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Choosing the Best Almond Rootstock for Your Orchard
Roger Duncan
Pomology Advisor
UC Cooperative Extension Stanislaus County
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What is the best rootstock?
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What Do We Want in an Almond Rootstock?
•Compatibility
•Strong vigor / high yield efficiency
•Good anchorage
•Low / no suckering
•Tolerance to “heart rot” / wood decay fungi
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Nemaguard
Advantages “Immune” to rootknot nematode Vigorous rootstock Compatible with all almond varieties Performs well in sandy loam & loam soils “Decent” anchorage
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Nemaguard
Disadvantages Susceptible to: Ring & root lesion nematodes Bacterial canker High soil pH / high lime Salt (sodium, chloride, boron) Phytophthora / “wet feet” Oak root fungus Crown gall “Heart” rot / wood decay fungi
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Lovell
Very similar to nemaguard in many ways
About 90% the size of nemaguard in sandy loam soils A little better than nemaguard in heavy soil Highly susceptible to rootknot nematode More tolerant to ring nematode than most
other commercial stocks
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Peach / Almond Hybrids
Includes Hansen, Nickels, Bright’s Hybrid Cornerstone, Titan Hybrid, Paramount
Advantages Very high vigor Tolerant to high lime / high pH soils Tolerant to high boron, sodium & chloride Very good anchorage Resistant to rootknot nematode
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Peach / Almond Hybrids
Disadvantages Very high vigor Highly susceptible to ring nematode and
bacterial canker Highly susceptible to most root diseases Phytophthora oak root fungus crown gall
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Nemaguard Nickels
5th leaf
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Yield (kernel pounds per acre) of Nonpareil & Carmel Almond Trees in 2010 (8th Leaf) & Cumulatively (4th – 8th Leaf).
Nonpareil Carmel 2010
(8th leaf) Cumulative
(4th – 8th leaf) 2010
(8th leaf) Cumulative
(4th – 8th leaf) Paramount -- -- 3600 a 17,075 Nickels 3204 a 14,719 3529 a 18,744 Hansen 536 3139 a 15,113 3549 a 17,415 Cornerstone 2907 a 14,460 -- -- Empyrean #1 2668 ab 14,194 3405* 16,914* Atlas 2599 b 12,428 3111 ab 16,140 Avimag 2328 bc 12,059 3085 ab 14,786 Viking 2235 bc 11,447 2569 b 13,354 Guardian 2143 bc 11,273 2398 b 12,391 Lovell 2103 bc 10,897 2455 b 11,486 Nemaguard 1946 c 10,884 2614 b 11,884 Empyrean 101 1357 d 6,028 -- -- Empyrean 2 965* 5,182* 1268* -- Julior -- -- 924* --
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Salinity Tolerance of P/A Hybrid Rootstocks Atwater rootstock trial, 2006
Na (%) Cl (%)
Nemaguard 0.64 0.22
Lovell 0.72 0.26
Hansen 0.17 0.09
Brights 0.20 0.07
Critical level >0.25% > 0.3%
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Effect of Rootstock on Hullsplit of Nonpareil Almond. July 30, 2008
0 20 40 60 80 100
Penta
Nemaguard
Adesoto
Viking
Kuban
Atlas
Guardian
Lovell
Paramount
Cadaman
Hansen
Cornerstone
Barrier 1
Nickels
Percent hullsplit
A
BC
B
B
B
AB
AB
AB
E
DE
DE
CDE
BCD
BCD
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Nickels dead from Phytophthora –
spring 2007
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Crown Gall on Hansen Rootstock
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•Highly correlated to ring nematode
•Sand / loamy sand
•Replanted orchards
Bacterial Canker
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Complex Hybrids
Viking (peach x almond x plum x apricot) Similar in size to nemaguard Resistant to rootknot nematode Tolerant to ring nematode Bacterial canker tolerance is similar to Lovell
but with higher yields More tolerant to high pH, sodium & chloride
than peach rootstocks Good anchorage
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Soil Numbers of Pathogenic Nematodes as Influenced by Almond Rootstock
