Download - Chpt.2.1
![Page 1: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 2 - Principles of Ecology
![Page 2: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2.1 Organisms & Their Relationships
![Page 3: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is Ecology?
Scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments
Reveals interrelationships between living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) parts of the world
Combines information from math, chemistry, physics, geology, other branches of biology
![Page 4: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ecology Video
![Page 5: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Biosphere
bio = life, sphere = areathe portion of Earth that supports
lifeextends from high in the
atmosphere to the bottom of the ocean
![Page 6: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Biotic factors
bio = life, tic = relating toall living organisms that inhabit an
environmentexamples: animals (humans),
Plants, Protists, Bacteria, fungi
![Page 7: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Abiotic factorsa = notnonliving parts of the environment
that effect living thingsexamples: air currents, water
currents, temperature, water pressure, rocks, sand, soil, moisture, light
![Page 8: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Abiotic Factors Video
![Page 9: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Levels of Organization (p. 36)OrganismPopulationCommunityEcosystemBiomeBiosphere
![Page 10: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Organisms
an individual living thing
![Page 11: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Populations group of organisms of one species living in
the same place at the same time that interbreed, compete with one another for food, water, mates, and other resources; a change in one population will affect other populations
No population of organisms of one species lives independently of other species.
![Page 12: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Communities
made up of several populations interacting with each other
![Page 13: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Ecosystem
all the biotic and abiotic factors in an area
the interactions among the populations in a community and the community’s physical surroundings, or abiotic factors
![Page 14: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Terrestrial Ecosystems
located on land examples:
ForestsMeadowsDesert
![Page 15: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Aquatic Ecosystems
fresh water ecosystemsexamples: ponds, lakes, and streams
salt water (marine) ecosystemsexamples: oceans, seas, large lakes
“Great Salt Lake”
![Page 16: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Biome
Ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities
Ex. Marine biome
![Page 17: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Biosphere
the entire planet and all its living and nonliving parts and how everything interacts
![Page 18: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Habitat
Place where an organism lives its life
Can change or even disappearOrganisms must adapt to the
changes or they will die.
![Page 19: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Niche p. 38
the role a species plays in a community
although several species may share a habitat, the food, shelter, and other resources are divided into separate niches
![Page 20: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Niche examples:
coyotes in a grassland community help keep down the rodent population
fungi in a forest helps breakdown of organic matter contained in the bodies of dead organisms to recycle nutrients
![Page 21: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Symbiosis
“living together”the relationship in which there is a
close and permanent association between organisms of different species
different kinds of symbiosis:
![Page 22: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Commensalism
one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited
![Page 23: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Commensalism
example: large trees such as oaks provide a habitat for Spanish moss
![Page 24: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Remoras live very close to sharks. The shark does not bother the remora, but the remora eats the leftover food the shark drops or does not eat.
![Page 25: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Mutualism
both species benefit
Ants and Acacia Tree
![Page 26: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Mutualism
An unidentified crab that carries a venomous sea urchin for protection. The crab uses its rear legs to hold the urchin in place. The urchin receives transportation.
![Page 27: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Sponge Crab is wearing a "hat" that consists of a living sponge colony. The sponge gains transportation while the crab gains a disguise.
![Page 28: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Tomato Anemone Fish lives among the Sea Anemone. It gains protection from predators while the anemone gains dinner.
![Page 29: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Parasitism
one species is harmed, but usually does not kill the host
examples: tapeworms, roundworms, ticks, fleas
![Page 30: Chpt.2.1](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062703/55506bcdb4c90524138b47fb/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Isopods are crustaceans, some of which are parasites. Isopods known as "fish lice" attach themselves to their host and feed on its body fluids.