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CHEMISTRY OF CARBON
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Because C has only 4 valence electronsit easily bonds covalently w/4 hydrogen forming the simplest organic molecule, methane, or natural gas.
CH4
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C easily bonds with itself forming single, double and triple bonds, this property results in many differently shaped molecules... shape determines physical and chemical characteristics
RINGS
LONG CHAINS
BRANCHEDCHAINS
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C WITH H CAN ALSO COVALENTLY BOND WITH N2,O2. THESE BONDS FORM THE MANY BASIC UNITS, MOMOMERS, THAT FORM THE 4 MACROMOLECULES OF LIFE
MONOSACCHARIDES
NUCLEOTIDES
FATTY ACIDS
AMINO ACIDS
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FORMING ORGANICMACROMOLECULES
SINGLE MOLECULAR UNIT:MONOMER◦ SMALLEST STRUCTURE THAT STILL HAS CHARACTRISICS OF THE MACROMOLECULE
CARBOHYDRATES: MONOSACCHARIDES
PROTEINS: 20 AMINO ACIDS
LIPIDS: FATTY ACIDS
NUCLEIC ACIDS: 5 NUCLEOTIDES
•MONOMERS BOND TO FORM:POLYMERS•POLYMERS CAN BE FORMED FROM SAME MONOMERS OR DIFFERENT ONES OF THE SAME KIND…
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MACROMOLECULES ARE USUALLY VERY LARGE POLYMERS…
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE MOLECULE DEPEND UPON A SPECIAL GROUP OFATOMS CALLED A…
FUNCTIONAL GROUP
GLUCOSE SUCROSE
STARCH
GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE
HEMOGLOBIN
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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CHANGE THE NATURE OF THE ORGANIC MOLECULE
HELP TO BOND “ORGANIC BACKBONES” TOGETHER
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THESE REACTIONS BUILD THE MACROMOLECULES AS WELL AS BREAK THEM DOWN. LIKE PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION THEY ARE CYCLIC REACTIONS…
THE REACTANTS OF ONE BECOME THE PRODUCTS
OF THE OTHER.Most of these types of reactionsrequire the action of enzymes.
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CONDENSATION
CONDENSATION “MAKE WATER”
HYDROLYSIS “BREAK WATER”
HYDROLYSIS
CONDENSATION
EXAMPLES
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4 ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES
CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS
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RINGSCARBOHYDRATES
MONOMER:MONOSACCHARIDE(CH2O)SUGARS:MONO/DISACCHARIDES; -OSESTARCHES: POLYSACCHARIDESCELL WALLS:CELLULOSECONVERTED TO MAKE ATP
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LONG CHAINS LIPIDS
MONOMER: FATTY ACIDSPROTECTIVE COVERINGS:MEMBRANESSTORED ENERGY:GLYCEROL(ANIMALS)HORMONESSTEROIDS HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC
TRIGLYCERIDE
PHOSPHOLIPID
SOLIDS
LIQUIDS
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BRANCHED CHAINSPROTEINS
MONOMER: 20 AMINO ACIDSDIPEPTIDES/POLYPEPTIDESDETERMINE STRUCTURE/FUNCTIONMAINTAIN AND REPAIRCONTROL CHEMICAL REACTIONS:ENZYMES
(-ACE)
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NUCLEIC ACIDS
MONOMER: NUCLEOTIDESTORE GENETIC INFOREGULATE SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINSDEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID(DNA)RIBONUCLEIC ACID(RNA)
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BEACH BALL