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Chemistry of the Cell
Next two lectures cover chapters 2 and 3
Know structure of cell Organelles and their function Figure 3.1, Table 3.1
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The Cell
Intracellular
Extracellular
plasma membrane
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Elements
C (carbon) H (hydrogen) O (oxygen) N (nitrogen) P (phosphorus) S (sulfur)
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Elements
C (carbon) H (hydrogen) O (oxygen) N (nitrogen) P (phosphorus) S (sulfur)
organic compounds – lipids
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Elements
C (carbon) H (hydrogen) O (oxygen) N (nitrogen) P (phosphorus) S (sulfur)
organic compounds – sugars
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Elements
C (carbon) H (hydrogen) O (oxygen) N (nitrogen) P (phosphorus) S (sulfur)
organic compounds – amino acids– proteins
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Elements
C (carbon) H (hydrogen) O (oxygen) N (nitrogen) P (phosphorus) S (sulfur) – amino acids
– proteins
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Elements
C (carbon) H (hydrogen) O (oxygen) N (nitrogen) P (phosphorus) S (sulfur)
- ATP - Nucleic acids: DNA RNA- phospholipids
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Molecules
Water (H2O) is a simple molecule.
Two hydrogens are covalently bonded to one oxygen.
OHH
Polar covalent bond
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The Cell
Intracellular(67% of body’s water here)
Extracellular (33% of water here)
blood 20%interstitial fluid 80%
plasma membrane
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Ions
H (hydrogen)
H2
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Ions - Cations
H+ or H30+ (Hydronium ion) Na+ (sodium) Ca2+ (calcium) K+ (potassium) Mg2+ (magnesium) NH4+ (ammonium) Fe2+ (ferrous) Fe3+ (ferric) Zn+ (zinc)
Ions
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Ions - Anions
Cl- (chloride) OH- (hydroxyl) PO4
3- (phosphate)
CO32- (carbonate) HCO3
- (bicarbonate)
SO42- (sulfate)
NO3- (nitrate)
I- (iodide)
Ions
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Why? Harness energy from ion gradients
sodium, hydronium ion Create nerve impulses
sodium, potassium, calcium Messenger molecules
calcium Muscle contractions
calcium
Ions – one of our essential parameters
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Extracellular
Intracellular
Ca+
Na+
K+
K+
Na+
Ca+
3Na+
2K+
Ca+Ca+
Endoplasmic reticulum
Sodium Potassium ATPase (or Pump)
Energy (ATP)
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H+
pH = 7.4
pH = 7.2
If the pH is lower within the cell, is the [H+] higher or lower in the cell than outside?
How is this difference maintained?
H+
H+
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Organic Compounds
Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids
The molecules that make up the structure of the cell
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Lipids
Organic compounds – predominately C & H Insoluble in water (hydrophobic) Includes:
triacylglycerols (aka triglycerides) phospholipids cholesterol and steroids prostaglandins fat soluble vitamins
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Triacylglycerol = TAG
Three Fatty acids (attached to something)
O
H2C
O
HC
H2C
O
O
O
O
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Triacylglycerol = TAG
H2C
HC
H2C
OH
OH
OH
glycerol
fatty acidlinoleic acid = 18:2ω6essential fatty acidunsaturated
HO
Oomega end
carboxylic acid end
What makes a fatty acid an acid?
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Triacylglycerol = TAGH2C
HC
H2C
OH
OH
OH
O
H2C
O
HC
H2C
O
O R1O
O
saturated fatty acidpalmitic = 16:0
HO
O
HO
O
HO
O
+ linoleic18:2
linolenic18:3
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Phospholipids
R1OH2C
O
CH2O
CH R2O
O
O
P
O-
OR3H3C
N+
H3C
H2C
CH3
H2C
Choline
• major component of cell membranes• diacylglycerol with phosphate group attached
glycerol backbone
2 fattyacids
phosphategroup
If R group is choline than the phospholipid is called phosphotidylcholine (lecithin)
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Phospholipids• major component of cell membranes• nonpolar and polar ends
What happens if you dump a bunchof phospholipids into water?
micelle formation
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Cholesterol
HO
Why important?
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Cholesterol
Precursor to: vitamin D3
bile salts steroids (hormones)
Component of membranes
All plant foods are cholesterol free.
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Steroid Hormones glucocorticoids
cortisol
androgens estrogen testosterone progesterone DHEA pregnenolone
mineralocorticoids aldosterone
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Prostaglandins
Made from fatty acids Short-lived, hormone like chemicals Three series with different physiological
properties, classified depending on the fatty acid they are made from.
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Prostaglandins
Series 1 : PGE1 made from 20:3ω6 Relaxes blood vessels Improves circulation Lowers blood pressure
Series 2 : PGE2 made from arachidonic acid (20:4ω6) Opposes PGE1
Series 3 : PG acid made from 20:5ω3 Blocks release of arachidonic acid
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Fat Soluble Vitamins
beta-carotene
CH2OH
Retinol
HO
OR
R
Tocopherol
Vitamin A
Vitamin E
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Proteins
The other main component of the cell membrane.
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Functions of Protein Transport
channels pumps carriers
Communication receptors signaling molecules
hormones “flags”
Enzymes Structure
Collagen, keratin, bone matrix, intracellular microtubules Antibodies Movement
Muscle cells are 20% actin (protein)