam f Noy
kwn Cqo�a os B f H (
o) ad ew k f Ea. F
h bl ( Kg a ra) , w Lai f y
o oe
I
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Br ted its r ceties escly dg e 9 a 20 cs.Two jo es d brived- o e mst
p
te_?O cen mo f he eld oer Eoe coies.We of rh were lo o gla 19 cn a ei nbrf
e ss a y oter img.
eo b y xpl t-at ela w
t n e s o 181 At-;wFee ri Stt s e 1922, s rene e r t o ener ly -sB.
D e st o 20 cen, Bi esse e v y e oeai d b e os of wel a Dung ng e 195's d 160s o m ce o er ho e oae l o ol Hues of os o as e om ne
·et oues isorse tte e ld wdde ere o by e U d ta hs o coe dede e 95' 1960',
·dng e decoozaton proce.
People o e n on te ne Cn tos o In P a e t I e to Bt o ll e u lower id obs o epn o y. ao n t bbe d e Su Aa µbn so ts
o 0 16 Mre th 60,000 In ve bee 155e nee acqd e ts ct�hp b z� e ttnbts o n y but lg e ces, ad eirions ad onid ee cre new mlii ad il Bsocty
· .
rie te wh res o e sense o ton ide o te rtsh ole con ce o U gdo.h Bnt
s se _may hatrsc ey ve the s e plic, eco n�! -
is ts. T ey spe e Elh , sw ea ce o c o a eve
s i e als of feem a d jue. T y hve b e oug cnte oy"
coo vue ybls, d ait ion. E en ug ere e m ltle e up
blev df nt rlgiu cd os, it is conid erd t ee s co mo no
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wch es Biish eev ey se e e on ie e 'ess s q.Hwevr eve u eeln ·f oeld s a on
dbat xis ogt soiogis o o o e t mpic o a d'•
culs irjn i in ow c i is to ct g(: sess. !s e f sog se cl o t o
a. � _o s coex
e Bh.-
t?T a e Bti a ope in o l e c s so a expl e f delnean e cnce iisns
T gsh -9 o e els e cosh e I no av a C s ey e dsd e i e d ovr o
Ero t e Bt Ies en bere Rom ivasn w eop wo
ASo invd 5 Aer e vio C_.c se _ nr (cod) s (W ) T C d o pt
� a f Wae d E d a d Sd
•W ti gt lv a d ces nto a coo nglidnt e cut abits e Esh Ss o nsh d Wls, en Ds e at ey a e n e e
d k ev a ri an e Gali till o e l usl o Sotl as, d No el av r
o n c de �
oca a le cion og, ec f nios rt d elh a ey
ln rs o o an e beoning t h com.
e d oe en idenf
t t eeloso, pa� noo _
i ii e son aMe, en be oe ha nloS rigin d ole
hav a ec one ue u o see i omp, r , ncs a my est ee aw-Eid a s o A
o
Ppl e rit wil bal e t loa o e ys
t of i v ey in e UK So ven v vien ofs: i c hes, ice,ey l o e o oy o oi o oe coy o oin
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Wie ien eni u i Bi e o elve s ooloosr on o Bs s v d ot c cloo y Br h zns spial y hose ag a non-Eope ogn.
_itsess is pe c ived y whi B sh b m a p es non o is es, dno i o wor AnoSon c of d
c aibs. Fo m Bsss sbozs cld qess d piof E n gsh re.
T s es he y wt nvs os oe whit ide e c ou pl
e i of d osii xpsse w d mee o inois9
e vn o dicu o l d e o sess o o a gl
i sh id e n. c o d o eo e ssig e n re e o n c e p t
of riiss o o g no e oio a B oc ret is a
mii of idenes e icss o et c es omposin