Escalon, CA. January, 2005
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A Comparison of Almond Rootstocks for Incidence of Bacterial Canker
Escalon, CA 2005 (8th leaf)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Perc
en
t T
rees A
ffecte
d
Hansen Nickels Bright's Atlas Nema Guardian Lovell Viking
A
AB
CD
B
BC
D D D
Peach / almond hybrid rootstocks are very susceptible to bacterial canker
Viking, Lovell & Guardian are tolerant
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Complex Hybrids
Atlas – (peach x almond x plum x apricot) More tolerant to high pH, sodium & chloride than
peach rootstocks
Has shown high yield efficiency in several UC trials
Resistant to rootknot nematode
Susceptible to ring nematode and bacterial canker
Unknown susceptibility to other root diseases
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Rootstock Influences on Tree Nutrition Escalon Rootstock Trial Leaf Analyses, July 2004
Nemaguard 0.09 a Lovell 0.08 a Guardian 0.08 a Atlas 0.04 b Viking 0.04 b Nickels 0.03 b Brights 0.03 b Hansen 0.03 b
Chloride (%)
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Rootstock Influences on Tree Nutrition Escalon Rootstock Trial Leaf Analyses, July 2004
Nemaguard 47 a Lovell 47 a Guardian 47 a Atlas 49 a Viking 45 ab Nickels 42 bc Brights 42 bc Hansen 40 c
Boron (ppm)
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Alternative Rootstocks Being Tested in Stanislaus County for Almond
Krymsk 86 – Russia Plum (Myrobalan) x peach
– 80 – 90% size of nemaguard (similar to Lovell)
• Reported to be… – Tolerant to heavy soils, root rot. – Good anchorage – Very little suckering – Appears to be very compatible with almond*
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Yield of 5th Leaf Butte & Padre on Plum Rootstocks October 2011
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•Empyrean 1 (Barrier 1) – Italy
Peach
•More vigorous than P / A hybrids
•Resistant to rootknot nematode
•So far, very few ring nematodes in local trial
Alternative Rootstocks Being Tested in Stanislaus County for Almond
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Yield (kernel pounds per acre) of Nonpareil & Carmel Almond Trees in 2010 (8th Leaf) & Cumulatively (4th – 8th Leaf).
Nonpareil Carmel 2010
(8th leaf) Cumulative
(4th – 8th leaf) 2010
(8th leaf) Cumulative
(4th – 8th leaf) Paramount -- -- 3600 a 17,075 Nickels 3204 a 14,719 3529 a 18,744 Hansen 536 3139 a 15,113 3549 a 17,415 Cornerstone 2907 a 14,460 -- -- Empyrean #1 2668 ab 14,194 3405* 16,914* Atlas 2599 b 12,428 3111 ab 16,140 Avimag 2328 bc 12,059 3085 ab 14,786 Viking 2235 bc 11,447 2569 b 13,354 Guardian 2143 bc 11,273 2398 b 12,391 Lovell 2103 bc 10,897 2455 b 11,486 Nemaguard 1946 c 10,884 2614 b 11,884 Empyrean 101 1357 d 6,028 -- -- Empyrean 2 965* 5,182* 1268* -- Julior -- -- 924* --
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Specific Challenges…
• Alkaline / salty soil or water – P/A hybrid (not if heavy soil or ring nematodes)
• Hansen, Nickels, Brights, Paramount, – Atlas (not if ring nematodes) – Viking – Empyrean 1 or Cadaman??
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Specific Challenges…
• Poor drainage / heavy soil
– Marianna 26-24
– Krymsk 86
– Marianna 40
– Ishtara
– Hiawatha ? Penta? Tetra? Empyrean 101?
More vigorous than M 26-24 with little suckering }
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Number of Suckers / Tree May, 2011
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Rootstock Effect on Tree Size of Fourth-Leaf Butte Almond Trees.
December, 2010.
a a
ab ab
bc bcd
cd cd d
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Specific Challenges…
• Oak root fungus
– Marianna 26-24 is the only known commercially available almond rootstock with ORF tolerance
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Don’t ignore the bottom half of the tree!
Think about what specific challenges your ground may have and select the
appropriate rootstock.
Your best offense is a good defense.
Thank you for your attention